Reactor On/Off Monitoring with a Prototype of Plastic Anti-neutrino Detector Array (PANDA)
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1 Reactor On/Off Monitoring with a Prototype of Plastic Anti-neutrino Detector Array (PANDA) Yasuhiro Kuroda A, Yo Kato A, Nozomu Tomita A, Ryoko Nakata, Shugo Oguri, Chikara Ito B, Yoshizumi Inoue C, Makoto Minowa A,D Department of Physics, School of Science University of Tokyo A Japan Atomic Energy Agency B International Center of Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo C RSCEU, University of Tokyo D
2 Neutrino Reactor Monitoring IAEA reactor safeguard regime IAEA recommends investigation of near-field antineutrino monitoring capabilities IAEA : Medium term goal Cf ) IAEA Headquarters, Final Report: Focused Workshop on Antineutrino Detection for Safeguards Applications (2008) Above ground deployment Provide fully independent measurements of fissile content, through the use of spectral information Reduced detector footprint Our Efforts Mobile above-ground detector Segmented detector 2
3 PANDA Plastic Anti-Neutrino Detector Array The proposed final detector consists of 10x10 modules The target mass : about 1 ton PANDA detector is designed to be loaded and operated on a van. 3
4 PANDA Module PMT Aluminised Mylar light guide Plastic scintillator Gd sheet 10cm 10cm 100cm plastic scintillator Easy to transport Non flammable Wrapped in gadolinium doped sheets (Gd:4.9mg/cm 2 ) Technique to create clear and colorless Gd doped plastic scintillator is less established 4
5 Detection Principle Inverse beta decay ν e + p e + + n Prompt event Energy deposit of e + e + +e - 2γ Delayed Event An 8 MeV gamma-ray cascade following neutron capture on the gadolinium Delayed coincidence method 5
6 First Prototype: Lesser PANDA modules (4x4) Background measurement at Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant Unit3 Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A690:41-47,2012 6
7 Second Prototype : PANDA36 36 modules (6x6) Our first reactor on/off measurement by neutrino is done by PANDA36 7
8 Data Acquisition asymmetric divider VME 85% 72 PMT PMT x ch discriminator x 5 15% Delay (30m, 150ns) FPGA (multiplicity logic, gate generator, time stamper) gate busy 3 32ch 32ch charge charge ADC ADC x 3 time stamp data 72 PMT output data PMT output data x 72 PC 72ch PMT charge data Event timing information (time stamp) 8
9 Remote Monitoring for unmanned operation Possible defects are checked through DoCoMo cellular phone network and the Internet Nuclear Power Plant - Digest - Alert Mails Univ.Tokyo Hongo Campus Simplified spectrum Thermohygrometer Connected to LAN Web Camera Router Monitoring Server DoCoMo terminal with Global IP -Simple DAQ control (for emergency) - Network connection confirmation - Web server - Sending alert mails - Network connection confirmation Temperature / humidity monitoring Alert mails DAQ DAQ control Server data storage (HDD) 9
10 Typical cosmic muon event Stage 6 Energy deposit Stage 6 Position Stage 3 Stage 5 Stage 4 Stage 3 Stage 5 Stage 2 Stage 2 Stage 1 Stage 4 Stage Position (cm) Position (cm) 10
11 Loading on a van PANDA36 was loaded on a 2-ton van 11
12 Ohi Power Station PANDA36 was moved to Ohi Power Station Mihama Power Station Ohi Power Station Fukui 12
13 Ohi Power Station : Unit2 PANDA m 3.4GWth Start End Reactor on Nov. 18, 2011 Dec. 16, 2011 Reactor off (background) Dec. 16, 2011 Jan. 18,
14 Backgrounds Accidental Backgrounds Natural radioactivity (gammas) Thermal neutrons Correlated Backgrounds Fast neutrons (proton recoil) extremely important Double neutron capture Long-lived cosmic-ray activation product We tried to reject these backgrounds by event selections. 14
15 Event Selection - 1 (neutrino) prompt event 3MeV Etotal 6MeV E2nd 520keV (annihilation gamma) E 1st module must be in inside 16 modules (fiducial cut) Time window: 8-150μsec delayed event 3MeV Etotal 8MeV E3rd/Etotal (E1st/Etotal-0.5)/5 Two or more modules in inside 16 modules deposite the energy of 150keV (software trigger) There is no event with E total > 8MeV within250μs before the delayed event (muon veto) E 1st E 2nd E total 15
16 Event Selection - 1 (neutrino) prompt event 3MeV Etotal 6MeV E2nd 520keV (annihilation gamma) E 1st module must be in inside 16 modules (fiducial cut) Time window: 8-150μsec delayed event 3MeV Etotal 8MeV E3rd/Etotal (E1st/Etotal-0.5)/5 Two or more modules in inside 16 modules deposite the energy of 150keV (software trigger) There is no event with E total > 8MeV within250μs before the delayed event (muon veto) 16
17 Event Selection - 1 (neutrino) prompt event 3MeV Etotal 6MeV E2nd 520keV (annihilation gamma) E 1st module must be in inside 16 modules (fiducial cut) Time window: 8-150μsec delayed event 3MeV Etotal 8MeV E3rd/Etotal (E1st/Etotal-0.5)/5 Two or more modules in inside 16 modules deposite the energy of 150keV (software trigger) There is no event with E total > 8MeV within250μs before the delayed event (muon veto) 17
18 Event Selection - 1 (neutrino) prompt event 3MeV Etotal 6MeV E2nd 520keV (annihilation gamma) Detection efficiency: (3.15±0.93)% Predicted anti-neutrino rate: 18.1±6.5 events/day E 1st module must be in inside 16 modules (fiducial cut) Time window: 8-150μsec delayed event 3MeV Etotal 8MeV E3rd/Etotal (E1st/Etotal-0.5)/5 Two or more modules in inside 16 modules deposite the energy of 150keV (software trigger) There is no event with E total > 8MeV within250μs before the delayed event (muon veto) Observed event rate difference: 38.4 ± 8.4 events/day (large?) 18
19 Event Selection - 2 (neutron) prompt event 3MeV Etotal 6MeV E2nd 700keV E 1st module must be in inside 16 modules (fiducial cut) Time window: 8-50μsec delayed event 3MeV Etotal 8MeV E2nd/Etotal (E1st/Etotal-0.5)/5 Two or more modules in inside 16 modules deposite the energy of 150keV (software trigger) There is no event with E total > 8MeV within250μs before the delayed event (muon veto) Selection intended to select fast neutron events E 2nd condition is changed to reject the anti-neutrino events 19
20 Event Selection - 2 (neutron) prompt event 3MeV Etotal 6MeV E2nd 700keV E 1st module must be in inside 16 modules (fiducial cut) Time window: 8-50μsec delayed event 3MeV Etotal 8MeV E3rd/Etotal (E1st/Etotal-0.5)/5 Two or more modules in inside 16 modules deposite the energy of 150keV (software trigger) There is no event with E total > 8MeV within250μs before the delayed event (muon veto) Neutrino detection efficiency: (0.271±0.93) % ~ 0% Observed event rate change: 31.4 ± 8.5 events/day 20
21 Change of the fast neutron flux Why did the fast neutron flux change? It s not so clear But we speculated that it could be explained by changes in environment. Three water tanks (used for scheduled inspection of the reactor) Water could shield the fast neutrons 2.8m 2.5m Water tank PANDA Reactor building 21
22 Change of the neutrino flux Simultaneous equation to evaluate the change of the neutrino event rate : the contribution of the neutrino rate by selection-1 0 (selection-1) (selection-2) : the contribution of the fast-neutron rate difference by selection-1 : the ratio of the neutrino and neutron detection efficiencies (0.086±0.026 and 1.86±0.68 respectively). x (expected : 18.1±6.5 events/day ) events/day 22
23 Next Step Unexpectedly large change in fastneutron flux It could be subtracted using the second selection. But the subtraction increases the error. Water Shielding? (at the expense of small size and light weight) 8x8=64 prototype Designing new structure which includes shieldings Estimating expected performance of next prototype 23
24 Summary 6x6 prototype of PANDA (PANDA36) was built It was loaded on a van and deployed above ground at Ohi Power Station Unit 2 (3.4GW th ) Fully unmanned operation was demonstrated Detected neutrino event rate was 22.9±11.7 events/day (expected: 18.5±6.5 events/day) Next upgrade to 8x8 is on going. It may have neutron shielding 24
25 Backups
26 Gadolinium doped sheet 50μm PET sheet Gd doped ink layer Gd density : 4.9mg/cm 2 60% Of thermal neutrons are captured by one layer of the sheet (84% by two layer) 26
27 VME Modules Module Discriminator FPGA module Multi-event charge ADC Model CAEN V Channel Leading Edge Discriminator CAEN V1495 General Purpose VME Board (It has user customizable FPGA Unit) CAEN V Channel Multi-event QDC 27
28 Cosmogenic Radioisotopes 9 Li, 8 He Decay time constant : 9 Li : 178 ms 8 He : 119ms β-decay isotopes with a delayed neutron emission from the β decayed daughter This background is negligible with a small detector. And it is strongly rejected by prompt event selection criteria E2nd 520keV taking advantage of segmented design. 28
29 Double neutron capture Double neutron capture It is strongly rejected by prompt event selection criteria E2nd 520keV taking advantage of segmented design Spectra of E2nd of the prompt events after selection-1 (neutrino selection) except for the prompt E2nd selection. 29
30 Selection : prompt - E total 30
31 Selection : prompt fiducial cut 31
32 Selection : delayed - E total 32
33 Accidental Events Selection - 1 Selection - 2 Preliminary Preliminary Observed accidental background rates using other time windows Selection-1 : 8μs+1ms t 150μs+1ms Selection-2 : 8μs+1ms t 50μs+1ms 33
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