Factors affecting pollination activity of Megachile lanata lepel
|
|
- Aleesha Newman
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. SeL), Vol. 95, No. 6, December 1986, pp Printed in India. Factors affecting pollination activity of Megachile lanata lepel D P ABROL* and R P KAPIL** Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Simulated Ecology, Department of Zoology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar , India Present address: Division of Entomology, S K University of Agricultural Science & Technology, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar (J and K) , India Present address: Director, Indian Lac Research Institute (ICAR), Namkum, Ranchi , India MS received 7 September 1985; revised 8 September 1986 Abstract. Foraging activity of Megachile lanata on Crotalaria juncea L. flowers occurred only when minimum threshold of environmental factors was surpassed, while the cessation of activities was governed mainly by the fast decline in values of light intensity and solar radiation. Between the initiation and cessation of field activity, foraging population showed a positive correlation with air temperature, light intensity, solar radiation and nectar-sugar concentration fluctuations, but was negatively correlated with relative humidity, soil temperature and wind velocity. The path coefficient analysis revealed that direct effect of solar radiation and light intensity on foraging population were much pronounced and positive, while the effects of other factors were of very low magnitude, negative or negligible. However, their interrelationships caused accentuation of the overall effects of air temperature, relative humidity and nectar-sugar concentration. The resultant correlation with bee activity were strengthened through their favourable or unfavourable interaction with other factors. Keywords. analysis. Environmental factors; Megachile lanata; Crota/aria juncea; pollination; path 1. Introduction The pollinating effectiveness of bees depends upon their foraging population in the field and their behaviour on a crop. Since the field population as well as individual's foraging behaviour result from their innate and unavoidable responses to various environmental stimuli, ecological investigations on qualitative and quantitative aspects of their foraging on economic crops need to be thoroughly understood. This will help in assessment of the resultant interrelationships for their effective management and utilisation as prospective pollinators. Though pollination effectiveness of various bee pollinators has extensively been studied in the past, the studies are mainly based on a limited set of environmental conditions. For instance, Cirudarescu (1971) found that the number of insect visitors on lucerne was directly related to temperature and inversely to relative humidity, but the latter authors found it unaffected by relative humidity and vapour pressure. The flower visiting speed of honey bees increased with temperature (Benedek 1972; Burill and Dietz 1981). Wrona (1973) stated that pollination efficiency of honeybees increased with temperature and decreased with wind speed. Szabo and Smith (1972) found that foraging activity was positively correlated with a suitable combination of light intensity and temperature combined but not with the light intensity independent of temperature. Nunez (1977) reported that the morning activity was related to nectar 757
2 758 D P Abrol and R P Kapil flow and in the evening it W!iS correlated with photoperiod. These reports indicate no fair general pattern of effects of'different environmental factors influencing the pollination activity of bees. The probable reason seems in omission of such contributing factors actually influencing the pollination activity and in random selection of a few convenient ones having either no interaction or working in diverse ways, generating thus inconclusive results. Since environment is a complex of interrelated factors which influence the bee activity, and also plant physiology, a study of a complex phenomenon like pollination shall remain incomplete until a sizeable matrix of factors are taken on ensanable. These were the reasons for the present investigations which include air, temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, solar radiation, nectar-sugar concentration, soil temperature and wind velocity as factors probably influencing bee-flower relationships. 2. Materials and methods This study was conducted during September 1984 in sub-tropical Hissar located in the North Western plains of the country between 28 59'-29 46' N (latitude) and 75 11' E (longitude) at m (altitude) on the Plant Breeding Farm of Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar where Crotalaria juncea is grown regularly for seed production. Hourly observations starting from h on population/ m 2 of Megachile lanata were recorded on C. juncea following Sihag (1982). Concurrent with the forager counts hourly measurements of environmental factors were made in the experimental field. Atmospheric temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) were measured with a 'dry and wet' bulb thermometer. Soil temperature (ST) was recorded with a soil thermometer at a depth of 25 cm. Light intensity (LI) was recorded with a Luxmeter, model Luxomet-300 manufactured by Mls Research Instrumentation, Naraina Industrial Area, New Delhi. Similarly solar radiation (SR) was recorded by solarimeter, model SM 201, manufactured by MjsCentral Electronics Ltd., Sahibabad, UP. Wind velocity (WV) was recorded with a hand Anemometer manufactured by Mls Research Instrumentation, Naraina Industrial Area, New Delhi held vertically at a height of about 1 meter above the crop surface. Total dissolved solids in the nectais (NSC) were estimated with the pocket refractometers (model 1093, Range, 0-50%; model 312, Range, 40-85%) manufactured by Mls ToshniwalBrothers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. The recorded data were analysed on TDC-316 computer for simple correlation and path coefficient analysis following Dewey and Lu (1959). 3. Results 3.1 Commencement and cessation offoraging activity The data in table 1 show the temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, solar radiation, soil temperature and wind velocity in relation to the commencement and cessation of field activity by M. lanata on C. juncea flowers during September The time at which the commencement of field activity occurred varied from one day to another, which was perhaps dependent upon the attainment of minimum threshold conditions required for the initiation of field activity.
3 Table 2. Estimates of correlation coefficients exhibiting interrelationships of different environmental factors influencing pollination activity of M. lanata. Relative Light Solar Nectar-sugar Soil Wind Bee Factors humidity intensity radiation concentration temperature velocity activity Air temperature -0'359* (}690** ,547** -(}176-0,264 0,650** Relative humidity -0,0661 0,833** -0'871** (}977** 0'987** -0'357* Light intensity 0,462** 0,364* '826** Solar radiation -(}542** (}880** 0,865** Nectar-sugar concentration -0'819** -0'810** 0,584** Soil temperature 0,984** -0,260 Wind velocity -0,286 *P~0'05, n-2=31 * P~O OI, n- 2= 31. ~ ~ ~~... ~. '8 f.... ~ <;. ~. ~ f~ is'' 5 s i...:i VI \0
4 760 D P Abrol and R P Kapil Variation in commencement of the field activity, however, could not be explained by anyone factor. A complex combination of various factors was perhaps responsible for initiation of field activity. The studies further revealed that, in general a temperature of 22 5 C, 75% relative humidity, 2100 Ix light intensity, 25 mw/crn 2 solar radiation, 22 C soil temperature and 3 0 kmph wind velocity appeared to be the minimum threshold conditions for initiation of field activity. The cessation of activity was, however, governed mainly by the fast decline in values of light intensity and solar radiation, which were appreciably low than that required for commencement of field activities. It was found that cessation of activities occurred even before the air temperature dropped to the values associated with the commencement of field activity (22 5 C).. The critical examination of the data further revealed the occurrence of factor compensatory mechanism for initiation of bee activity within the foraging ranges of the bees, where low values of one factor were compensated by the higher values of others. For instance, on 11 September 1984, foraging flight occurred when air temperature was 22 5 C light intensity 2700 lx and solar radiation 41 mw/cm 2, while on 14 September 1984, it started at a higher temperature (27'5 C) when values of other factors like light intensity (2100 Ix) and solar radiation (30 mw/crn 2 ) were comparatively lower than those required for the initiation of field activity on 11 September Similar situation was observed on 19 September 1984, when the foraging flight commenced at 28 C, but the values of light intensity (2600 lx) and solar radiation (25 mw/cm-) were lower than those associated with initiation of field activity on 11 September Evidently, the observations on 11 September 1984 indicate that low values of air temperature were compensated by higher values of light intensity and solar radiation while on 14 and 19 September, the reverse was true. Thus, existence of factor compensating mechanisms governing initiation of bee activity is a clear possibility. 3.2 Diurnal trends in bee activity in relation to various environmental factors Hourly observations on bee counts showed that their abundance followed air temperature, light intensity, solar radiation, soil temperature and nectar-sugar concentration fluctuations but was inversely related to relative humidity and wind velocity (figure 1). Maximum foraging population of M. lanata was observed between h when the air temperature ranged between 29'5-38 C, relative humidity between 45'0-67%, light intensity between Ix, solar radiation between mw/cm'', nectar-sugar concentration fluctuated between 46'30-54'2%, soil temperature between Q0 C and wind velocity between 3'2-5-5 kmph. The conditions optimum for maximum bee activity lie between these values on all the days of observation. 3.3 Relationship offoraging population ofm. lanata with environmental factors Correlation coefficients between bee activity and 7 environmental factors were calculated. The data in table 2 showed the extent to which these factors were associated with number of M. lanata foraging on C. juncea. The results highlighted that within the limits of environmental conditions prevailing during the experimental
5 Factors affecting pollination activity ofmegachile lanata lepel g - ~ ~ ~40lr"-~""""-"'-:=:-~-~~~ 3J~ d 240 j ~ 860 ~3;r 20 o-o~-a-o-o-!j-.-chj ~! ISept I ~5~::2;L 60 A- jao~ ':'40 «_50 6- ;'\ 70;, 23 ~40 60~ ~ j30. ~/ 50] 'O20~, ~ v ya ~ o f"'. I I ~ a la Observation time Ihl s - E >. s~a~ _ c 1~ 6:S ao g 4J! 60:; "_ 2.&: =." Cl 40E O";:j 20 ~ o ~ i ~ - ~ '" ~ ~ a x 1:' 6O~ 6! 0 -J! 40 'ii E 4.s :<: " :J III Figure 1. Diurnal trends in activity of M. lanata on C. juncea in relation to air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, solar radiation, soil temperature, nectarsugar concentration and wind velocity.
6 762 D P Abrol and R P Kapil period, foraging population of M. lanata was significantly affected by higher values of air temperature, light intensity and nectar-sugar concentration fluctuations occurring together with lower values of relative humidity. The diurnal variations in soil temperature, solar radiation and wind velocity had a negligible effect-on bee activity, and were not found to be associated with changes in the field population of M.lanata. The environmental factors themselves are found to interact in several complex ways which is evident from their interrelationships. For instance, nectar-sugar concentration draw high positive correlation with temperature, solar radiation and nectar-sugar concentration while solar radiation make significantly positive correlation with relative humidity, soil temperature and wind velocity, but negative with nectar-sugar concentration. Soil temperature has a high positive correlation with relative humidity, solar radiation and wind velocity and significantly negative with nectar-sugar concentration. Likewise, wind velocity is highly and positively correlated with relative humidity, solar radiation and soil temperature but negative with nectar-sugar concentration. Due to such complex web of interactions, the relationship between bee activity and environmental factors may not be direct as some of them are causal act directly whereas others may be influencing the activity indirectly, through the causal factors which further demanded investigation. For this purpose, correlations were further analysed by path coefficient technique. This technique involves the partitioning of the apparent association of different factors into direct effects (unidirectional pathways, P) and indirect effects (alternate pathways through factor interaction, pathways, P x correlation coefficient, r) and thus facilitates precise determination of relative importance of each factor. Bee activity was considered as the resultant variable and air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature; wind velocity, light intensity, solar radiation and nectar-sugar concentration as the causal variables, Path coefficients were obtained by solution of a simultaneous equations through the method of least squares as given by Dewey and Lu (1959). The path coefficient analysis of interrelationships of temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, solar radiation, nectar-sugar concentration, soil temperature and wind velocity is shown by a schematic model (figure 2). The double-arrow lines indicate the mutual association as measured by correlation coefficients and the single-arrow lines represent direct effects in one direction as measured by path coefficients. The residual factors unaccounted for and considered independent 'of other variablesare represented aspx 8. The estimates of direct effect path coefficients and indirect effect path coefficients are presented in table Bee activity versus air temperature The direct effect of air temperature on bee visits was positive (0'07946) but of very low magnitude and more or less negligible. It affected positively the bee activity, indirectly through relative humidity (0'4216), light intensity (0'3113), solar radiation ( ), and soil temperature (0'2164). But a strong negative influence of air temperature on bee visits was registered indirectly through nectar-sugar concentration (0-1463) and wind velocity (0'2921). Its negative interactions with nectar-sugar concentration and wind velocity tend to reduce its overall influence on bee activity,
7 Factors affecting pollination activity ofmegachile lanata lepel 763 Bee activity (8) 0,650 f4-q.:q Z-9-:-_ ( TJ ] f RH.;!:.1.1~_( 2) ] f LI..0-=-4~Q.._( 3) ] f SR...Cl:~~5 ( 4) ] f NSC "'----- (5) ] f ST (6) ] f WV , (7) f 13 f f24 f f J f f f Residual Figure 2. Schematic model exhibiting interrelationships of different environmental factors with bee activity. but its overall positive association with bees (r=o'650) was largely a reflection of its favourable interactions with other factors. 3.5 Bee activity versus relative humidity The relative humidity had a strong negative direct effect (l'l737) on the bee activity. However, its positive effect on the bee activity was indirect via solar radiation (O'7458), nectar-sugar concentration (O'2329), and wind velocity (l 092). The positive interactions of relative humidity with these factors reduce its overall negative effect. However, it affected negatively the bee activity indirectly via soil temperature (- 1,1972) and air temperature {- (}()2854). Its overall negative association with bees (r = - O' 357) was strengthened through its negative interactions with air and soil temperatures. 3.6 Bee activity versus light intensity Simple correlation between the bee activity and light intensity was very high and positive (0 826). It was made up largely of the positive direct effect of light intensity (0'4509) and positive indirect effect via solar radiation (0'4139) on bee activity. Light intensity positively affected the bee activity indirectly via air temperature (0'0548), relative humidity (0'0776) and wind velocity (0'00440) by a negligible magnitude. Its negative indirect effects via nectar-sugar concentration (-0'0975) and soil temperature (0-0773) on the bee activity were relatively unimportant being negligible.
8 764 D P Abrol and R P Kapil Table 3. Path coefficient analysis of bee activity vs air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, solar radiation and nectar-sugar concentration, soil temperature and wind velocity. Direct effect path Indirect effect Correlation coefficient path coefficient coefficient Path ways of association (P) (P x r) (r) 1. Bee activity vs air (}650 temperature Direct effect (}o794 Indirect effect via RH (}4216 LI (}3113 SR (}()600 NSC.,..(}1463 ST (}2164 WV -(}2921 Total (}6SO 2 Bee activity vs relative -(}357 humidity Direct eltect Indirect effect via r LI -(}o298 SR (}7458 NSC (}2329 ST WV Total -(} Beeactivity vs light (}826 intensity Direct effect (}4S09.Indirect eltect via T RH (}o776 SR (}4137 NSC -0-<>975 ST -(}0773 WV (}()()44 Total (} Bee activity vs solar (}1548 radiation Direct effect (}8953 Indirect effect via T (}()o53 RH LI (}2083 NSC (H450 ST -(}o790 WV (}9576 Total (} Bee activity vs nectar- (}584 sugar concentration Direct effect -(}2674 Indirect eltect via T (}0434 RH LI (}1644 SR ~O-48S4 ST 1-<>04 WV -(}8971 Total (}584
9 Factors affecting pollination activity ofmegachile lanata lepel 765 Table3. (Comd.) 'Direct effect path Indirect effect Correlation coefficient path coefficient coefficeient Path ways of association (P) (P x r) (r) 6. Beeactivity vs soil -(}260 temperature Direct effect -1,2250 Indirect effect via T -(}ol40 RH (}o284 SR (}7886 NSC (}2196 WV 1'0890 Total -0' Bee activity vs wind -(}286 velocity Direct eltect -1,1062 Indirect eltect via T -(}2098 RH LI (}1017 SR NSC ',8860 ST Total -(} Residual (} Bee actioity versus solar radiation The direct effect of solar radiation on the bee activity was much pronounced and positive (0-8953). Solar radiation positively affected the bee activity indirectly through air temperature (0'OO532), light intensity (0'2083), nectar-sugar concentration (0-1450) and wind velocity ( ). It was however negative indirect effect on the bee activity through relative humidity (0-9778) and soil temperature ( ). The negative interaction of these factors tended to reduce the overall influence of solar radiation on the bee activity. The total correlation between bee activity and solar radiation (r = ) was largely due to its negative interaction with relative humidity and nectar-sugar concentration. 3.8 Bee activity versus nectar-sugar concentration Surprisingly, the direct effect of nectar-sugar concentration on the bee activity was negative ( ). Nectar-sugar concentration negatively affected the bee activity indirectly through solar radiation (-0'4854) and wind velocity(-0'8971). But these negative effects were diluted by its positive indirect effects on the bee activity through air temperature (0,04347), relative humidity (1-0223), light intensity (0-1644) and soil temperature (1'004). The overall significant yet positive contribution of nectar-sugar concentration to bees activity (r=0-584) was supported by its favourable interactions with air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and soil temperature.
10 766 D P Abrol and RP Kapil 3.9 Bee activity versus soil temperature The direct effect of soil temperature on the bee acnvity was strongly negative (-1'2250). Its indirect effects on the bee activity was positive via light intensity (0'02848), solar radiation (0'7886), nectar-sugar concentration (0'2192) and wind velocity (1'089). Its indirect negative influence on the bee activity was reckoned through air temperature (- 0,0140) and relative humidity (-1'1470). The negative interaction of soil temperature with solar radiation was largely responsible for its overall negative association with the bees' activity (r=0 2607) Bee activity versus wind velocity The correlation coefficient between wind velocity and the bee activity was moderately low and negative (- 0'286). But its indirect effects on the bee activity was strongly negative (- H062), which it did through air temperature (-0'02098) relative humidity (-1'1592) and soil temperature (- 1:2048)and positively via light intensity (0'1017), solar radiation (1'2173) and nectar-sugar concentration (1'8860). The net effect of these opposing influences was that 3 negative ones counter balance against the 3 positive ones, making overall correlation between wind velocity and bee activity negative (r = - 0,286). An overall examination of the correlation components revealed that solar radiation exerted the greatest positive influence on bee activity followed by light intensity, while soil temperature, wind velocity, nectar-sugar concentration and relative humidity negatively affected the bee activity directly. The direct effect of air temperature was almost negligible; however, it strongly affected the bee activity indirectly. 4. Discussion The reproductive success and perpetuation of cross-pollinated plant species depend heavily on the abundance of associated pollinators and their pollinating efficiency which is under short duration turn-key control of the physical environment. Each bee species is guided by the specific ecological threshold for normal foraging activity whose maintenance differ inter and intra specifically according to their adaptability (Abrol 1985). M. lanata responds to increasing temperature in the morning until it touches 22 5 C which initiated the field activity. The ambient temperature was found to be the predominant factor governing morning flight of M. rotundata (Osgood 1974; Lerer et ali982). But the latter authors observed that once the flight is initiated and temperature is maintained, it is solar irradiance that controls the pollination activity. According to Szabo and Smith (1972) it occurs due to combined effect of temperature and light intensity but in no case they work independent of each other. Karmo (1961) could place premium on temperature for initiation offoraging activity of Apis mellifera but not for its cessation. Observations by Cirusdarescu (1972) indicate that number of insect visits on crop was directly related to temperature and inversely to relative humidity. Wrona (1973) found pollinating activity of honey bees increased with temperature and decreased with wind speed. An increase in wind velocity has been reported to cause almost directly proportional reductions in the number of A. mellifera visiting apple bloom (Brittain 1935) and wind velocities above
11 Factors affecting pollination activity of Megachile lanata lepel kmph have been observed to greatly hamper their pollen gathering activities during Spring (Rashad 1957). The present investigations differ from these reports possibly because during the present studies wind invariably remained below 17kmph. When acting in combination, the joint influence of other factors may have been far more strong and favourable to the foraging bees, and they may have masked any negative effect of wind on diurnal basis. However, changes in wind velocity when other factors are nearly constant can be expected to be indirectly proportional to population of foraging bees (Brittain 1935; Rashad 1957). Corbet (1978) attributed the changes in the spectrum of flowers visitors to fluctuations in nectar-sugar concentration. The cessation of activity by M. lanata occurred when light intensity and solar radiation dropped for critical values although temperature was yet adequate to keep going the activity. Once the minimum threshold conditions for initiation of activity were exceeded foraging population followed air temperature, light intensity, solar radiation, soil temperature and nectar-sugar concentration fluctuations but was inversely related to relative humidity and wind velocity. In general, maximum population was observed between 12()(}-1400 h, when the air temperature ranged between 29'5-38 C, light intensity between lx, solar radiation between mw/cm 2, relative humidity 45-67%, nectar-sugar concentration between 46' , soil temperature between and wind velocity between 3,2-5,5 kmph and the effects of other factor was negligible. The solar radiation could hardly be of any value independently as the bee activity never occur at C. And it exerts influence only after 22 5 C as the minimum temperature threshold struck. Obviously, major contribution to the extent of 83% in causation of foraging activity is explained by environmental factors studies, remaining 17% seems to be due to atmospheric pressure, caloric award and also unknown factors. It is thus evident that air temperature provides a minimum threshold for initiation of flights, hence pollination activity of M. lanata and once flight is initiated and temperature level is kept up, solar radiation and light intensity takes over. The conditions optimum for maximum bee activity may however vary depending upon geographical regions, time of the year, crops or species of bees. For example, Cherian et al (1947) found 2Q-5 as the range of temperature suitable for the activity of Apis cerana indica on cotton crop at Coimbatore (South India), Kapil and Brar (1971) recorded peak activity of A. jlorea on B. compestris var toria when the temperature ranged between C and relative humidity at Ludhiana (North India) during November. Dhaliwal and Bhalla (1983) reckoned maximum population of A.c. indica on cauliflower when the air temperature ranged between C, light intensity between 20Q0-3233lx and relative humidity % during April at Solan (North India). Factor compensating mechanisms were also observed operating the commencement of pollination activity of M. lanata in which lower values of temperature were compensated Jointly by higher values of light intensity and solar radiation and vice versa. A similar phenomenon has been reported by Szabo and Smith (1972) who found that M. rotundata foraged at 1075lx when the temperature was 25 C but needed 6450 lx at 17 C. In contrast, the cessation was killed by light intensity (Osgood 1974)or by evening radiations dropping to 0 3 langleys normally or even by intervening clouds (Gerber and Klostermeyer 1972). The direct and indirect influences of various environmental factors as measured by
12 768 D P Abrol and R P Kapil path coefficient analysis indicated that light intensity and solar radiation exerted the greatest positive influence directly. This may in part be due to their direct influence on the physiological and metabolic processes of the plants which are known to yield higher amounts of nectar and pollen at relatively higher values of these factors, while the other factors, viz soil temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity and nectarsugar concentration negatively affected the bee activity. The direct effect of air temperature was nearly negligible, however, it strongly affected the bee activity indirectly through other factors. It is thus evident that path coefficient analysis yielded an entirely different picture of the effects than by simple scatter diagrams or simple correlations used by earlier workers (Benedek and Prener 1972; Kapil and Brar 1971; Nunez 1977; Szabo and Smith 1972; Corbet 1978). For instance, simple correlation between bee activity and air temperature was highly significant and positive (r=0'650) which means that with increase in temperature bee visits would increase provided other variables are maintained constant. But path coefficient analysis, however revealed littleeffect ofair temperature on bee activity as its direct effect was of very low magnitude «}0794). Its overall significant positive association with bees (r=(}650) was strengthened through its favourable interactions with other factors. Similarly, simple correlation between the bee activity and solar radiation (r=(}1548) is having little influence on the bee activity. The path coefficient enhanced its influence on foraging population as pronounced and positive (0'8953). The accentuation of its overall effect was caused by its negative interactions with other factors. Likewise, widely held contention that nectar-sugar concentration directly influences the bee activity (Corbet 1978) is also belied by this analysis. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Shri S D Batra for computer analysis of the data. The financial assistance rendered by Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi to DPA is gratefully acknowledged. References Abrol D P 1985 Analysis ofbiophysical interactions in causing foraging behaviour ofsome bees-a study in bioenerqetics, Ph.D. thesis, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar Benedek P and Prener Effectsof temperature on behaviour and pollinating efficiency of honeybees on winter rape flowers; Z. Angew. Entomol Brittain W H 1935 Studies on honeybee activity during apple bloom; J. Econ. Entomol Burill R M and Dietz A 1981The responses of honeybees to variations in solar radiation and temperature; Apidoloqie Cherian MS, Ramachandran Sand Mahadevan V 1947 Studies on the bee behaviour; Indian Bee J Cirudarescu G 1971 Pollinators of lucerne and factors influencing their activity in South eastern part of Birsei depression; Ann. Univ. Bucuresti, Biologie AnimaJia Corbet S A 1978 A bee's view of nectar; Bee World Dhaliwal H Sand Bhalla 0 P 1983 Foraging ecology of Apis cerana indica; F. Inst. Apic. conq. tropical climates, New Delhi, (ed) K N Mehrotra, pp Dewey D Rand Lu K U 1959A correlation and path coefficient analysis of components of crested wheat grass seed production; Aqron: J Gerber H Sand Klostermeyer E C1972 Factors affecting the sex ratio and nesting behaviour of alfalfa leaf cutter bee; Wash. Aqric. Exp. Technol. Bull
13 Factors affecting pollination activity ofmegachile lanata lepel 769 Kapil R P and Brar H S 1971 Foraging behaviour of Apisflorea F. in relation to Brassica compestris var toria; Proc. lntl apicult cong; Moscow pp Karmo E A 1961a Increasing the pollination efficiency of honeybees through colony rotation; Mimeo. Circ. N S Dep. Agril. No. 102 Lerer "H, Bailey W G, Mills P F and Pankiw W 1982 Pollination activity of Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Apidea); Environ. Entomol Nunez J A 1977 Nectar flow by melliferous nectar flora and gathering flow by Apis mellifera lingustica; J.Insect Physiol Osgood C E 1974 Relocation of nesting populations of Megachile rotundata, an important pollinator of alfalfa: J. Apic. Res Rashad SED 1957 Some factors effecting pollen collection by honey bees and pollen as a limiting factor in brood rearing and honey production, Ph.D. thesis, Kansas State College, USA Sihag R C 1982 Effect of competition with Parkinsonia aculeata L. on pollination and seed production in Medicago sativa L.; Indian Bee J Szabo T I and Smith M V 1972 The influence of light intensity and temperature on the activity of alfalfa leaf cutter bee Megachile rotundata under field conditions; J. Apic. Res Wrona S 1973 Influence of certain ecological factors on the effectiveness of Melita leporina in pollinating lucerne; Zesz, Probl. Poste pow Nauk Rolin
Nectar Sugar Concentration as a Measure of Pollination of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All PIRU Publications Pollinating Insects Research Unit 1962 Nectar Sugar Concentration as a Measure of Pollination of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) William P. Nye
Study the abundance of insect pollinators/visitors in rapeseed-mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
2018; 6(2): 2563-2567 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2018; 6(2): 2563-2567 2018 JEZS Received: 12-01-2018 Accepted: 15-02-2018 SK Giri Umesh Chandra Gajendra Singh MP Gautam Ramesh Jaiswal Correspondence
Flower-visiting insect pollinators of mustard (Brassica napus) in Jammu Region
2017; 6(5): 2380-2386 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2017; 6(5): 2380-2386 Received: 01-07-2017 Accepted: 02-08-2017 MR Bajiya Division of Entomology, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agriculture
RESEARCH NOTE: NECTAR CONTENT OF NEW ZEALAND HASS AVOCADO FLOWERS AT DIFFERENT FLORAL STAGES
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:25 31. RESEARCH NOTE: NECTAR CONTENT OF NEW ZEALAND HASS AVOCADO FLOWERS AT DIFFERENT FLORAL STAGES J. DIXON AND C. B. LAMOND Avocado
POLLINATORS VISITING CARROT (DAUCUS CAROTA L.) SEED CROP
Journal of Research (Science), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Vol.13, No.1, June 2002, pp. 31-35 ISSN 1021-1012 POLLINATORS VISITING CARROT (DAUCUS CAROTA L.) SEED CROP Munir Ahmad 1
Diversity and abundance of insect pollinators on Allium cepa L.
2014; 2 (6): 34-38 ISSN 2320-7078 JEZS 2014; 2 (6): 34-38 2014 JEZS Received: 25-10-2014 Accepted: 14-11-2014 Sunita Devi Rachna Gulati Kanika Tehri Hisar- 125001, Haryana, India Asha Correspondence: Kanika
Exposure of pollinating insects to neonicotinoids by guttation on straw cereals after seed-treated sugar beet (November 2017)
Exposure of pollinating insects to neonicotinoids by guttation on straw cereals after seed-treated sugar beet (November 2017) SUMMARY At the early stage of their growth, sugar beets are protected from
ABSTRACT. Apiculture is a science-based industry using bees as. micromanipulators to harvest n~ectar and pollen from plant sources to
ABSTRACT Apiculture is a science-based industry using bees as micromanipulators to harvest n~ectar and pollen from plant sources to produce honey. Even though most plants in an ecosystem produce nectar
Temperature mapping, thermal diffusivity and subsoil heat flux at Kariavattom of Kerala
Temperature mapping, thermal diffusivity and subsoil heat flux at Kariavattom of Kerala Tessy Chacko P and G Renuka Department of Physics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 581,
Materials and Methods. Usman H Dukku α, Zecarias Russom σ & Albert G Domo ρ
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Biological Science Volume 13 Issue 4 Version 1. Year 213 Type : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
G.J.B.B., VOL.7 (2) 2018: ISSN
INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS ON THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MUSTARD APHID, LIPAPHIS ERYSIMI (KALT.) AND POLLINATORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUSTARD CROP Jyoti Raina Department of Entomology, GBPUAT,
Rearing Honeybee Queens in, Apis Mellifera L. Colonies During the Activity Season of Oriental Wasps Vespa Orientalis L
International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2016 Vol. 12(4):667-674 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 2630-0192 (Online) Rearing Honeybee Queens in, Apis Mellifera L. Colonies During
COMPARISON OF FORAGING ACTIVITY BETWEEN MASON BEE OSMIA ORIENTALIS
Volume 125, Number 5, March 2016 363 COMPARISON OF FORAGING ACTIVITY BETWEEN MASON BEE OSMIA ORIENTALIS (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) AND HONYBEES FOR WILD RASP- BERRY RUBUS HIRSUTUS (ROSALES: ROSACEAE)
Pollination of Pumpkin and Winter Squash - Thanks to Bumble Bees! Dr. Kimberly Stoner Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven
Pollination of Pumpkin and Winter Squash - Thanks to Bumble Bees! Dr. Kimberly Stoner Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven Basics of Pumpkin and Squash Flowering and Pollination Separate
BY C. G. BUTLER AND D. J. FINNEY. Rothamsted Experimental Station. (Received 6 June 1941)
206 THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON HONEYBEE ACTIVITY. AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTIVITY AND SOLAR RADIATION BY C. G. BUTLER AND D. J. FINNEY
Received: 21st April-2012 Revised: 28 th April-2012 Accepted: 02 nd May-2012 Research article
Received: 21st April-2012 Revised: 28 th April-2012 Accepted: 02 nd May-2012 Research article HONEY BEES POTENTIAL POLLINATORS IN HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF SUNFLOWER M. Rajasri 1, K. Kanakadurga 2, V.Durga
Chapter 2 Agro-meteorological Observatory
Chapter 2 Agro-meteorological Observatory Abstract A Meteorological observatory is an area where all the weather instruments and structures are installed. The chapter gives a description of a meteorological
Who visits the tropical biofuel crop Jatropha curcas L. flowers?
Who visits the tropical biofuel crop Jatropha curcas L. flowers? Aklilu Negussie, Wouter M.J. Achten, Hans A.F. Verboven, Martin Hermy and Bart Muys Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to
Allelopathy 1 Allelopathy By the end of this lesson, you should be able to define allelopathy explain the difference between allelopathy and competition identify the key interactions in allelopathy provide
Apis mellifera scuttelata. Common names: African honeybee also nicknamed the killer bee
Apis mellifera scuttelata Common names: African honeybee also nicknamed the killer bee Description Compared to other Apis mellifera species, the most distinguishing trait of Apis mellifera scutellata is
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
An assessment of Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense as forage crops for Bombus hortorum
An assessment of Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense as forage crops for Bombus hortorum B. BROWN* AND R. R. SCOTT Department of Entomology, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand R. P. MACFARLANE
POLLINATORS VISITING SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) SEED CROP WITH REFERENCE TO FORAGING ACTIVITY OF SOME BEE SPECIES
Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. XLV, No. 2 (150) / 2012 POLLINATORS VISITING SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) SEED CROP WITH REFERENCE TO FORAGING ACTIVITY OF SOME BEE SPECIES H.M. MAHFOUZ 1, S.M. KAMEL
The Influence of Photoperiod on the Flight Activity of Honeybees
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All PIRU Publications Pollinating Insects Research Unit 1970 The Influence of Photoperiod on the Flight Activity of Honeybees J. A. Kefuss William P. Nye Utah State
Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Crop Insect Pollinators with Special Reference to the Foraging Activity of Different Species of Honeybees
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-238, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 8, Issue 11 Ver. I (Nov. 215), PP 9-14 www.iosrjournals.org Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Crop Insect
Bee Colony Activities Throughout The Year
Bee Colony Activities Throughout The Year Written by Khalil Hamdan Apeldoorn The Netherlands A honeybee gathering nectar from a flower. Photo source: forestwander.com Bee collecting pollen. Photo source:
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON NECTAR COLLECTION AND STORAGE IN THE HIVE DURING HONEY HARVEST
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON NECTAR COLLECTION AND STORAGE IN THE HIVE DURING HONEY HARVEST N. Eremia 1, Elena Scripnic 1, Susana Modvala 1, Angela Chiriac 1 1 State Agrarian University of Moldova, Chisinau,
In seed crop of onion (Allium cepa L.), the
Research Paper : Studies on the influence of bee attractants on bee visition of Apis dorsata and Trigona sp. on onion (Allium cepa L.) J.S. PATIL, R.B. MOKAT, G.S. KAMATE AND R.V. MUPADE International
CORRELATIVE ANALYSES OF BROOD RATIO AND ROYAL JELLY PRODUCTION
CORRELATIVE ANALYSES OF BROOD RATIO AND ROYAL JELLY PRODUCTION Dr. Li Jianke Zhengzhou College of Animal Husbandry Zhengzhou 450008 Henan China Tel: +86 371 5644923 lijianke@371.net An experiment was conducted
In-hive pollen transfer between bees enhances cross-pollination of plants
In-hive pollen transfer between bees enhances cross-pollination of plants J. Paalhaar, W.J. Boot, J.J.M. van der Steen* & J.N.M. Calis Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 803, 6700
STUDIES ON FLOWER BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION IN MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA L.)
STUDIES ON FLOWER BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION IN MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA L.) Manju Devi, Harish Kumar Sharma, Kiran Rana and Divender Kumar Mehta* Department of Entomology *Department of Vegetable Science
Pollination, the Grand Interaction Among Flowers, Bees, Growers and Beekeepers
Pollination, the Grand Interaction Among Flowers, Bees, Growers and Beekeepers EASTERN KENTUCKY BEEKEEPING SCHOOL PROGRAM, January 20, 2018 Hazard Community and Technical College John A. Skinner University
DINAMICS OF NECTAR: NEW INSIGHTS FROM Cucurbita pepo
DINAMICS OF NECTAR: NEW INSIGHTS FROM Cucurbita pepo Massimo Nepi, Massimo Guarnieri, Daniele Artese, Laura Cresti, Ettore Pacini Department of Environmental Sciences G. Sarfatti, University of Siena,
Impact of Pollinators in Rangelands. months. Insects are vital to humans, and without them, humans would disappear, too. Insects
Alger 1 April Alger Impact of Pollinators in Rangelands E.O. Wilson, an american biologist, said If we were to wipe out insects alone on this planet, the rest of life and humanity with it would mostly
Level 3 Biology, 2017
91603 916030 3SUPERVISOR S Level 3 Biology, 2017 91603 Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment 9.30 a.m. Thursday 16 November 2017 Credits: Five Achievement
Flower Species as a Supplemental Source of Pollen for Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Late Summer Cropping Systems
Flower Species as a Supplemental Source of Pollen for Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Late Summer Cropping Systems Rhonda Simmons, Ramesh Sagili, and Bruce Martens Abstract Honey bee forager preference
Honey Bees QUB Green Champions 9 th April
Honey Bees QUB Green Champions 9 th April 2014 http://www.qub.ac.uk/staff/area/bees/ http://belfastbees.wordpress.com/ Contents The Beekeeping Year Inside the hive Outside the hive Swarming Discussion
Honey Bees. QUB CCRCB 11 th January
Honey Bees QUB CCRCB 11 th January 2018 http://www.qub.ac.uk/staff/area/bees/ http://belfastbees.wordpress.com/ http://belfastbees.wordpress.com/ Contents The Beekeeping Year Inside the hive Outside the
Protocols to Determine Pollination Requirements and Optimal Pollinators for Plant Genetic Resource Regeneration
Protocols to Determine Pollination Requirements and Optimal Pollinators for Plant Genetic Resource Regeneration Ken Richards & Mark Widrlechner Canadian Genetic Resources Program, Saskatoon, SK North Central
Effect of red, far-red radiations on germination of cotton seed
Plant & Cell Physiol. 12: 411-415 (1971) Effect of red, far-red radiations on germination of cotton seed GURBAKSH SINGH and O. P. GARG Department of Botany, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, India
Community Involvement in Research Monitoring Pollinator Populations using Public Participation in Scientific Research
Overview Community Involvement in Research Monitoring Pollinator Populations using Public Participation in Scientific Research Public Participation in Scientific Research (PPSR) is a concept adopted by
Development of regression models in ber genotypes under the agroclimatic conditions of south-western region of Punjab, India
Indian J. Agric. Res., 49 (3) 2015: 260-264 Print ISSN:0367-8245 / Online ISSN:0976-058X AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com/www.ijarjournal.com Development of regression models
Comparison of physiological responses of pearl millet and sorghum to water stress
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.), Vol. 99, No. 6, December 1989, pp. 517-522. (~ Printed in India. Comparison of physiological responses of pearl millet and sorghum to water stress V BALA SUBRAMANIAN
Things to Think About When Designing Pollen and Nectar Residue Studies. Jay Overmyer PhD Ornamental Horticulture Pollinator Workshop
Things to Think About When Designing Pollen and Nectar Residue Studies Jay Overmyer PhD Ornamental Horticulture Pollinator Workshop Gradient of Neonicotinoid Residues in Plant Matrices > > > Most relevant
Chapter 3. Materials and Methods
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods CHAPTER3 MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study aims to identify the role of climatic factors in the dispersal of air pollutants released into the atmosphere at some important
Practical 5 SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF HONEY BEES
Practical 5 SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF HONEY BEES Aim: To understand communication system of a honey bee colony. Introduction Among different insect orders, only 8 have been recognized by insect taxonomists which
FORAGING PATTERN OF INSECT POLLINATORS IN PENTAS LANCEOLATA (FORSSK.) DEFLERS AND CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS (L.) G. DON IN THRISSUR DISTRICT, KERALA, INDIA
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 3, No 5, 2014, 1731 1737 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) FORAGING PATTERN OF INSECT POLLINATORS IN PENTAS LANCEOLATA (FORSSK.) DEFLERS AND CATHARANTHUS
Oilseed rape pollen dispersal by insect pollinators in agricultural landscape
Oilseed rape pollen dispersal by insect pollinators in agricultural landscape R. Chifflet, B. Vaissière, A. Ricroch, E. Klein, C. Lavigne, J. Lecomte Good afternoon, my name is Rémy Chifflet and I am a
Bees. By: Jourdan Wu, Olakunle Olawonyi, Adina Gibson, Elizabeth Peterson. Image drawn by Adina Gibson using Sketchpad 5.1
Bees By: Jourdan Wu, Olakunle Olawonyi, Adina Gibson, Elizabeth Peterson Image drawn by Adina Gibson using Sketchpad 5.1 According to an Article by NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) titled Why We
OPTIMISING THE TEMPORAL AVERAGING PERIOD OF POINT SURFACE SOLAR RESOURCE MEASUREMENTS FOR CORRELATION WITH AREAL SATELLITE ESTIMATES
OPTIMISING THE TEMPORAL AVERAGING PERIOD OF POINT SURFACE SOLAR RESOURCE MEASUREMENTS FOR CORRELATION WITH AREAL SATELLITE ESTIMATES Ian Grant Anja Schubert Australian Bureau of Meteorology GPO Box 1289
Apomixis in Plants. Authors. Sven E. Asker, Ph.D. Department of Genetics University of Lund Lund, Sweden
Apomixis in Plants I (0 ') r,\ q f Authors Sven E. Asker, Ph.D. Department of Genetics University of Lund Lund, Sweden Lenn Jerling, Ph.D. Botany Department University of Stockholm Stockholm, Sweden CRC
There are approximately 25,000 species of Bee in the World There are almost 4000 species of Bee in North America There are approximately 1000
There are approximately 25,000 species of Bee in the World There are almost 4000 species of Bee in North America There are approximately 1000 different species of Bee in Texas There are only 7-9 species
Bees: The most important pollinators
Bees: The most important pollinators Bees are complete vegans: All food comes from plants Nectar and pollen from flowers What makes bees effective pollinators: One of the very few insect groups that purposefully
Variability of Reference Evapotranspiration Across Nebraska
Know how. Know now. EC733 Variability of Reference Evapotranspiration Across Nebraska Suat Irmak, Extension Soil and Water Resources and Irrigation Specialist Kari E. Skaggs, Research Associate, Biological
Pollinators. Pam Brown University of Florida/IFAS Extension, Retired
Pollinators Pam Brown University of Florida/IFAS Extension, Retired What is Pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from male anther to female stigma resulting in fertilization. Pollination results
variations in the red soil at Bangalore
Annals of Arid Zone-16(2), 195-2, 1977 Soil temperature variations in the red soil at Bangalore B.Y. RAMANA RAO AND R.Y. RAMAMOHAN Department of Physics University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore-5624.
Morphometric and Wings Venation Analysis of Honey Bee Species in Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Archive of Life Science and Environment (Arch. Life Sci. & Env.) 1 (1): 21-25 (2017) Morphometric and Wings Venation Analysis of Honey Bee Species in Dehradun, Uttarakhand Ashish Uniyal 1* Neetika Thakur
Analysis of Rainfall and Other Weather Parameters under Climatic Variability of Parbhani ( )
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.295
Upskilling community leaders for Australian Pollinator Week
Upskilling community leaders for Australian Pollinator Week Classroom or other educational activities DISCLAIMER Hello and thank you for being part of this project. This presentation is designed to be
Soil Temperatures Regime at Ahmedabad
Soil Temperatures Regime at Ahmedabad Girja Sharan Professor Cummins-IIMA Lab Centre for Management in Agriculture Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Ratan Jadhav Project Officer SEWA Ahmedabad
Annie S. White, PhD, ASLA. How Native Cultivars Affect Plant/Pollinator Interactions
Annie S. White, PhD, ASLA How Native Cultivars Affect Plant/Pollinator Interactions Prairie Restoration, Prairie Haven, Wisconsin Prairie Restoration at Earth Source, Fort Wayne, Indiana Tradescantia Red
Evaluation of solar fraction on north partition wall for various shapes of solarium by Auto-Cad
Evaluation of solar fraction on north partition wall for various shapes of solarium by Auto-Cad G.N. Tiwari*, Amita Gupta, Ravi Gupta Centre for energy studies, Indian Institute of technology Delhi, Rauz
Honeybees: Foraging Behavior, Reproductive Biology And Diseases (Insects And Other Terrestrial Arthropods: Biology, Chemistry And Behavior)
Honeybees: Foraging Behavior, Reproductive Biology And Diseases (Insects And Other Terrestrial Arthropods: Biology, Chemistry And Behavior) If searching for a book Honeybees: Foraging Behavior, Reproductive
FRIENDLY MONMOUTHSHIRE
BEE FRIENDLY MONMOUTHSHIRE POLLINATORS ARE IN TROUBLE! Flowers need pollen from other flowers of the same species to produce seed and reproduce. Bees, hoverflies, butterflies and other pollinator insects
JRC MARS Bulletin global outlook 2017 Crop monitoring European neighbourhood Turkey June 2017
MARS Bulletin global outlook 2015-06 r JRC MARS Bulletin global outlook 2017 Crop monitoring European neighbourhood Turkey June 2017 Favourable spring conditions, but slight delay Yield forecasts for winter
LAB 2: Earth Sun Relations
LAB 2: Earth Sun Relations Name School The amount of solar energy striking the Earth s atmosphere is not uniform; distances, angles and seasons play a dominant role on this distribution of radiation. Needless
Correlation and path coefficient analysis in tuberose
Journal of Crop and Weed, 9(2):44-49(2013) Correlation and path coefficient analysis in tuberose VANLALRUATI, T. MANDAL AND S. PRADHAN Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Faculty of Horticulture
Effect of Weather Parameters on Population Dynamics of Paddy Pests
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 10 (2017) pp. 2049-2053 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.243
Anderson School District Five Pacing Guide and Verification Form Grade 6 Science Scientific Inquiry Indicators
Scientific Inquiry Indicators 4-1 The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific inquiry, including the processes, skills, and mathematical thinking necessary to conduct a simple scientific
The Pollinator Victory Garden the Bees. Dr. Kimberly Stoner Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven
The Pollinator Victory Garden the Bees Dr. Kimberly Stoner Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven CT Public Act 16-17 An Act Concerning Pollinator Health Pesticides: Certain neonicotinoid
Chapter 8. Biogeographic Processes. Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:
Chapter 8 Biogeographic Processes Chapter Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to: 1. Define the terms ecosystem, habitat, ecological niche, and community. 2. Outline how
CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH ANALYSIS IN GARLIC (Allium sativum L) FOR YIELD AND ITS ATTRIBUTES
SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 45-52 (2013) CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH ANALYSIS IN GARLIC (Allium sativum L) FOR YIELD AND ITS ATTRIBUTES S. R. Singh, N. A. Ahmed, S. Lal, Asima Amin 1, Mudasir Amin 5 S. A.
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD ON IMPROVED 'WHITE SIM' CARNATION (DIANTHUS C A R Y O P H Y L L U S L.) BRANCHING AND FLOWERING
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD ON IMPROVED 'WHITE SIM' CARNATION (DIANTHUS C A R Y O P H Y L L U S L.) BRANCHING AND FLOWERING R. D. Heins and H. F. Wilkins Department of Horticultural Science University of
Study of Hydrometeorology in a Hard Rock Terrain, Kadirischist Belt Area, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh
Open Journal of Geology, 2012, 2, 294-300 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2012.24028 Published Online October 2012 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojg) Study of Hydrometeorology in a Hard Rock Terrain, Kadirischist
Effect of different modes of pollination on seed set of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) sown on different sowing dates
2018; 6(2): 1889-1893 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2018; 6(2): 1889-1893 2018 JEZS Received: 05-01-2018 Accepted: 07-02-2018 Manju Devi Harish Kumar Sharma Effect of different modes of pollination
Master Thesis. Complementarity and redundancy of different pollinators on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Universität Bayreuth Master Thesis Complementarity and redundancy of different pollinators on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Sulawesi (Indonesia) Principle Investigator: Florian Lauer (Master candidate)
Breeding and Genetics
Breeding and Genetics I FLOWERING OF SUGARCANE WITH REFERENCE TO INDUCTION AND INHIBITION E. D. Paliatseas Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Baton Rouge, Louisiana ABSTRACT The minimum,time required
Teacher Packs in Experimental Science. Bio Pack 4. Agents of pollination
Teacher Packs in Experimental Science Bio Pack 4 Agents of pollination Pack contents: A. Teacher s Guide B. Students Guide C. Assessment Student s sheet D. Extensions to experiment E. Useful Links F. Health
Climate. Annual Temperature (Last 30 Years) January Temperature. July Temperature. Average Precipitation (Last 30 Years)
Climate Annual Temperature (Last 30 Years) Average Annual High Temp. (F)70, (C)21 Average Annual Low Temp. (F)43, (C)6 January Temperature Average January High Temp. (F)48, (C)9 Average January Low Temp.
NATURE S. Insect Pollinators, Plants, and. The pedigree of honey Does not concern the bee; A clover, anytime, to her Is aristocracy.
NATURE S Insect Pollinators, Plants, and The pedigree of honey Does not concern the bee; A clover, anytime, to her Is aristocracy. Emily Dickenson The basics of cross-pollination 1. The petals attract
Fog Hazards in Punjab
Pakistan Journal of Meteorology Vol. 8, Issue 16: Jan, 2012 Fog Hazards in Punjab Aslam, M. 1 Abstract Using 30-year (1976-2005) real meteorological data of 10-weather stations, four dense fog years (1998-1999,
Upskilling community leaders for Australian Pollinator Week
Upskilling community leaders for Australian Pollinator Week Build an insect hotel DISCLAIMER Hello and thank you for being part of this project. This presentation is designed to be shared with the broader
Research Article Several New Aspects of the Foraging Behavior of Osmia cornifrons in an Apple Orchard
Psyche Volume, Article ID 337, pages doi:.55//337 Research Article Several New Aspects of the Foraging Behavior of Osmia cornifrons in an Apple Orchard Shogo Matsumoto and Tsutomu Maejima Graduate School
Community Structure. Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area
Community Structure Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area Community Ecology The ecological community is the set of plant and animal species that occupy an area Questions
Effect of pollination modes on yield components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Journal of Oilseed Brassica, 8 (2) : 187-194, July 2017 Journal of Oilseed Brassica, 8 (2) July, 2017 187 Effect of pollination modes on yield components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Kanika Nagpal
How Does Pollination Work?
How Does Pollination Work? What is pollination? What is pollination? Pollination the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower Fertilization occurs when the male
Pollinator Conservation
Pollinator Conservation By https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/evolution-and-the-origin-of-species-18/formation-of-new-species-125/reproductive-isolation-504-11730/ http://padena.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/pollinator-slider1.jpg
Level 3 Biology, 2014
91603 916030 3SUPERVISOR S Level 3 Biology, 2014 91603 Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment 9.30 am Thursday 13 November 2014 Credits: Five Achievement
Population Dynamics of Sugarcane Plassey Borer Chilo tumidicostalis Hmpson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.167
Observed and Predicted Daily Wind Travels and Wind Speeds in Western Iraq
International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations vol., issue, April ISSN: - Observed and Predicted Daily Wind Travels and Wind Speeds in Western Iraq Ahmed Hasson, Farhan Khammas, Department
Equatorial Electrojet Strengths in the Indian and American Sectors Part I. During Low Solar Activity
J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 42, 801-811,1990 Equatorial Electrojet Strengths in the Indian and American Sectors Part I. During Low Solar Activity A. R. PATIL, D. R. K. RAO, and R. G. RASTOGI Indian Institute
Summary and Conclusions
241 Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusions Kerala is situated in the southern tip of India between 8 15 N and 12 50 N latitude and 74 50 E and 77 30 E longitude. It is popularly known as Gods own country.
1 A 3 C 2 B 4 D. 5. During which month does the minimum duration of insolation occur in New York State? 1 February 3 September 2 July 4 December
INSOLATION REVIEW 1. The map below shows isolines of average daily insolation received in calories per square centimeter per minute at the Earth s surface. If identical solar collectors are placed at the
INFLUENCE OF SOME INFLORESCENCE CHARACTERISTICS ON SEED YIELD OF SUNFLOWER INBRED LINES
INFLUENCE OF SOME INFLORESCENCE CHARACTERISTICS ON SEED YIELD OF SUNFLOWER INBRED LINES Jovanka Atlagić, J. Joksimović, V. Miklič, D. Škorić Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, M. Gorkog 30, 21000
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF CHILLI THRIPS, Scirtothrips dorsalis HOOD IN RELATION TO WEATHER PARAMETERS BAROT, B.V., PATEL, J.J.* AND SHAIKH, A. A.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF CHILLI THRIPS, Scirtothrips dorsalis HOOD IN RELATION TO WEATHER PARAMETERS BAROT, B.V., PATEL, J.J.* AND SHAIKH, A. A. MAIN VEGETABLE RESEARCH STATION ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,
Habitat Enhancements to Support Bees: Agriculture to Urban Research. Neal Williams Department of Entomology
Habitat Enhancements to Support Bees: Agriculture to Urban Research Neal Williams Department of Entomology nmwilliam@ucdavis.edu Overview Bees and pollination service for agriculture Threats to native
STUDIES ON PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT FOREST TREES OF SOUTH GUJARAT, INDIA
Plant Archives Vol. 14 No. 2, 2014 pp. 1015-1021 ISSN 0972-5210 STUDIES ON PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT FOREST TREES OF SOUTH GUJARAT, INDIA Vikas Kumar*, Ruchit Patel 1, Sachin Kumar Singh
Effect of competition on the distribution of Marram Grass within a sand dune system Introduction
» sjhoward.co.uk Effect of competition on the distribution of Marram Grass within a sand dune system Introduction Sand dunes provide a classic example of the progression of ecological succession, with
How much flower-rich habitat is enough for wild pollinators? Answering a key policy question with incomplete knowledge
jbnature.com How much flower-rich habitat is enough for wild pollinators? Answering a key policy question with incomplete knowledge Lynn Dicks, University of East Anglia Co-authors: Mathilde Baude, Stuart
Pollinator Adaptations
Adapted from: Life Lab Garden Pollinators unit Pollinator Adaptations Overview: Students will learn about pollinators and their adaptations, and match flowers to the kinds of pollinators they attract.