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1 1 CO 2 O 2 Light ugar O 2 and minerals CO 2 2

2 Buds hoot apical meristem mm 3 Cell wall Apoplastic route Cytosol ymplastic route Transmembrane route Plasmodesma Plasma membrane Key Apoplast ymplast 4

3 CYTOPLAM Proton pump (a) and membrane potential / cotransporter (c) and cotransport of ions EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Hydrogen ion Nitrate /sucrose cotransporter Ion channel (d) Ion channels ucrose (neutral solute) (b) and cotransport of neutral solutes Potassium ion 5 Plasmolyzed cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings ψ P = 0 ψ = 0.9 ψ = 0.9 MPa 0.4 M sucrose solution: ψ P = 0 = 0.9 ψ ψ = 0.9 MPa Initial flaccid cell: ψ P = 0 ψ = 0.7 ψ = 0.7 MPa Pure water: ψ P = 0 ψ = 0 ψ = 0 MPa Turgid cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings ψ P = 0.7 ψ = 0.7 ψ = 0 MPa (a) Initial conditions: cellular ψ > environmental ψ (b) Initial conditions: cellular ψ < environmental ψ 6

4 Wilted Turgid 7 Technique Control: olution containing all minerals Experimental: olution without potassium 8

5 9 Healthy Phosphate-deficient Potassium-deficient Nitrogen-deficient 10

6 oil particle Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ + CO 2 H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 + Root hair Cell wall 11 ATMOPHERE N 2 OIL N 2 NH 3 (ammonia) ATMOPHERE OIL Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (from soil) + NH 4 (ammonium) Proteins from humus (dead organic material) Microbial decomposition Amino acids Ammonifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria NO 2 (nitrite) Denitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria N 2 (nitrate) Nitrate and nitrogenous organic compounds exported in xylem to shoot system NH 4 + Root 12

7 Nodules Roots 13 Epidermis Cortex Mantle (fungal sheath) 1.5 mm Mantle (fungal sheath) (Colorized EM) Epidermal cell Endodermis Fungal hyphae between cortical cells (LM) 50 µm (a) Ectomycorrhizae Epidermis Cortex Cortical cell Endodermis Fungal hyphae Root hair Fungal vesicle Casparian strip Arbuscules Plasma membrane (LM) 10 µm (b) Arbuscular mycorrhizae (endomycorrhizae) 14

8 Experiment Results Increase in plant biomass (%) Invaded Uninvaded terilized invaded oil type terilized uninvaded Mycorrhizal colonization (%) Invaded Uninvaded oil type eedlings ugar maple Red maple White ash 15 taghorn fern, an epiphyte 16

9 Parasitic plants Mistletoe, a photosynthetic parasite Dodder, a nonphotosynthetic parasite (orange) Indian pipe, a nonphotosynthetic parasite of mycorrhizae 17 Carnivorous plants Pitcher plants undew Venus flytraps 18

10 Pathway along apoplast Casparian strip Endodermal cell Pathway through symplast Apoplastic route ymplastic route Transmembrane route The endodermis: controlled entry to the vascular cylinder (stele) 2 1 ymplastic route Apoplastic route Plasma membrane Root hair 3 Epidermis 5 Casparian strip Cortex 4 Endodermis Transport in the xylem 5 Vascular cylinder (stele) Vessels (xylem) 19 Cuticle Upper epidermis Xylem Mesophyll Air space Microfibrils in cell wall of mesophyll cell Lower epidermis Cuticle toma Microfibril (cross section) Water film Air-water interface 20

11 Outside air ψ = MPa Leaf ψ (air spaces) = 7.0 MPa Leaf ψ (cell walls) = 1.0 MPa Trunk xylem ψ = 0.8 MPa Water potential gradient Water molecule Transpiration Atmosphere Xylem cells Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem Xylem sap Mesophyll cells toma Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall Cohesion by hydrogen bonding Water molecule Trunk xylem ψ = 0.6 MPa oil ψ = 0.3 MPa Root hair oil particle Water Water uptake from soil 21 Guard cells turgid/toma open Cell wall Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Guard cells flaccid/toma closed Vacuole Guard cell (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view) (b) Role of potassium ions ( ) in stomatal opening and closing 22

12 Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) Oleander (Nerium oleander) Thick cuticle Upper epidermal tissue 100 µm Trichomes ( hairs ) Crypt toma Lower epidermal tissue Old man cactus (Cephalocereus senilis) 23 Apoplast ymplast Mesophyll cell Cell walls (apoplast) Plasma membrane Plasmodesmata Companion (transfer) cell ieve-tube element High concentration Proton pump Cotransporter Mesophyll cell Bundlesheath cell Phloem parenchyma cell (a) ucrose manufactured in mesophyll cells can travel via the symplast (blue arrows) to sieve-tube elements. Low concentration ucrose (b) A chemiosmotic mechanism is responsible for the active transport of sucrose. 24

13 Vessel (xylem) ieve ource cell tube (leaf) (phloem) 1 Loading of sugar Bulk flow by negative pressure 2 1 Bulk flow by positive pressure ucrose ink cell (storage root) 2 3 Uptake of water Unloading of sugar 4 3 ucrose 4 Recycling of water 25

2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 1 CO 2 O 2 Light Sugar O 2 and minerals CO 2 2 Buds 42 29 21 34 13 26 5 18 10 31 23 8 15 28 16 2 24 Shoot apical meristem 7 3 20 1 mm 32 11 19 12 6 4 1 25 17 14 9 40 27 22 3 Cell wall Apoplastic route

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