Snow and Ice. All Hazards Emergency Response and Continuity of Operations Plan. For Official Use Only

Transcription

1 Snow and Ice All Hazards Emergency Response and Continuity of Operations Plan For Official Use Only

2 APPENDIX J Snow and Ice Response Plan INTRODUCTION The mission of Pierce County Public Works and Utilities, Road Maintenance and Operations Division (the Division), is to maintain, operate and preserve Pierce County's transportation network at full function 24/7 as safely and efficiently as possible. This includes the development of capabilities for responding to emergency situations in an effective, efficient and timely manner. As part of this mission, the Division conducts traction improvement, anti/de-icing, and snow removal operations to mitigate hazardous driving conditions during snow and ice events. Pierce County has a very diverse topography ranging from sea level to over 14,000ft. As a result, the County can experience numerous microclimates within its boundaries. Typically the County s winter season lasts from mid November through mid March. The weather is generally wet with cool, moderate, and occasional icy events. The winter maintenance program (labor, equipment, and materials) is sized and based to facilitate the movement and safety of traffic under normal expected winter conditions. This will typically be when temperatures drop and create black ice or frost conditions. A light to moderate snowfall event may occasionally take place. These are typically characterized by brief, localized events within the County. The exceptional winter weather event in Pierce County is a heavy snowstorm over the entire County which can adversely affect normal roadway travel for a week or more. Since this happens very infrequently, it would be an inefficient management of resources to size and base a winter maintenance program for this type of exceptional winter weather event. Such planning would result in an excess of equipment and workforce sitting idle for most of the winter season. The Division s winter maintenance program is based on history and the expected average conditions of winter for Pierce County. Therefore, when the rare heavy snow storm occurs, the program maybe unable to deliver an accustomed level of service to all the County s public roads, and must instead focus available resources on arterial lifeline routes. However, future budget constraints may restrict us from achieving these desired outcomes. The purpose of this Snow and Ice Response Plan is to provide clear, consistent, and environmentally responsible guidelines and procedures in order to keep the County's transportation network functioning as safely and efficiently as possible for the motoring public, Pierce Transit, public schools, fire, police, aid vehicles, and general commerce. It is understood that this plan cannot eliminate all the impacts or effects of a snow and/or ice emergency. Rather, the intent of this plan is to maximize the use of available resources in order to reduce the threat to public safety from a snow and ice emergency. It is important to note that staff have discretion and the authority to alter this plan when safety concerns present themselves. The Division is responsible for approximately 3,120 lane miles of roadway in unincorporated Pierce County, of which approximately 1,517 lane miles have been identified as arterial lifeline routes that provide connectivity from residential areas to the State highway system and key service centers. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J-1

3 GENERAL INFORMATION Organization of Staff Road Operations Division s 162 full time employees are assigned to each of the three Road Operations facilities with consideration to mobilization and logistics efficiencies; and are adjusted as is necessary to meet the needs presented by each unique Snow and Ice event. Organization of Facilities CMF - Central Maintenance Facility th Street East Spanaway, WA (253) Headquarters facility that houses our administrative and engineering staff and provides administrative functions for our four road districts. This facility serves: Alderton, Graham, Frederickson, Orting, Puyallup and South Hill, Ashford, Eatonville Elbe Graham, Kapowsin, La Grande, McKenna, Roy, Spanaway, Tanwax, Anderson Island, Lakewood, Midland, Parkland, and Tillicum. ECMF - East County Maintenance Facility Prairie Ridge Drive East Bonney Lake, WA (253) This facility serves: Bonney Lake, Buckley/Lake Tapps Plateau, Browns' Point, Dash Point, Edgewood, South Prairie, Burnett, Wilkeson, Carbonado, Greenwater and Fairfax. This facility serves:, and University Place. WCMF - West County Maintenance Facility Goodnough Drive Gig Harbor, WA (253) This facility serves: Artondale, Fox Island, Gig Harbor, Home, Key Center, Longbranch, Purdy, Rosedale, and Wauna. Organization of Equipment The Division has the following snow and ice fighting equipment in inventory: 8-10yd Plow/Material Spreader Trucks 2-10yd Plow/Multi-purpose Trucks 21-5 yd Plow/Material Spreader Trucks 2-5 yd Plow/ Multi-purpose Trucks 4-2/3 yd Liquid Anti-icing Applicator Trucks 1-1 ½ Ton Plow/Material Spreader Utility Trucks 2-1 Ton Material Spreader Utility Trucks 5 - Motor Graders Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J-2

4 Snow and Ice fighting equipment is assigned to each of the three Road Operations facilities with consideration to mobilization and logistics efficiencies; and are adjusted as is necessary to meet the needs presented by each unique Snow and Ice event. Equipment Maintenance Equipment Services Division (ESD) personnel, facilities, equipment and parts are housed at the Central Maintenance Facility in sufficient volume to meet the needs of the Division during response to a Snow and Ice Emergency. In order to optimize efficiencies, on-site mechanics are assigned to each Road Operations facility in order to address minor to moderate equipment maintenance and repair needs. Additional ESD staff and resources are housed in the Mid-County Maintenance Facility located at 1420 E. 112 th St. in Tacoma. Organization of Materials The materials and supplies required to deliver an effective snow and ice emergency response are stockpiled at key Road Operations facilities and gravel pit sites with consideration to logistics efficiencies; and are adjusted as is necessary to meet the needs presented by each unique Snow and Ice event. Salt brine is produced at the CMF and ECMF and is delivered in bulk to storage facilities at other sites as is needed. RESPONSE TO A SNOW AND ICE EVENT The County s road network has been divided into 28 emergency response zones, each containing approximately 54 lane miles of arterial lifeline routes. Emergency response zones are sized and shaped with the following important factors in mind: connectivity of the arterial network between residential areas and key service centers; proximity to Road Operations dispatch facilities; proximity to resource stockpile sites; and, proximity to higher risk geographical features, e.g. high elevation, steep grades, sheltered/shaded areas, elevated structures, etc. Priority Roadways Each of the 28 emergency response zones has a pre-established priority listing of roadways to plow, and for applications of solid and liquid snow fighting chemicals. Priorities are established by the following designations: Major arterials and collectors Lifeline Emergency routes Access roads to highways and freeways Pierce Transit and school bus snow routes Emergency Response Zones - Maps Each of the Division s 28 Emergency Response Zones is mapped, and priority roadways within each are listed in a sequence that optimizes the County-wide effectiveness and efficiency of plowing and chemical application operations. In order to be optimally prepared for the wide range of probable winter conditions that can occur in Pierce County, Emergency Response Zone maps and priority roadway lists are broken into six groupings as follows: Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J-3

5 Map Set A Contains a listing of the approximately 1,517 lane miles of arterial lifeline routes that provide connectivity from residential areas to the State highway system and key service centers. Map Set A should be considered for use when the Division is operating in Phase 3, and available resources are adequate to deliver the best results possible across the full volume of roads listed therein. Map Set B Contains an abridged listing of the highest priority roadways and arterial lifeline routes. This list includes approximately 599 lane miles of arterial roadways that experience the highest traffic volumes under non-emergency conditions. This map set should be considered for use when the Division is operating in Phase 2 or 3; when available resources are not adequate to improve conditions on all priority roadways. This map set can also be considered for use when the Division is operating in Phase 3, and the severity of actual conditions resulting from the snow and ice event are such that resources are unable to adequately improve conditions on all priority roadways. Map Set C Contains a list of multi-lane arterial lifeline routes. This list includes approximately132 lane miles of the primary arterials that provide connectivity from secondary arterials and collectors to the State highway system and key service centers. This map set should be considered for use when the Division is operating in Phase 3 and available resources are adequate to support the use of two or more trucks to support gang-plowing operations on each multi-lane arterial. Map Set D Contains a list of local access collector roads with ADT >200. This list includes approximately 924 lane miles of local access collector roads that provide connectivity from residential roads to the arterial and lifeline routes. This map set should be considered for use when the Division is operating in Phase 3.5 or Phase 4 and arterial lifeline route conditions warrant reassignment of resources to local access collector roads. Map Set E Contains a list 714 lane miles of road that contain hills, curves, elevated structures and shaded areas that may be affected by frost and/or black ice events. This map set should be considered for use when the Division receives a weather forecast that predicts the formation of frost or black ice within the next operational period and the application of anti-icing product is appropriate. Map Set F Is a list of the 129 lane miles of roads with grades >6% that are not included in Map Set A proper. Map Set F is included as part of Map Set A, Map Set D, and Map Set E for consideration for pre-treatment opportunities and when working in Phase 3.5. When a snow and ice event continues, priority routes are monitored by Road Operations personnel on a regular basis. Some roadways may require salting, sanding, de-icing, and/or plowing several times within a 12-hour operational period. Therefore, some routes on the priority lists may not be addressed until higher priority routes are clear, depending on the severity of the event. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J-4

6 Snow and Ice Operations - Four Phases of Response Pierce County Road Maintenance and Operations Division will mobilize road crews based upon the severity of a snow and ice event. There are four phases of response, procedures, resource allocation, and coordination efforts crafted to address major storm events as listed below: Phase 1 A significant storm is forecast. Measurable snow accumulation and/or black ice conditions with temperatures 32 degrees or lower are predicted. The following steps are normally implemented as resources allow: * The objectives of Phase 1 are preparation and readiness. Actual conditions and/or citizen RFA s will be addressed on a site specific basis. 1. Division Manager is alerted. 2. Each area is checked for snow or freezing conditions. 3. Supervisors may schedule applications of anti-icing agents. 4. Maintenance crews prepare equipment for snow and ice operations. 5. Supervisors adjust initial response schedules as the weather event unfolds. 6. Citizen and emergency services requests for action are incorporated into response schedules as priority calls in Phase 1. Crews are on 8-hour shifts during this phase unless the event occurs after hours at which time the on-call Supervisor will dispatch personnel as conditions warrant. Personnel may be required to work more hours if the response phase is upgraded, or if conditions warrant. Phase 2 Snow and/or icing conditions have occurred. Sites where snow or ice accumulations have negatively affected County roads may be isolated to widespread. The following steps are normally implemented as resources allow: * The objectives of Phase 2 are to transition from preparedness into preventative and response activities. Citizen RFA s will be addressed on a site specific basis as resources allow. Map Sets B, E or F should be considered for Phase Public Works Director is alerted. 2. All maintenance crews are divided into 8-hour day and night shifts (which may be expanded to 12-hour shifts at the Superintendent s discretion) to provide 24-hour coverage for commuters. 3. The Division s EOC operations may be implemented during phase 2, depending upon actual conditions and forecasts. 4. Snow and ice teams are assigned specific areas within each division and provide maintenance and support to the established priority routes within those specific areas. 5. Citizen and emergency services requests for action are noted and incorporated into the pre-established lifeline and arterial routes as applicable. 6. All personnel keep detailed records of the response activities performed during each shift. 7. Public Works Director and Department of Emergency Management (DEM) Duty Officer are provided daily updates. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J-5

7 Phase 3 Snow and/or icing conditions have occurred and are widespread. The long-range forecast calls for snow and ice conditions to continue. The following steps are normally implemented as resources allow: * The objectives of Phase 3 are to produce the best possible results with available resources. RFA s will be addressed coincident with operations as directed by the Shift Incident Commander. Map sets A, B, and/or C should be considered for Phase 3 as conditions warrant. 1. Crews may be adjusted to 12-hour shifts for 24-hour coverage. 2. The Road Operations Manager is continuously updated and advised of maintenance progress and/or problem areas. 3. The Division s EOC operations w implemented and will remain in action while in phase Status reports are provided to the Director of Public Works once daily, or as significant changes occur. 5. Additional departments within Pierce County are requested to provide support to crews. Phase 3.5 Heavy accumulations of snow have affected all roadways. Weather conditions have stabilized and arterial lifeline routes have been plowed and treated with deicing products. The following steps are normally implemented as resources allow: * The objectives of Phase 3.5 are to produce the best possible results with available resources including the reassignment of resources to local access collector roads (Map Set D) after desirable conditions have been achieved on arterial lifeline routes. RFA s will be addressed coincident with operations as directed by the Shift Incident Commander. Map sets A, D and/or F should be considered for Phase 3.5 as conditions warrant. 1. Operational steps implemented to support Phase 3 are continued. 2. Division Incident Commander re-assigns resources to Map Set D response routes after desirable conditions are achieved in corresponding Map Set A response areas. 3. If weather conditions deteriorate and significantly and arterial routes again become affected by snow, the shift Incident Commander may choose to adjust operations to Phase If Phase changes are enacted the Division Manager should be notified and details should be noted in the IC log. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J-6

8 Phase 4 The long-range forecast calls for no additional snow accumulations and/or warmer temperatures. The following steps are normally implemented as resources allow: * The objectives of Phase 4 are to transition from Emergency Response Operations back to normal delivery of services. Citizen RFA s will be addressed on a site specific basis as resources allow. Once routes identified on Map Set A have been cleared, Map Set D routes will be cleared as resources allow. 1. Shifts are adjusted to eight hour day shifts as conditions and priorities allow. 2. As priority lists are completed, focus will turn to Map Set D routes as resources allow. 3. The Division s EOC operations will stay in action until shifts return to normal and actual conditions and warrant ramp down. 4. Large accumulations of snow and ice should be removed from the traveled way and drainage courses. 5. All snow fighting equipment are cleaned, repaired and readied for the next response. 6. All material stockpiles are inventoried and resupply operations are initiated. 7. Sand removal operations should begin immediately following conclusion of emergency response efforts. 8. After action meetings should be conducted with both supervisory and field staff. 9. Storm costs should be quantified and provided to the Director and the Executive for review and dissemination. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J-7

9 Snow Plowing and Chemical Application Guidelines Introduction This is a guide for Pierce County Public Works and Utilities, Road Operations Division for snow and ice fighting, specifically for snow plowing and use of solid and liquid chemicals for maintenance field personnel. Its purpose is to suggest operational actions for minimizing the impacts of a snow and ice event to the County s road system. The objectives of these guidelines are to compliment the decision-making and management practices of a systematic snow and ice fighting program, resulting in roads that can be operated in the best possible condition. This guide is based upon the Federal Highway Administration s (FHWA) Manual of Practice for an Effective anti-icing Program and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) The Manual of Practice for an Effective anti-icing Program provides the results of four years of anti-icing field-testing conducted by 15 State highway agencies and supported by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). This guide also uses information obtained from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Overview of Guidelines Guidance for snow and ice fighting operations are presented in Tables 1 through 5 for four distinctive winter weather events. The four events are: 1. Frost or Black Ice 2. Light Snow Storm 3. Moderate or Heavy Snow Storm 4. Freezing Rain Storm Tables 1 through 5 suggest the appropriate actions and applications for either an initial or subsequent (follow-up) snow or ice fighting operation for a given weather event. Each action is defined for a range of pavement conditions and an associated air temperature trend. For some events, the operation is dependent not only on the weather conditions and trend, but also upon the actual impact to the pavement surface condition at the time of the snow and ice fighting action. Most of the recommended actions include a chemical application in a dry solid, pre-wet solid, or liquid form. Application rates or spread rates are given for each chemical option to be used appropriately. These are suggested values and should be adjusted, if necessary, to achieve increased effectiveness or efficiency, for local conditions and in consideration of resources on hand and re-supply capability. Application rates in volumetric units (lbs/lane-mi) are calculated from dry or pre-wetted chemical/solid rates. Comments and notes are given in each table where appropriate to further guide the field personnel in their snow and ice fighting operations. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J - 8

10 Snow Plowing and Chemical Application Guidelines Glossary Of Terms Anti-icing Application. An application of solid or liquid chemical delivered prior to the beginning of a weather event to prevent the formation of frost, ice, and/or a snow-ice pavement bond. Black Ice. A very thin coating of clear, uniform ice which forms on a pavement when the temperature of the air in contact with the ground is below freezing, and small super cooled water droplets deposit on the surface and coalesce before freezing. Freezing Rain. Super cooled droplets of liquid precipitation falling on a surface that has a temperature near or below freezing, resulting in the formation of glaze or clear ice. Non-super cooled raindrops falling on a surface that has a temperature well below freezing can also result in the formation of glaze ice. Frost. Ice crystals deposited on surfaces with a temperature below freezing. The deposit may be composed of frozen drops of dew and/or of ice formed directly from water vapor at a temperature below 32F (sublimation). Glaze or Clear Ice. A hard, slick, generally thick coating of ice that can form on pavements during severe freezing rain events; or, under the forces of traffic on compact snow and ice. Light Snow. Snow falling at the rate of less than 1/2 inch per hour; visibility is not affected adversely. Moderate or Heavy Snow. Snow falling at a rate of 1/2 in per hour or greater; visibility is significantly reduced. Salt Brine. A salt and water solution combined at a ratio of 23.3% to 76.7% water. Salt brine may be blended with additives to improve performance at lower temperatures. Salt Slurry, A mixture of granular sodium chloride solids and salt brine liquid at a rate of approximately 18 gals of liquid per ton of solid. The solid and liquids should be incorporated to the point that the material is of a slurry-like consistency. Slush. Accumulation of snow that is saturated with water in excess of its freely drained capacity. It will not support weight when stepped or driven on but will squish until the base support is reached. Solid Chemical. Granular sodium chloride (rock salt) applied to the pavement surface to melt snow and ice and to improve traction. Solid chemicals may be blended with sand/grit to improve traction until bare and wet conditions are achieved. Pre-wetting: The practice of applying liquid chemical to dry material before it is placed on the pavement to improve the chemical melting process. Chemical Spread Rate. For solid chemical applications, it is simply the weight of the chemical applied per lane mile (lbs/lane mile). For liquid applications it is the amount of liquid chemical applied per lane mile (gals/lane mile). Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J - 9

11 Snow Plowing and Chemical Application Guidelines Pavement Temperature Above 32 F Steady or Rising Table 1. Weather event: Liquid Anti-icing Prior to a Forecast Event Using a 23% Salt Brine Concentration of Sodium Chloride () Surface Condition Dry, bare & wet, or light ice Dry or bare & wet 20F to 32 F Remaining in Range Light frost or ice Initial Operation / Response Subsequent or Ongoing Operations Recommended Action Apply liquid chemical as needed Apply liquid chemical Apply liquid chemical Application Rates gals/lane mile Salt Brine 23% Salt Brine 23% w/calcium Recommended Action Application Rates gals/lane mile Salt Brine 23% Salt Brine 23% w/calcium Comments N/R = None Recommended *Monitor pavement temperature closely 30 N/R N/R N/R N/R *Treat isolated patches of frost or ice with salt brine at 30 gals/lm N/R N/R N/R N/R Reapply liquid N/R chemical when needed N/R *Re-apply chemical only if current conditions warrant; or if additional ice/frost is forecast to occur before next operational period. 15F to 20 F Remaining in Range Dry or bare & wet Light frost or ice Dry or bare & wet Below 15 F Steady or Falling Light frost or ice Apply liquid chemical Apply liquid chemical Apply liquid chemical w/calcium Apply pre-wet solid chemical w/calcium N/R N/R N/R N/R Reapply liquid chemical when needed N/R N/R N/R N/R Reapply liquid N/R 40+ chemical w/calcium when needed N/R 40+ *Re-apply chemical w/calcium only if current conditions warrant; or if additional ice/frost is forecast to occur before next operational period. *Re-apply chemical w/calcium only if current conditions warrant; or if additional ice/frost is forecast to occur before next operational period. *Applications of salt brine without calcium additives are not recommended at temps below 15F. CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS: Local experience should refine these recommendations. Liquid chemicals should not be applied to glaze or clear ice, or to moderate or heavy concentrations of packed snow. Time the chemical applications to prevent deteriorating conditions or the formation of a snow-ice pavement bond. Monitor temperature and dew point to determine application timing. The recommended snow and ice control material application rates depend on atmospheric and pavement conditions at the time of treatment and on how these conditions are expected to change over the time period (window) between the current treatment and the next anticipated treatment. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J - 10

12 Snow Plowing and Chemical Application Guidelines Pavement Temperature Above 32 F Steady or Rising 20F to 32 F Surface Condition Dry, bare & wet, or light ice Dry, bare & wet or light ice cover Remaining in Range Moderate to heavy ice cover Dry, bare & wet or light 15F to 20 F ice cover Remaining in Range Moderate to heavy ice cover Dry, bare & wet or light Below 15 F ice cover Steady or Falling Moderate to heavy ice cover Table 2. Weather event: Frost or Black Ice Initial Operation / Response Subsequent or Ongoing Operations Recommended Action Apply solid chemical as needed Application Rates Lbs/lane mile 75/25 Solid /Sand Solid Recommended Action Application Rates Lbs/lane mile 75/25 Solid /Sand Solid Comments N/R = None Recommended *Monitor pavement temperature closely N/R N/R N/R *Treat icy patches if needed with pre-wet solid at 200 lb/lane-mi. Apply solid chemical N/R N/R N/R Apply solid chemical Reapply solid chemical when needed Apply solid chemical N/R N/R N/R Apply solid chemical Apply solid chemical w/calcium Apply pre-wet solid chemical w/calcium Reapply solid chemical when needed N/R N/R N/R Reapply solid chemical w/calcium when needed *Apply chemical only if current accums and ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. *Apply chemical only if current accums and ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. *Apply chemical w/calcium only if current accums and ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS: Local experience should refine these recommendations. All solid chemicals should be pre-wetted with salt brine at concentrations up to 18gals per ton, depending upon conditions and resource availability. Time the chemical applications to prevent deteriorating conditions or development of packed and bonded snow. Monitor temperature and dew point to determine application timing. The recommended snow and ice control material application rates depend on atmospheric and pavement conditions at the time of treatment and on how these conditions are expected to change over the time period (window) between the current treatment and the next anticipated treatment. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J - 11

13 Snow Plowing and Chemical Application Guidelines Pavement Temperature Above 32 F Steady or Rising Surface Condition Dry, wet slush, or light snow cover Dry or bare & wet 20F to 32 F Remaining in Range Slush, or light snow cover Table 3. Weather event: Light Snow Initial Operation / Response Subsequent or Ongoing Operations Recommended Action Application Rates Lbs/lane mile 75/25 Solid /Sand Solid Recommended Action Application Rates Lbs/lane mile 75/25 Solid /Sand Plow as needed N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Apply solid chemical N/R N/R N/R Plow as needed Apply solid chemical Plow as needed; reapply solid chemical when needed Solid Comments N/R = None Recommended *Monitor pavement temperature closely *Treat icy patches if needed with prewet solid at 200 lb/lane-mi; plow if needed *Apply chemical only if current accums and snow/ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. 15F to 20 F Remaining in Range Dry or bare & wet Light snow cover Dry or bare & wet Below 15 F Steady or Falling Light snow cover Apply solid chemical N/R N/R N/R Plow as needed Apply solid chemical Apply solid chemical w/calcium Plow as needed Apply pre-wet solid chemical w/calcium Plow as needed; reapply solid chemical when needed N/R N/R N/R Plow as needed Apply pre-wet solid chemical w/calcium *Apply chemical only if current accums and snow/ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. *Apply chemical w/calcium only if current accums and snow/ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS: Local experience should refine these recommendations. All solid chemicals should be pre-wetted with salt brine at concentrations up to 18gals per ton, depending upon conditions and resource availability. Time the chemical applications to prevent deteriorating conditions or development of packed and bonded snow. Monitor temperature and dew point to determine application timing. The recommended snow and ice control material application rates depend on atmospheric and pavement conditions at the time of treatment and on how these conditions are expected to change over the time period (window) between the current treatment and the next anticipated treatment. PLOWING: Before you apply any ice control chemical, the surface should be cleared of as much snow and ice as possible. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J - 12

14 Snow Plowing and Chemical Application Guidelines Pavement Temperature Above 32 F Steady or Rising Table 4. Weather event: Moderate or Heavy Snow Storm Surface Condition Wet slush, or light snow cover Initial Operation / Response Subsequent or Ongoing Operations Recommended Action Application Rates Lbs/lane mile 75/25 Solid /Sand Solid Recommended Action Application Rates Lbs/lane mile 75/25 Solid /Sand Solid Plow as needed N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Comments N/R = None Recommended *Monitor pavement temperature closely *Treat icy patches if needed with pre-wet solid at 200 lb/lane-mi; plow if needed 20F to 32 F Remaining in Range Slush, or snow cover Bare & wet Apply solid chemical N/R N/R N/R Plow as needed Apply solid chemical Plow as needed; reapply solid chemical when needed *Apply chemical only if current accums and snow/ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. 15F to 20 F Remaining in Range Below 15 F Steady or Falling Bare & wet Apply solid chemical N/R N/R N/R Snow cover Bare & wet Snow cover Plow as needed Apply solid chemical Apply solid chemical w/calcium Plow as needed Apply pre-wet solid chemical w/calcium Plow as needed; reapply solid chemical when needed N/R N/R N/R Plow as needed Apply pre-wet solid chemical w/calcium *Apply chemical only if current accums and snow/ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. *Apply chemical w/calcium only if current accums and snow/ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS: Local experience should refine these recommendations. All solid chemicals should be pre-wetted with salt brine at concentrations up to 18gals per ton, depending upon conditions and resource availability. Time the chemical applications to prevent deteriorating conditions or development of packed and bonded snow. Monitor temperature and dew point to determine application timing. The recommended snow and ice control material application rates depend on atmospheric and pavement conditions at the time of treatment and on how these conditions are expected to change over the time period (window) between the current treatment and the next anticipated treatment. PLOWING: Before you apply any ice control chemical, the surface should be cleared of as much snow and ice as possible. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J - 13

15 Snow Plowing and Chemical Application Guidelines Pavement Temperature Above 32 F Steady or Rising 20F to 32 F Surface Condition Dry, bare & wet, or light ice Dry, bare & wet or light ice cover Remaining in Range Moderate to heavy ice cover Dry, bare & wet or light 15F to 20 F ice cover Remaining in Range Moderate to heavy ice cover Dry, bare & wet or light Below 15 F ice cover Steady or Falling Moderate to heavy ice cover Table 5. Weather event: Freezing Rainstorm Initial Operation / Response Subsequent or Ongoing Operations Recommended Action Apply solid chemical as needed Application Rates Lbs/lane mile 75/25 Solid /Sand Solid Recommended Action Application Rates Lbs/lane mile 75/25 Solid /Sand Solid Comments N/R = None Recommended *Monitor pavement temperature closely N/R N/R N/R *Treat icy patches if needed with pre-wet solid at 200 lb/lane-mi. Apply solid chemical N/R N/R N/R Apply solid chemical Reapply solid chemical when needed Apply solid chemical N/R N/R N/R Apply solid chemical Apply solid chemical w/calcium Apply pre-wet solid chemical w/calcium Reapply solid chemical when needed N/R N/R N/R Reapply solid chemical w/calcium when needed *Apply chemical only if current accums and ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. *Apply chemical only if current accums and ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. *Apply chemical w/calcium only if current accums and ice bond warrant; or if additional accums are forecast to occur before next operational period. CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS: Local experience should refine these recommendations. All solid chemicals should be pre-wetted with salt brine at concentrations up to 18gals per ton, depending upon conditions and resource availability. Time the chemical applications to prevent deteriorating conditions or development of packed and bonded snow. Monitor temperature and dew point to determine application timing. The recommended snow and ice control material application rates depend on atmospheric and pavement conditions at the time of treatment and on how these conditions are expected to change over the time period (window) between the current treatment and the next anticipated treatment. Appendix J Snow and Ice Response Plan Page J - 14

16 John Smith /18/ :25 7:30 7:45 11:15 2:45 3:00 4:30 5:00 9:00 9:15

17 Salt/Sand Weight By Volume 75/25 Salt-Sand Mix 100% Salt truck box capacity (cubic yards) 75 % Salt (tons) 25% Sand (tons) pre-wet liquid (gallons) 100% salt (tons) pre-wet liquid (gallons) 5 Yd Square Box Yd V-Box Yd V-Box * A cubic yard of salt = approximately 1,755 lbs (.88 tons) * A cubic yard of sand = approximately 2,800 lbs (1.4 tons) * A cubic yard of 75/25 mix weighs 1,929 lbs. (0.96 tons) = approximately 1,463 lbs. (0.73 tons) of Salt and 467 lbs. of Sand (0.23 tons) * Pre-wet liquid gallons = product required to treat one truckload at 18 gallons per ton of soild 75/25 Mix 100% Salt Sand Salt 5 Yd Sq Box (tons) (tons) (tons) 1 Load Loads Loads Yd V-Box (tons) (tons) (tons) 1 Load Loads Loads Yd V-Box (tons) (tons) (tons) 1 Load Loads Loads

18 Tips for shift workers How to eat, sleep and stay fit when you work unusual hours. Shift work can be difficult your work hours may be unconventional, unpredictable and uncoordinated with those of your family and friends. Follow these tips to stay healthy. Your manager just posted the new schedule at work, and next month you're on the evening shift. You quickly weigh the pros and cons you'll be able to pick up the kids from school each day. But you'll miss your kids' bath time and bedtime stories. There's no doubt about it shift work can be difficult. The demands of juggling alternate work hours and staying connected to family and friends can have a big impact on your health both mentally and physically. But you can still get enough sleep, eat the right foods, be physically active and maintain social ties -even when you work the graveyard shift. Sleep tips Changing your normal rhythm of waking and sleeping as a result of switching shifts requires a period of adjustment. If you've ever flown across multiple time zones, you know what can happen when your body's internal clock is disrupted. Insomnia, mental and physical fatigue, indigestion, and an overall feeling of ill health are common. If your job requires you to constantly change shifts, your body will have more difficulty adjusting and readjusting as you get older. Here are some strategies to help you sleep well: - Develop a pre-bedtime ritual. o Read the paper, o Listen to soft music o Take a warm bath before going to bed. o Allow yourself to unwind from your shift. - Set your environment for sleeping. o Sleep in a dark room. o Use room-darkening shades or wear a sleep mask. o Wear earplugs or run a fan to block out daytime noises and make sleep easier. - If at all possible, keep a consistent sleep schedule. o Stick to the same sleep hours every day even on your days off. o Take naps. A short nap maybe 30 minutes before your evening shift can help you feel refreshed and more alert at work. o Rouse yourself well before your shift starts, though, in case you feel groggy when you first wake up. o Sleeping pills. If you experience severe insomnia, ask your doctor about a shortacting sleeping pill. Nutrition tips Shift workers may find it difficult to make healthy food choices because what's most readily available in the middle of the night comes from vending machines and 24-hour fast-food restaurants. Unhealthy eating isn't necessarily a given, though. Here are some tips to help you eat well: o Brown bag it. Bringing food from home will make you less tempted to raid the vending machines. Pack a healthy lunch that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables.

19 o Eat smaller portions. Aim for smaller portions, such as a couple of quick, healthy snacks, during your shift rather than eating a big meal. o Shift work can interfere with your body's regular digestive routine. 1. Eating light can reduce the chance of an upset stomach especially if you're working through the night because heavier meals are more difficult to digest and can give you heartburn. o Avoid late-night caffeine. Have caffeinated drinks before your shift or early during your shift. Avoid too much caffeine or caffeine late in your shift it can make it hard for you to fall asleep after you get home. Exercise tips Shift work doesn't mean you can't exercise. Scheduling regular exercise is important it may help improve your sleep, your energy level and your mood. Don't know if you can fit it into your day or night? Here are some tips to get the job done: o Work out before work. Twenty minutes of aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, jogging or swimming, on most days can help you stay alert on the job. It also keeps your heart in tip-top shape. o On the job. During work, use your breaks to exercise. Take a lap around your building. Shoot hoops outdoors. Keep a resistance band or hand weights at work for strength training. o Don't take the shortcut. Work exercise into your normal routine. Walk or bike to work instead of driving. Climb the stairs instead of riding the elevator. Find a buddy. Find a co-worker and exercise together. It'll make exercising more fun and will also help keep you motivated. Social tips Shift work makes it tough to maintain social ties after all, you'll be working when most people are socializing. Here are some tips to help you maintain social ties: o Phone home. Make time to call home and talk with your kids and spouse, whether it's just before bedtime or just after the sun rises. o Publicize your hours. Let your family and friends know your work schedule. o Make time for get-togethers on your days off to keep in touch. o Get creative. Make a breakfast date it'll be a nice end-of-the-day treat for you and a nice start-of-the-day treat for someone else. The ability to adjust to shift work is different for every person. You may be happy working alternate hours or you may find it extremely frustrating. If you feel that your work hours are impacting your health and well-being, it may be time to consider changing your job.

20 Pierce County Department of Public Works and Utilities Road Operations Division Standard Procedure #1178 Page 1 of 2 Effective Date 10/15/2005 Revision Date None Road Closure Procedures Purpose: The purpose of this procedure is to establish guidelines for Road Maintenance and Operations employees to enact emergency road closures in the safest and most efficient manner possible. All emergency road closures will be defined as "emergency short-term," until such time that additional review is completed to determine the status. Road Maintenance staff may be involved with the initial determination and implementation of emergency road closures. Employees making this determination will report the emergency closure to their shop immediately. The shop supervisor, or designee, will review the site and make the final determination to close the road, within one (1) hour of receiving the report. Once determined, the shop supervisor, or designee, will relay the information to the shop for processing. The Department of Emergency Management will be notified immediately after a road is closed. The following information shall be provided with such notification: FROM TO points of closure; reason for closure; and estimated time of closure. All emergency road closures should initially be considered "emergency short-term." Road Maintenance personnel will make the initial response to the site. Those locations considered possible "long-term" (more than one week) should be referred to the Traffic Division (Traffic Manager) for additional review. They will determine the need for, or installation of, post-mounted signs, additional barricades, detour routes, etc. "Long-term" status will be determined by Road Maintenance with input from the Traffic Division. Road Maintenance will store approximately 20, Type #3 barricades at the four (4) road shops for emergency road closures. Traffic Operations Division will provide discarded traffic posts and the specifications for the construction of these barricades. Road Maintenance will construct/maintain the barricades. A faxed copy of all emergency road closures will be forwarded to Traffic Division, as updates are completed. Emergency road closures that are determined by the shop supervisors to have the potential to become "long-term" will be denoted. The road supervisor, or designee, will make decisions when "short-term" emergency road closures are lifted. All personnel will assist the Road Maintenance supervisors in the determination of when "longterm" road closures will be lifted. The Department of Emergency Management shall be notified immediately when a closed road is re-opened.

21 Pierce County Department of Public Works and Utilities Road Operations Division Standard Procedure #1130 Page 1 of 1 Effective Date 10/15/2005 Revision Date None Emergency Assistance and Precautions Purpose: To establish guidelines for Road Maintenance and Operations employees to render emergency assistance to motorists during adverse weather conditions. EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE Employees may render emergency assistance upon request, provided the vehicle is drivable. The motorist must hook and unhook his own vehicle from the County vehicle. Do not tow any vehicle along the roadway that cannot proceed under its own power; except when the vehicle is blocking the traveled way. Vehicles that cannot proceed and are blocking the roadway may be towed a sufficient distance to allow safe passage of other vehicles. Notify the State Patrol or the County Sheriff of any accidents encountered. Employees must report any vehicle(s) left standing or parked illegally along the roadway. The State Patrol, or County Sheriff, is responsible for the enforcement of statutes regarding abandoned vehicles. Compensation of any kind for this or any other type of assistance must not be accepted by Department employees. Accepting compensation is a serious violation of County Policy, and may lead to disciplinary action up to and including discharge. PRECAUTIONS Precautions must be taken to prevent damage to signs, mail box posts, sign posts, and other roadside appurtenances. Snow plow operators must reduce speed near building to minimize damage from flying snow PACIFIC AVENUE SOUTH, 2 ND FLOOR PHONE TACOMA, WASHINGTON FAX PAGE 1 OF 1

22 Pierce County Department of Public Works and Utilities Road Operations Division Standard Policy #1254 Page 1 of 1 Effective Date 10/15/2005 Revision Date None Lunch and Break Period Expectations Purpose: The purpose of this procedure is to provide guidelines for Road Operations employees in regard to the acceptable use of break and lunch periods. Break periods will be ten (10) minutes in length and shall be taken approximately two (2) hours after the beginning of shift, and approximately two (2) hours after the lunch period. Lunch break shall be thirty (30) minutes in duration, and shall be utilized as close to the mid-point of the assigned shift as is reasonable, with respect to a logical break in the daily assignment. During normal work hours, the standard time for lunch will be 11:30 AM. It is acceptable for Road Operations staff to stop at food establishments that are in close proximity to the assigned work site or to the assigned route of travel at the time of the lunch break; however, any time spent traveling to and from and/or on the premises of a food establishment will be inclusive of the thirty (30) minutes allotted for the lunch break. If an employee chooses to use their lunch break at a Road Operations facility, travel time to and from the assigned work site to the facility must be included in the thirty (30) minute lunch break. Exceptions to the preceding language may occur if pre-approved by the Division Manager and only under the following circumstances: staff may use up to a fifty minute (50) lunch break when working on a chip sealing or asphalting crew, when regular break periods are not taken in an effort to maximize productivity, and when the assigned shift is ten hours (10) or more. Under no circumstances will it be acceptable to pool break periods for any other lunch or break periods, or at the beginning or end of shifts. During emergency response efforts, shifts may begin at any hour of the day. Under these circumstances, a lunch break may be taken after four hours of on-duty time as a logical break in the response effort allows. Lunch breaks may be extended an additional thirty (30) minutes (upaid time) with supervisory approval, and subject to the same requirements described above. Due to the varied shifts and high level of coordination required during emergency response efforts, employees will be required to notify their Supervisors of the time they begin their lunch breaks and when they return to work; whether by radio, phone, or in person. This additional information is required in order to facilitate the most effective response to public safety that is possible PACIFIC AVENUE SOUTH, 2 ND FLOOR PHONE TACOMA, WASHINGTON FAX