Chapter III Inorganic Nutrients of Plants The main teaching content Focus and difficulties Teaching methods Section I water metabolism in plant
|
|
- Conrad Warren
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter III Inorganic Nutrients of Plants The main teaching content: The importance of water in the plant vital movement, water potential,water transport and distribution in plants, physiological significance and influence factors of transpiration. The absorption characteristics of plant cells and descending axis in water and mineral elements, as well as the similarities and difference in absorption water and mineral elements, assimilation of mineral elements in plant, the physiological basis of reasonable rrigation and indicator of reasonable fertilization. Focus and difficulties: the concept and components of water potential is difficult, with a focus on water-absorbing mode by water plant cells and the descending axis, the mechanism of stomatal movement, as well as water-saving agriculture; the absorption characteristics of descending axis in water and mineral elements, as well as the similarities and differences points of absorption. Teaching methods: 5 hours for classroom teaching, three hours for experimental. Teachers taught absorption of mineral elements and water using multimedia and animation. Section I water metabolism in plant First, absorbing water in plant roots (1) The exist form of soil moisture Soil moisture can be divided into three types by physical state: 1capillary water:which is water held against the force of gravity, in pores of the soil. 2Hygroscopic water is physically bound to the soil particles and is unavailable to plants. 3Gravitational water drains out of the pore spaces after a rain. If drainage is poor, it is this water that interferes with normal plant growth. In addition to water use or not by plants can be divided into available water and not available water. (2) The location of root absorbent water: mainly in the root tip of about 10 cm, the specific are the region of elongation and the region of maturation adjacent to. It can be said that is the root hair region. (3) mode of absorption water: active and passive water absorb active transport: The plants absorb and retain these solutes against adiffusion (or electrical) gradient through the expenditure of energy. This process is called descending axis metabolic activities cause ion uptake and transport, resulting in water potential difference of the internal and external, so that the water according to the decline in water potential gradient, from the environment through the epidermis, cortex to central cylinder catheter and upward transport. the roots life activity produce pressure upwarding the water from the roots. Note: Bleeding and guttation relate with the root metabolism, metabolism strong, robust growth, bleeding and guttation obviously r. (4) the water absorption mechanism: superior extremity motivity (passive absorption) -- transpiration pull;
2 Inferior extremity motivity (initiative absorption) - root pressure; Intermediate motivity - cohesive force and adhesive power between water molecules (5) The edaphic conditions impact on roots absorption 1, soil ventilation: good ventilation is conducive to root absorption; 2, soil temperature: in a suitable temperature range, the higher the soil temperature, the more roots absorb; 3, soil solution concentrations: water potential in root cell less than that in soil is conducive to water absorption. Second, the plant transpiration 1. Concept: transpiration (trans-puh-ray shun) loss of water in vapor form; most transpiration takes place through the stomata.the water loss from the plant into the atmosphere in the way of two kinds, one way by liquid to escape, such as guttation; another way to escape as gas, that is, transpiration, which is the main form of plant water loss. 2. Physiological significance of transpiration (1) Transpiration is a major driving force for water absorption and transportion; (2) Transpiration promotes the absorption and transport of minerals; (3) Transpiration reduced the temperature of plants and leaves; (4) The normal transpiration, stomata opening is conducive to fix CO2 for photosynthesis. 3. Transpiration organs: leaves (mainly), stems and other organs in up-ground part. 4. Transpiration ways: stomata transpiration (main), horny transpiration, lenticular transpiration. All parts of the plant have the potential to evaporate water. When the plants young surface exposed up-ground can all transpiration;after woody plants grow up, the lenticel in stem and shoot can transpiration, called lenticuler transpiration. But lenticular transpiration is only 0.1 percent of the full-transpiration. so most of transpiration of plant through the leaves. There are two means for leaf transpiration: (1) transpiration through corneum called cuticular transpiration, (2) transpiration through stomata called stomatal transpiration. Stomatal transpiration is the main form of plant leaf transpiration. 5. Stomatal movement Stomata is the main aisle for a plant leaf exchanging gas with the outside.the gas diffuse through the stomata are O2, CO2 and water vapor. In light, CO2 absorption for plant photosynthesis through stomata, so their stomata must open, but also opening stomata in transpiration inevitably, stomata can adjust its opening size according to environmental conditions so that plants can access to the most CO2 while losing least moisture. When stomatal transpiration strong leaves in water deficit or inadequate water supply by soil, stomata aperture reduce and eventually completely shut down when the supply is good, stomata opening, as a mechanism to regulate plant water loss in transpiration. (1) stomata structure characteristics: Cell wall thickening uneven; cell organs are different with epidermal cells, its
3 bulk smaller than epidermal cells, and without plasmodesmata with epidermal cells. (2) Mechanism of stomata opening and closing: The mechanisms of stomatal movement, mainly the three doctrines following. amylon and sugar translation theory In light, photosynthesis consumed CO2, thus guard cells cytoplasm ph increase to 7, starch phosphorylase catalysis positive reaction that hydrolysis starch to sugar, osmotic potential of guard cells decline, water potential is lower, and drawing moisture from the surrounding cells, guard cell enlargement, thus stomata opening. In the dark, guard cells stop photosynthesis but respiration are still on, CO2 accumulation then ph dropped to about 5, starch phosphorylase catalytic reverse reaction that translate sugar to starch, solute particles decreased in the number, then cells osmotic potential increased, water potential also increased,cell water loss, turgor pressure disappear, stomata closed. Potassium ions accumulation theory Malic acid metabolism theory 6, Metry of transpiration Quantitative indicators commonly used in transpiration are: Transpiration rate: in a certain period of time, the dissipation amount of water in unit area known as transpiration rate, also known as transpiration intensity. Transpiration ratio: by the consumption of 1 kg water produce the number of grams of dry matter, or that the dry matter cumulative amount in a certain period of time compare to the same period of the water consumed known as transpiration rate or transpiration efficiency. Transpiration coefficient: the consumption of water (g) when manufacture 1 g dry matter called transpiration coefficients (or water requirement), which is the reciprocal of transpiration rate. 7, external affecting factors of transpiration (1) Light: The light promote stomata opening, transpiration increase. (2) Water Status: adequate moisture make for stomatal opening, excessive moisture has made the stomata closed. (3) Temperature: opening of stomata increase with the temperature increasing, but high temperatures make increase water loss, stomatal closed. (4) Wind: breeze profit to transpiration, strong winds reduced transpiration. (5) CO2 concentration: lower CO2 concentration promote stomata opening, transpiration increase. (6) Transpiration indicators: transpiration intensity (transpiration rate), transpiration efficiency, transpiration coefficients 8, ways to reduce transpiration: (1) Reduce transpiration area; (2) improve the ecological environment of plants; Antitranspirant application. Third, the moisture transportation in plants 1. Transport (1) the channels of moisture from absorb to transpiration out:
4 Soil solution - the root - cortical parenchyma cells - catheter and tracheid of xylem - the stem or leaf of xylem - membrane end cell in leaves xylem- the cell wall of mesophyll cells near substomatic cavity - transpiration (2) Organization classification according to the appearance of plant protoplasts: apoplast, non-protoplast: the part without protoplasts; (3)Two ways of transporting water in the stem, leaf cells: Through dead cells: long-distance transport Through living cells: suitable for short distance transport 2, the momentum of water up-warding along catheter or tracheid (1) The momentum of water up-warding along catheter or tracheid: root pressure, transpiration pull (mainly power). (2) Cohesion theory: guarantee the water column in catheter continuous. When water evaporates from the mesophyll cells in a leaf and diffuses out of the stomata (transpires), the cells involved develop a lower water potential than the adjacent cells. Because the adjacent cells then have a correspondingly water potential, replacement water moves into the first cells by osmosis. This continues across rows of mesophyll cells until a small vein is reached. Each small vein is connected to a larger vein, and the larger veins are connected to the main xylem in the stem, and that, in turn, is connected to the xylem in the roots that receive water, via osmosis, from the soil. As transpiration takes place, it creates a pull, or tension, on water columns, drawing water from one molecule to another all the way through an entire span of xylem cells. The cohesion required to move water to the top of a tall tree is considerable, but the cohesive strength of the water columns is usually more than adequate. Fourth, the physiological basis of reasonable irrigation 1. Water needing regularity Plant seedlings demand less water, with plant growth, trophont augmentation, water demand increase, to the period vegetable growth transite to reproductive growth, the water demand get to maximum, which will gradually reduce. 2. Irrigation principles: timely, adequate amount, high quality, high efficiency 3. Irrigation optimum period: moisture critical period, the largest water demand amount period. 4. Irrigation indicators (1) Soil indicators: field capacity below 60% -80% to irrigation. (2) Morfhous indicators: young stems and leaves wilting; stems and leaves redden, plant growth rate decrease. (3) Physiological indicators: cell sap concentration, osmotic pressure of leaves, water potential of leaf and stomata openning, stomatal resistance. 5. Water requirement of irrigation: to estimates through transpiration coefficients and field evaporation amount. 6. Irrigation ways: broad irrigation and furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation. 7. The reasons for irrigation increasing production: physiological effects, ecological effects.
5 Section II mineral nutrition in plant First, mineral elements which are needed by the plants and its role The process plant uptaking, transporting and assimilating of mineral elements is called as mineral nutrition. There are 17 kinds of elements which are recognized as essential to plant are: C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mo, B, Cl, Ni. Macronutrients, which are used by plants in greater amounts and constitute from 0.5% to 3.0% of the dry weight of the plant; micronutrients, which are needed by the plant in very small amounts, often constituting only a few parts per million of the dry weight. These nutrients elements have three standards which defined by the International Plant Nutrition Institute as identified standard for necessary elements.essential elements have three physiological role in plants: 1 as components of plant structural material; 2 as regulator in plant life activities, participate in enzyme activities, affect plant metabolism; 3 take electrochemical action, participate osmotic adjustment, stabilize colloidal and neutralize charge, and others. The lack of essential elements interfere plant growth and development and affect agricultural production. To ensure agricultural production, accurate diagnosis and the right remedy is necessary. There are three ways to diagnosis elements lack, namely chemical analysis diagnostics, disease diagnostics and joined diagnostics. Some nutrients can move after enter in plant, can be recycle, so deficiency appears in the old leaves first, these elements are: N, P, K, Mg, Zn, and some nutrients can not move after enter in plant, can t be recycle, so deficiency appears in young leaves first, these elements are: Ca, B, Cu, Mn, Fe, S. Some elements directly or indirectly involved in the biosynthesis metabolism of chlorophyll, the lack of these elements chlorophyll biosynthesis will be blocked, cause chlorosis, these elements are: N, Mg, Mn, Fe, S, and so on. Second, uptake of mineral elements by plant Plant essential mineral elements in the soil exit as three forms: soil solution, adsorbed on the surface of soil colloids, soil insoluble salts. Plant roots can use all the three forms salt. Soil solution is the main mode for the use of plant roots. (A) uptake of mineral elements by plant cell The methods for plant cells absorbing mineral elements: active absorption, passive absorption and pinocytosis. Active absorption is the principal way to absorb mineral elements by plant cells. 1, passive absorption is the process that not consume metabolism energy and through diffusion or other physical process. O2, CO2, NH3, and other gas molecules can pass through the lipid bilayer membrane go into the cells in a simple diffusion. The power for diffusion is the difference of substances chemical potential on both sides of the membrane. And the passive absorption of charged ions is conduct along the electrochemical potential gradient, not consume metabolism energy. And through diffusion or others can not pass through the lipid bilayer membrane, the diffusion needs the help of transfer protein, so called assisting diffusion or facilitated diffusion, the diffusion power is electrochemical potential difference of both sides of the membrane.
6 2. Active absorption refers to the process using of metabolic energy opposite to concentration gradient absorb mineral elements. Active absorption need transfer protein participation. Transfer protein can be divided to channel protein and carrier protein. Carrier protein is divided into one-way carrier protein, syntropy carrier protein and anti-way carrier protein. Ions transport transmembrane through ion pump (proton pump and calcium pump). 3, Pinocytosis is the process to transfer minerals into the cell which adsorbing on the plasma membrane through the pack. Pinocytosis is the non-selective absorption, macromolecular material even virus go into the cell through pinocytosis. Pinocytosis in plant cells is not very common. (B), mineral elements absorption by descending axis (1) The relative absorption of mineral elements and moisture: The mechanism is different in absorption salt and water, absorbing amount is disproportionate. (2) Selective absorption of ions: that the absorption of certain ions is more, and ion absorption of some less or none absorption. (3) uni-salt poisoning and ion confrontation: the poisoning effect of cation is obvious; the poisoning effect of anionic is not obvious. In uni-salt solution adding a small amount of different metal ions with other prices, the salt poisoning phenomenon will reduce or disappear. Such interaction between ions called ion confrontation. Usually different grp metal ions in the periodic table of elements will have confrontation. Plant can grow in a certain concentration, a certain proportion of the variety salt mixture, this solution is balanced solution. This should be paid close attention to in fertilization. Absorption mineral elements by descending axis have to go through the following steps: (1) Ions are adsorbing on the surface of root cells. Cationic exchange with H + which on surface of root cells membrane, anion exchange with HCO 3 - which on surface of root cells membrane. (2) Ions go into the internal of root cells. Ions adsorbed on the surface of root cells can be absorbed through the plastid way into the xylem, or through apoplast channels diffuse into apoplast which in outside of the root endoderm. But because there are Casparian band in endoderm, ion must be transported into plastid in order to continue to go inward to the endoderm; (3) Ions go into the catheter. The ions through plastid way into the xylem, then by active or passive manner through parenchyma cells go into catheter. Third, the assimilation of mineral elements in plant Higher Plants can not fix N 2 in the air and soil NO 3 + and NH 4 is an important source of nitrogen. Inorganic nitrogen are mainly NO3 + in the soil, because NH4 + was usually oxidate into NO3 + bynitrite bacteria and nitrate bacterial, NO3 + is the main form absorb by root. Plant cells absorb ammonium salt from the soil, and then synthesis amino acids or amide. If plants absorption NO3 +, nitrate reductase catalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia, then can be used. it must be assimilation. The reduction of absorption NO3 + can happen,in the roots or in the ground part.
7 Fourth, transportation of mineral elements in plants The mineral elements absorpt by roots, and some were assimilation to the formation of organic compounds in roots then transport to up-ground, some still ions transport to the up-ground. The absorption of minerals by root is accompanied with transpiration stream, transporting to up-ground through xylem. The absorption of minerals by leaf is transported through phloem or xylem to the up-ground, or through phloem transport to the underground.
CHAPTER TRANSPORT
CHAPTER 2 2.4 TRANSPORT Uptake of CO2 FOCUS: Uptake and transport of water and mineral salts Transport of organic substances Physical forces drive the transport of materials in plants over a range of distances
More informationChapter 36: Transport in Vascular Plants - Pathways for Survival
Chapter 36: Transport in Vascular Plants - Pathways for Survival For vascular plants, the evolutionary journey onto land involved differentiation into roots and shoots Vascular tissue transports nutrients
More informationAP Biology Chapter 36
Chapter 36 Chapter 36 Transport in Plants 2006-2007 Transport in plants - Overview H2O & minerals transport in xylem transpiration evaporation, adhesion & cohesion negative pressure Sugars transport in
More informationQuestion 1: What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion? Diffusion is the passive movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion of
More informationin angiosperms 10/29/08 Roots take up water via roots Large surface area is needed Roots branch and have root hairs Cortex structure also helps uptake
in angiosperms A. Root System Roots take up water via roots Large surface area is needed Roots branch and have root hairs Cortex structure also helps uptake 1 B. Minerals Nitrogen (NO 3-,NH 4+ ) Potassium
More informationMovement of water and solutes in plants Chapter 4 and 30
Movement of water and solutes in plants Chapter 4 and 30 Molecular Movement Diffusion Molecules or ions moving in the opposite direction = movement against a diffusion gradient. Rates of diffusion are
More informationBiology 1030 Winter 2009
Meeting Tissue Needs II Chapter 36 (738-755) Chapter 37 (756-770) Cellular Currency Plants harvest solar energy Photosynthesis Produces sugars Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids? H 2 O CO 2 Plants cells still
More informationNOTES: CH 36 - Transport in Plants
NOTES: CH 36 - Transport in Plants Recall that transport across the cell membrane of plant cells occurs by: -diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis (diffusion of water) -active transport (done by transport
More informationOrgans and leaf structure
Organs and leaf structure Different types of tissues are arranged together to form organs. Structure: 2 parts (Petiole and Leaf Blade) Thin flat blade, large surface area Leaves contain all 3 types of
More informationTransport of substances in plants
Transport of substances in plants We have already looked at why many organisms need transport systems with special reference to surface area and volume. The larger the volume : surface area ratio, the
More informationChapter 36~ Transport in Plants
Chapter 36~ Transport in Plants Structural Features Used for Resource Acquistion Roots and stems to do transport of resources Diffusion, active transport, and bulk flow Work in vascular plants to transport
More informationTransport in Plants Notes AP Biology Mrs. Laux 3 levels of transport occur in plants: 1. Uptake of water and solutes by individual cells -for
3 levels of transport occur in plants: 1. Uptake of water and solutes by individual cells -for photosynthesis and respiration -ex: absorption of H 2 O /minerals by root hairs 2. Short distance cell-to-cell
More informationTransport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Vascular tissue Transports nutrients throughout a plant; such
More informationResource acquisition and transport in vascular plants
Resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants Overview of what a plant does Chapter 36 CO 2 O 2 O 2 and and CO 2 CO 2 O 2 Sugar Light Shoots are optimized to capture light and reduce water loss
More informationBio 102 Chapter 32 Transport in Plants
Bio 102 Chapter 32 Transport in Plants 2006-2007 Passive Water & Mineral Absorption Water absorption from soil OSMOSIS = transport of WATER across cell membrane WATER POTENTIAL determines direction of
More informationPlant Transport and Nutrition
Plant Transport and Nutrition Chapter 36: Transport in Plants H 2 O & Minerals o Transport in xylem o Transpiration Evaporation, adhesion & cohesion Negative pressure. Sugars o Transport in phloem. o Bulk
More informationTransport in Plants (Ch. 23.5)
Transport in Plants (Ch. 23.5) Transport in plants H 2 O & minerals transport in xylem Transpiration Adhesion, cohesion & Evaporation Sugars transport in phloem bulk flow Gas exchange photosynthesis CO
More informationOCR (A) Biology A-level
OCR (A) Biology A-level Topic 3.3: Transport in plants Notes Plants require a transport system to ensure that all the cells of a plant receive a sufficient amount of nutrients. This is achieved through
More informationCBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Plant transport various substance like gases, minerals, water, hormones, photosynthetes and organic solutes to short distance
More informationThe three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves.
23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure The three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves. 1 of 34 23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure Roots: absorb
More informationChapter 35 Regulation and Transport in Plants
Chapter 35 Regulation and Remember what plants need Photosynthesis light reactions Calvin cycle light sun H 2 O ground CO 2 air What structures have plants evolved to supply these needs? Interdependent
More informationBio Factsheet. Transport in Plants. Number 342
Number 342 Transport in Plants This Factsheet: Explains why plants need a transport system Describes what plants transport Describes the tissues which carry out transport Outlines the position of the xylem
More informationof water unless it is moving via the symplast Water moves into the xylem for transport up the plant Water that does not cross the
Uptake of water The through Casparian Strip blocks root epidermis by passage osmosis of water unless it is moving via the symplast Water moves into the xylem for transport up the plant Water that does
More informationTransport in Plants. Transport in plants. Transport across Membranes. Water potential 10/9/2016
Transport in Plants Transport in plants How is a plant able to move water and nutrients from roots to the rest of the plant body? Especially tall trees? Sequoia can be over 300 feet tall! Transport across
More informationRecap. Waxy layer which protects the plant & conserves water. Contains chloroplasts: Specialized for light absorption.
Recap Contains chloroplasts: Specialized for light absorption Waxy layer which protects the plant & conserves water mesophyll Layer contains air spaces: Specialized for gas exchange Vascular Tissue Exchange
More informationChapter 36. Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants Overview: Pathways for Survival For vascular plants The evolutionary journey onto land involved the differentiation of the plant body into roots and shoots Vascular
More informationIntroduction to Plant Transport
Introduction to Plant Transport The algal ancestors of plants were completely immersed in water and dissolved minerals. The adaptation to land involved the differentiation of the plant body into roots,
More informationTransport, Storage and Gas Exchange in Flowering Plants
Sixth Year Biology Transport, Storage and Gas Exchange in Flowering Plants Miss Rochford In this topic: Uptake and transport of: Water and minerals Carbon dioxide Gas exchange Transport of photosynthesis
More informationIntroduction to Plant Transport
Introduction to Plant Transport The algal ancestors of plants were completely immersed in water and dissolved minerals. The adaptation to land involved the differentiation of the plant body into roots,
More informationNutrition and Transport in Plants Chapter 26. Outline
Nutrition and Transport in Plants Chapter 26 Outline Essential Inorganic Nutrients Soil Formation Soil Profiles Soil Erosion Mineral Uptake Transport Mechanisms Water Organic Nutrients 1 2 Plant Nutrition
More informationCh. 36 Transport in Vascular Plants
Ch. 36 Transport in Vascular Plants Feb 4 1:32 PM 1 Essential Question: How does a tall tree get the water from its roots to the top of the tree? Feb 4 1:38 PM 2 Shoot architecture and Light Capture: Phyllotaxy
More informationHomework for Monday: Correct potometer questions Complete transport in plants worksheet
Transport in plants Homework for Monday: Correct potometer questions Complete transport in plants worksheet Transpiration the loss of water from a plant through evaporation Did you know? A 15m maple tree
More informationTransport in Plants AP Biology
Transport in Plants 2006-2007 Water & mineral absorption Water absorption from soil osmosis aquaporins Mineral absorption active transport proton pumps active transport of H + aquaporin root hair proton
More informationABSORPTION OF WATER MODE OF WATER ABSORPTION ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ABSORPTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION.
ABSORPTION OF WATER MODE OF WATER ABSORPTION ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ABSORPTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION. PRELUDE OF WATER POTENTIAL Most organisms are comprised of at least 70% or more water. Some
More informationWater Relations in Viticulture BRIANNA HOGE AND JIM KAMAS
Water Relations in Viticulture BRIANNA HOGE AND JIM KAMAS Overview Introduction Important Concepts for Understanding water Movement through Vines Osmosis Water Potential Cell Expansion and the Acid Growth
More informationChapter 30: Plant Nutrition & Transport
Chapter 30: Plant Nutrition & Transport Carnivorous Plants Capture animals to supplement their nutrient intake Venus flytrap lures insects with sugary bait; closes on victim Cobra lily lures insects down
More information2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
1 CO 2 O 2 Light Sugar O 2 and minerals CO 2 2 Buds 42 29 21 34 13 26 5 18 10 31 23 8 15 28 16 2 24 Shoot apical meristem 7 3 20 1 mm 32 11 19 12 6 4 1 25 17 14 9 40 27 22 3 Cell wall Apoplastic route
More informationAbsorption of Water by Plants
Absorption of Water by Plants Absorption of water by cells and roots Availability of Water in the Soil Soil is the major source of water for plants. The plants absorb water through root hairs from the
More informationChapter C3: Multicellular Organisms Plants
Chapter C3: Multicellular Organisms Plants Multicellular Organisms Multicellular organisms have specialized cells of many different types that allow them to grow to a larger size than single-celled organisms.
More informationCASE STUDY WATER ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
CASE STUDY WATER ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Presentation of the problem: We need a pump to uplift water to a tank. The requirement of a pump is to pull water against the gravity. Look at the human
More informationWater Acquisition and Transport - Whole Plants. 3 possible pathways for water movement across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
Water transport across the entire soil-plant-atmosphere continuum Water Acquisition and Transport - Whole Plants 3 possible pathways for water movement across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum Apoplast
More informationPlant Nutrition and Transport. Chapter 29
Plant Nutrition and Transport Chapter 29 Overview: Underground Plants The success of plants depends on their ability to gather and conserve resources from their environment. The transport of materials
More informationAP Biology. Transport in plants. Chapter 36. Transport in Plants. Transport in plants. Transport in plants. Transport in plants. Transport in plants
Chapter 36. Transport in Plants evaporation, adhesion & cohesion negative pressure evaporation, adhesion & cohesion negative pressure transport in phloem bulk flow Calvin cycle in leaves loads sucrose
More informationCompartments and Transport. Three Major Pathways of Transport. Absorp+on of Water and Minerals by Root Cells. Bulk flow
Plasmodesmata Channels connec+ng neighboring cells Cell membrane and cytosol are con+nuous from cell to cell Symplast Cytoplasmic con+nuum Apoplast Compartments and Transport Through plasmodesmata con+nuum
More informationResource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley
More informationCHAPTER 32 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS OUTLINE OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 32 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS OUTLINE I. The traffic of water and solutes occurs on cellular, organ, and whole-plant levels: an overview of transport in plants A. Transport at the Cellular Level B. Short
More informationChapter. Transport in. Structure of. 1- Epidermis: 2- Cortex: All plants 2- a specialized. In higher moving by. hydra and. with cuticles) 1-2-
Chapter 2 Transport in living organisms The concept of transport and the need for it: All plants need CO 2, water and mineral salts to perform photosynthesis In primitive plants such as algae these materials
More informationTwo major categories. BIOLOGY 189 Fundamentals of Life Sciences. Spring 2004 Plant Structure and Function. Plant Structure and Function
BIOLOGY 189 Fundamentals of Life Sciences Spring 2004 Plant Structure and Function 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Examination #1 Class Average: 33/60 for 55% 4 Chapters 31-32 32 2 0 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
More information3. Describe the role played by protein pumps during active transport in plants.
CLASS XI BIOLOGY Transport in Plants 1. What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion? Answer: Factors affecting the rate of diffusion: 1. Gradient of Concentration 2. Permeability of membrane 3.
More informationStomata and water fluxes through plants
Stomata and water fluxes through plants Bill Davies The Lancaster Environment Centre, UK Summary Stomata and responses to the environment Conductance, a function of frequency and aperture Measuring/estimating
More informationBiology 102 Environmental Biology Plants/Agriculture Unit Page 1 of 5
Biology 102 Environmental Biology Plants/Agriculture Unit Page 1 of 5 Based on Mader, Sylvia S. 1996. Biology - 5th Ed. WCB and Cox, G.W. 1997. Conservation Biology - 2nd ed. WCB and Levine, J.S. and K.R.
More informationResource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley
More informationBIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D. Steve Thompson:
BIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D Steve Thompson: stthompson@valdosta.edu http://www.bioinfo4u.net 1 How plants get the stuff they need Feed me... feed me...
More information2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. Light. Sugar O 2 H 2 O. and minerals CO Pearson Education, Inc.
1 CO 2 O 2 Light ugar O 2 and minerals CO 2 2 Buds 34 42 29 26 31 18 21 13 5 10 23 8 15 28 16 24 hoot apical meristem 2 7 3 20 32 11 19 12 6 4 1 25 17 14 9 40 27 22 1 mm 3 Cell wall Apoplastic route Cytosol
More information35 Transport in Plants
Transport in Plants 35 Transport in Plants 35.1 How Do Plants Take Up Water and Solutes? 35.2 How Are Water and Minerals Transported in the Xylem? 35.3 How Do Stomata Control the Loss of Water and the
More informationChapter 12 & 13 Transport, Soil and Mineral Nutrition
Chapter 12 & 13 Transport, Soil and Mineral Nutrition Topics Methods of transport Xylem transport Phloem transport Soils properties and nutrient absorption Macro and micro essential nutrient elements Too
More informationPreview from Notesale.co.uk Page 20 of 34
Page 20 of 34 (i) The role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide To include the reversible binding of oxygen molecules, carbonic anhydrase, haemoglobinic acid, HCO3- and the chloride
More informationBioWash as an Adjuvant, Translocation Promoter, and Cationic Exchange Stimulator Overview of Processes within the Plant
BioWash as an Adjuvant, Translocation Promoter, and Cationic Exchange Stimulator Overview of Processes within the Plant Photosynthesis is the primary driver of the plant. Through a series of complex steps,
More informationIntroduction to Plant Transport
Introduction to Plant Transport The algal ancestors of plants were completely immersed in water and dissolved minerals. What would be the advantages to living on the land? What would be the problems? This
More informationChapter 32 Plant Nutrition and Transport
Chapter 32 Plant Nutrition and Transport PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture
More informationChapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants Lecture Outline
Overview: Pathways for Survival Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants Lecture Outline The algal ancestors of plants obtained water, minerals and CO2 from the water in which they were completely immersed.
More informationBio 10 Lecture Notes 7: Plant Diversity, Structure and Function SRJC
Physiology study of the adaptations by which organisms function in their environ. 1.) Plants, Tissues and Function Plant types and their evolution Terrestrial plants evolved from aquatic green algae There
More informationBiology. Chapter 26. Plant Nutrition and Transport. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015
Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 26 Plant Nutrition and Transport 26.1 Where Do Plants Get the Nutrients They Require? A plant needs sixteen elements to survive and grow Macronutrients:
More informationBiology 2 Chapter 21 Review
Biology 2 Chapter 21 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants? a. vascular
More informationIB Bio: Plant Biology. Topic 9
IB Bio: Plant Biology Topic 9 9.1: Transport in xylem How and why does water move up a plant? How do plants conserve water? 9.2: Transport in phloem How and why and where does food move in a plant? 9.3:
More informationPlant Tissues and Organs. Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics , ,
Plant Tissues and Organs Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics 13.1.2, 13.1.3, 13.1.4 Objectives: List and describe the major plant organs their structure and function List and describe the major types of plant
More informationChapter 21: Plant Structure & Function
Chapter 21: Plant Structure & Function Chapter 21: Plant Structure & Function All organisms must: Take in certain materials, e.g. O 2, food, drink Eliminate other materials, e.g. CO 2, waste products Chapter
More informationWater and Food Transportation
Water and Food Transportation Sugars in a Plant Sugar Form Location in Plant Organ Function of Sugar form Glucose Leaf Energy (made in photosynthesis summer, used in cellular respiration for growth-spring)
More informationNon Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue
PLANT TISSUES Non Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue Undifferentiated plant cells that are continually dividing by mitosis Large thin walled cells No vacuole Dense cytoplasm Large nucleus Found at
More informationName AP Biology - Lab 06
LAB 06 Transpiration Objectives: To understand how water moves from roots to leaves in terms of the physical/chemical properties of water and the forces provided by differences in water potential. To test
More information2018 Version. Photosynthesis Junior Science
2018 Version Photosynthesis Junior Science 1 Plants fill the role of Producers in a community Plants are special because they have leaves and are able to produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis
More informationPLANT SCIENCE. 9.2 Transport in Angiospermophytes
PLANT SCIENCE 9.2 Transport in Angiospermophytes Support of terrestrial plants Support of terrestrial plants comes through: Thickened cellulose in cell walls Turgor pressure of cells Lignified xylem Xylem
More informationTransport in Plant (IGCSE Biology Syllabus )
Transport in Plant (IGCSE Biology Syllabus 2016-2018) Plants have transport systems to move food, water and minerals around. These systems use continuous tubes called xylem and phloem: - Xylem vessels
More informationTranspiration Lab. Introduction
Transpiration Lab Name Introduction The amount of water needed daily by plants for the growth and maintenance of tissues is small in comparison to the amount that is lost through the process of transpiration
More informationExchanging Materials in Plants
Exchanging Materials in Plants 1 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2012 2 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2012 3 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2012 All living things need to exchange materials Plants need to obtain certain materials for
More informationPlease sit next to a partner. you are an A or a B
Please sit next to a partner you are an A or a B Plants Transport in Vascular Plants Transport Overview Vascular tissue transports nutrients throughout a plant Such transport may occur over long distances
More informationLaboratory 9: Transpiration
Laboratory 9: Transpiration YOU MUST KNOW The role of water potential and transpiration in the movement of water from roots to leaves. The effects of various environmental conditions on the rate of transpiration.
More informationPage 1. Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant): Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant):
Chapter 43: Plant Form and Function Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant): Root System Anchor plant Absorb water / nutrients Store surplus sugars Transport materials from / to
More informationEarth Has a Rich Diversity of Plants. Plant Structure, Nutrition, and Transport. Angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots. Angiosperms: Dicots
Plant Structure, Nutrition, and Transport Earth Has a Rich Diversity of Plants There are over 280,000 different plant species organized into four major groups: bryophytes (mosses), seedless vascular plants,
More informationUnit B: Cells and Systems
Unit B: Cells and Systems Topic 4: Fluid Movement in Cells The Cell Membrane A cell membrane allows some to enter or leave the cell, while stopping other substances. It is a selectively membrane. (A permeable
More informationPlants. Anatomy, Physiology & Photosynthesis
Plants Anatomy, Physiology & Photosynthesis Plant anatomy Aerial portion absorb light energy gas exchange of O 2, CO 2 & H 2 O stomata (holes) Structural support Terrestrial portion anchorage H 2 O absorption
More informationChapter 29. Table of Contents. Section 1 Plant Cells and Tissues. Section 2 Roots. Section 3 Stems. Section 4 Leaves. Plant Structure and Function
Plant Structure and Function Table of Contents Section 1 Plant Cells and Tissues Section 2 Roots Section 3 Stems Section 4 Leaves Section 1 Plant Cells and Tissues Objectives Describe the three basic types
More information[transport] in plants
[transport] in plants learningobjectives Identify the main parts of the transport system in plants xylem and phloem. Explain the structural adaptation of the xylem (ie lumen, lignin and dead cells) Explain
More informationBIOLOGY PLANT WATER RELATIONS
BIOLOGY PLANT WATER RELATIONS PLANT WATER RELATIONS Fundamental concepts Absorption of water Ascent of sap Transpiration Guttation Translocation of organic solutes FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Passive transport:
More informationPlant Structure and Growth
Plant Structure and Growth A. Flowering Plant Parts: The flowering plants or are the most diverse group of plants. They are divided into 2 classes and. Examples of monocots: Examples of dicots: The morphology
More informationPlant Structure. Lab Exercise 24. Objectives. Introduction
Lab Exercise Plant Structure Objectives - Be able to identify plant organs and give their functions. - Learn distinguishing characteristics between monocot and dicot plants. - Understand the anatomy of
More informationDescribe plant meristems. Where are they located? perpetually embryonic cells found at tips of roots and shoots (apical vs.
Which conditions have the higher rate of transpiration? Light or dark: Humid or dry: Breezy or still air: Hot or warm: light (need CO 2 for photosyn.) dry (lower H 2 O potential out) breezy (greater evaporation)
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
54 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements does not apply to reverse osmosis? a. it is used for water purification. b. In
More informationStems and Transport in Vascular Plants. Herbaceous Stems. Herbaceous Dicot Stem 3/12/2012. Chapter 34. Basic Tissues in Herbaceous Stems.
Bud scale Terminal bud Stems and Transport in Plants One year's growth Terminal bud scale scars Axillary bud Leaf scar Node Internode Node Chapter 34 Lenticels Terminal bud scale scars Bundle scars A Woody
More informationTranslocation 11/30/2010. Translocation is the transport of products of photosynthesis, mainly sugars, from mature leaves to areas of growth and
Translocation Translocation is the transport of products of photosynthesis, mainly sugars, from mature leaves to areas of growth and storage. Phloem is the tissue through which translocation occurs. Sieve
More informationPLANT TISSUES 12 MARCH 2014
PLANT TISSUES 12 MARCH 2014 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Identify the different types of plant tissue Be able to relate the different structures with the different functions Plant Tissue Summary
More informationPlant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves
Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is
More informationPlant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves
Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is
More informationTRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IN PLANTS
TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IN PLANTS Plants require adequate supply of CO2, O2, mineral salts and water for normal growth. Lower plants like algae move materials in and out of their bodies by diffusion and
More informationRoots, Shoots & Leaves
Name Test Date Hour Plant Structure & Function #2 - Notebook Roots, Shoots & Leaves LEARNING TARGETS I can describe the functions of roots I can explain the nitrogen fixing process and why it is needed.
More informationPlants. Plant Form and Function. Tissue Systems 6/4/2012. Chapter 17. Herbaceous (nonwoody) Woody. Flowering plants can be divided into two groups:
Monocots Dicots 6/4/2012 Plants Plant Form and Function Chapter 17 Herbaceous (nonwoody) In temperate climates, aerial parts die back Woody In temperate climates, aerial parts persist The Plant Body Functions
More informationCommon Effects of Abiotic Stress Factors on Plants
Common Effects of Abiotic Stress Factors on Plants Plants are living organisms which lack ability of locomotion. Animals can move easily from one location to other. Immovable property of plants makes it
More informationDNA or RNA metabolism (1%) Signal transduction (2%) Development (2%) Other cellular processes (17%)
Fig. 35-24 Other metabolism (18%) DNA or RNA metabolism (1%) Signal transduction (2%) Development (2%) Unknown (24%) Energy pathways (3%) Cell division and organization (3%) Transport (4%) Transcription
More informationTitle: Nutrient Movement Towards and Into Plant Roots Speaker: Bill Pan. online.wsu.edu
Title: Nutrient Movement Towards and Into Plant Roots Speaker: Bill Pan online.wsu.edu Unit 1, Lesson 4 Nutrient Movement Towards and Into Plant Roots http://soils.usda.gov/education/resources/k_12/lessons/profile/
More informationC MPETENC EN I C ES LECT EC UR U E R
LECTURE 7: SUGAR TRANSPORT COMPETENCIES Students, after mastering the materials of Plant Physiology course, should be able to: 1. To explain the pathway of sugar transport in plants 2. To explain the mechanism
More information