Instrumentation and future missions
|
|
- Elaine Rice
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Instrumentation and future missions Sergio Fabiani INAF IAPS (Roma) Alsatian Workshop on X-ray Polarimetry, 13 th -15 th November 2017, Strasburg, France
2 PHYSICS Emission processes : cyclotron, synchrotron, non-thermal bremmstrahlung [Westfold, 1959; Gnedin & Sunyaev, 1974; Rees, 1975] Scattering on aspherical accreting plasmas : disks, blobs, columns [Sunyaev & Titarchuk, 1985; Mészáros, P. et al. 1988, Sazonov 2002] Vacuum polarization and birefringence through extreme magnetic fields (QED effects) [Gnedin et al., 1978; Ventura, 1979; Mészáros & Ventura, 1979] Gravitational Fields: GR effects [Stark and Connors 1977, Connors et al. 1980, Dovciak et al. 2008, Li et al. 2008, Schnittman and Krolik 2009] Quantum Gravity [Gambini & Pullin 1999] Why X-ray polarimetry in Astronomy? Search for axion-like particles [Bassan et al. 2010, Perna et al. 2014] SOURCES Acceleration phenomena Pulsar wind nebulae SNRs Jets Solar Flares Emission in strong magnetic fields Magnetic cataclysmic variables Accreting millisecond pulsars Accreting X-ray pulsars Magnetar Scattering in aspherical situations X-ray binaries Radio-quiet AGN X-ray reflection nebulae
3 POLARIMETRY BASICS Polarimeter = Analyser + Detector Analyser : For analysing different angles of polarization Detector : To detect photons for each angle Unpolarized radiation flat response Polarized radiation Modulated response
4 POLARIMETRY BASICS MODULAITON FACTOR (measured with 100% pol. rad.) Polarization Degree Minimum Detectable Polarization At 99% of confidence level [Weisskopf et al. 2010, Stromayer & Kallman 2013] R : source rate B : background rate T : integration time
5 POLARIMETRY BASICS For fitting also the equation: M = N (1 + A cos(2 φ φ 0 ) Polarization = A/µ Stokes parameters P= Q^2+U^2 I f 0 = 1 2 atan Q U No V no circular polarization with present techniques
6 POLARIMETRY a hard work For polarimetry is crucial to define properly the detector geometry a not well conceived geometry can originate large systematics hexagonal geometry for sensitive elements (pixels, scintillating bars) is preferable than a squared one Rotation can be used to reduce this systematics, but it can be a problem for the integration of the polarimeter on the bus Scattering and photoelectric polarimeters, whose signal depends on the azimuthal response, show a spurious modulation if the incoming beam of radiation is inclined with respect to the detector axis (the azimuthal symmetry is broken). This effect is larger for larger inclinations and starts to be relevant for inclination of some degrees. Typically a correction is applied by comparing this modulation curve to the on axis one (Jonetoku et al. 2011, PASJ). The theoretical treatment of this effect, with the correction to apply, is described in Muleri 2014, ApJ
7 POLARIMETRY BASICS Scientific goal Sources < 1keV 1-10keV > 10 kev Acceleration phenomena PWN yes (butabsorption) yes yes Emission in strong magnetic fields Scattering in aspherical geometries SNR no yes yes Jet (Microquasars) yes (butabsorption) yes yes Jet (Blazars) yes yes yes Solar Flares difficult (large thermal and lines) difficult(large thermal and lines) WD yes (butabsorption) yes difficult AMS no yes yes X-ray pulsator difficult yes (no cyclotron?) yes Magnetar yes (better) yes no Corona in XRB & AGNs difficult yes yes (difficult) X-ray reflection nebulae no yes (long exposure) yes Fundamental Physics QED (magnetar) yes (better) yes no GR (BH) no yes no QG (Blazars) difficult yes yes Axions(Blazars,Clusters) yes? yes difficult yes
8 POLARIMETRY BASICS
9 Bragg diffraction E = nhc 2d 1 sin 45 q o Bragg law. θ θ Given a crystal (d 1 ) and an energy, diffraction happens for a q angle that verifies the formula. Very narrow energy band (few ev ) possibly increased by using brent crystals With a diffraction angle of 45 the outcoming beam is 100% polarized orthogonally with respect to the incidence plane By rotating the crystal around the beam axis, the outcoming radiation flux is modulated because the polarized component is alternatively the s and p component (modulation period twice the rotation period) Extremely inefficient to measure polarization of continuous spectra, but allows to analyse photons at energies starting from less than 1 kev
10 Bragg diffraction SOLPEX : SOLar spectroscopy and Polarimetry EXperiments for solar flares Emission lines < 10 kev [Doschek 2002] Thermal bremsstrahlung up to 20 kev (possibly low polarized if Maxwellian distribution of velocity is perturbed by plasma expansion along magnetic field lines due to heat propagation) [Emslie & Brown 1980] Shibata et al.1995 Moreover: Scattering of radiation therefore still polarization Non-thermal bremsstrahlung >20 kev (highly polarized up to 40%) [Zharkova et al. 2010] The hard X-rays are the «natural» target for polarimetry However the non-thermal component can be large even at low energy in the early impulsive phase of flares This will be the target of B-POL (Bragg POLarimeter) in the SOLPEX experiment to be mounted on the KORTES platform on board the Nauka Russian module on the ISS (STĘŚLICKI et al. 2015,Proc. IAU Symposium No. 320, 2015)
11 Bragg diffraction SOLPEX : SOLar spectroscopy and Polarimetry EXperiments for solar flares F.O.V. ~ 2x2 arcmin Crystal Si 111 bent crystal (85.5mm x 31 mm) at the Brewster angle ~45 Radius of curvature: mm Spectral range: Å Radiation detector: CCD Rotation: 1 rev./s Pointed using pin-hole image STĘŚLICKI et al. 2015,Proc. IAU Symposium No. 320, 2015 On board the ISS: Easy access and maintenance, no power limitation 16 eclipses in 24 h, pointing limitations due to ISS motion, only ~10 min of uninterrupted observation per orbit possible
12 Bragg diffraction LAMP : Lightweight Asymmetry and Magnetism Probe Micro-satellite mission concept dedicated for astronomical X-ray polarimetry and is currently under early phase study (China) Goals: thermal emission from the surface of pulsars and synchrotron emission produced by relativistic jets in blazars. Segmented paraboloidal multilayer mirrors with a collecting area of about 1300 cm 2 to focus 250 ev X-rays onto a position sensitive detector at the focal plane. She et al. 2015, SPIE Compared with natural crystals, multilayer mirrors allow: to choose, to some extent, the energy of interest, to shape it as a paraboloid and to focus the incident beam onto a tiny spot such that the signal to noise ratio is maximized
13 Bragg diffraction LAMP : Lightweight Asymmetry and Magnetism Probe Reflection angle varies along the mirror and thickness changes to match the Bragg law for 250 ev photons anywhere on the mirror. Focal plane detectors: CCD is a problem for a low-cost micro-satellite Gas detector (GPD as a simple imaging detector, not polairmeter) There are 4 X-ray dim isolated neutron stars, 3 rotation-powered pulsars, and a couple dozens of blazars can be detected with an MDP below 10% with an exposure of 10 6 seconds She et al. 2015, SPIE
14 Bragg diffraction REDSoX: Rocket Experiment Demonstration of a Soft X-ray Polarimeter Polarization is analysed by means of: Critical Angle Transmission (CAT) gratings that disperses radiation by matching the Bragg condition at the first order of Laterally graded multilayer mirrors (LGMLs) that illuminate CCD detectors that determine the intensity Three coated multilayer mirrors placed 120 apart allow to measure three Stokes parameters (I, Q, and U ) at any time without instrument rotation - Srikanth Panini Singam talk on multilayer mirrors for soft X-ray polarimetry - Marshall talk on A Soft X-ray Polarimeter Marshall et al. 2017, SPIE Günther et al. 2017, SPIE Egan et al. 2017, SPIE
15 Photoelectric polarimetry f : azimuthal angle q : polar angle b : orbital asymmetry factor = 2 for s orbitals (perfect pol. analyser) < 2 other cases Photo-electron emission direction most probable is parallel to the electric vector of the photon The photoelectron track length in gas for this energy range is of the order of mm so a GAS detector is a good choice for this technique
16 Photoelectric polarimetry Two alternative technologies Gas Pixel Detector (GPD) Time Projection Chamber (TPC) Enrico Costa talk IXPE (NASA/ASI) Approved XIPE (ESA) In competition M4 GEMS (NASA) Cancelled PRAXyS (NASA) Not approved
17 Photoelectric polarimetry Gas Pixel Detector Polarimetry, but not only! Energy Spectrum : DE FWHM /E ~16% 5.9 kev ( E) Timing information Imaging Track analysis first step Track analysis second step
18 Photoelectric polarimetry IXPE IXPE : Set of three mirror module assemblies (MMA) focus x-rays onto three corresponding focal plane detector units SPIE Proceedings Weisskopf et al. 2016, Soffitta et al SPIE Proc. >> Mission Overview Sgrò et al >> GPD polarimeter details Muleri et al >> Calibration activities Fabiani et al >> More details about imaging for calibration
19 Photoelectric polarimetry extp Zhang et al. 2016, SPIE Primary goals EoS of matter at supra-nuclear density QED effects in highly magnetized star Accretion in the strong-field regime of gravity Polarimetry focusing array baseline: Observational thechniques Simultaneous spectral-timing (Si SDD)-polarimetry (GPD) Energy range kev Framework Selected background mission in the Strategic Priority Space Science Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences since Consortium: China, European and USA institutions 2 telescopes HEW 30 (15 ) A Eff =250 cm 2 at 2 kev F.O.V = 12 arcmin Energy band 2-10 kev Sensitivity 5 μcrab for 10 4 s
20 Photoelectric polarimetry GPD towards hard X-rays Higher efficiency: High Z gas mixtures (ex. He -> Ar) Thicker absorption gap If source dominated: For the Sun the high flare flux allows polarimetry without telescopes (but flare integrated polarization) To resolve the flare fratures an angular resolution of at least 10 arcsec is needed Some past proposal : HXR Astroph.: Tagliaferri et al. 2012, Exp.Ast. Solar Flartes (ESA S1, ESA-CAS): Berrilli et al. 2015, SPIE JATIS Fabiani et al. 2013, Mem. S.A.It. GPD for HXR IXPE like GPD
21 Scattering Polarimetry E E 20 kev a threshold for an efficient scattering regime pol. vec. Photoelectric absorption Coherent scattering Incoherent Scattering Scatterer/absorber coincidence for a low background polarimeter
22 Scattering Polarimetry Higher modulation factor at q=90 scattering angle The modulation factor maximum is lower for higher energy of the scatterd radiation But scattering function S(q,Z) takes into account the interaction with atoms in matter and thus suppresses forward scattering q, Z
23 Scattering Polarimetry Many different designs Thomson: light passive scatterer made of Li/Be (low photo-absorption to exploit coherent scattering) Compton: 1 Phase: Scatterer and Absorber made of the same low Z material. 2 Phase: Low Z scatterer (higher scattering prob. Than photoelectric absorption) and High Z absorber to maximize the absorption probability Focal plane: pointed observation, large effective area depends on the optics Non focal plane: large F.O.V (ex. GRB obs.) or pointed observations if collimated (PoGO family)
24 Scattering Polarimetry Typical critical parameters for scattering polarimeters are: background rejection if large sensitive volumes are involved. Mitigation by means of scatterer/absorber coincidence (but it is intrinsic of the Compton scattering technique), anticoincidence, shielding and a careful estimation of sensitive volumes needed - For Thomson polarimeters background is a very critical issue Scintillation light cross-talk Mitigation by means of a careful choice and application of the wrapping Scintillating element light loss (ex. from the edges). Mitigation by means of a careful choice of the wrapping and optical contact between the interfaces towards the light sensor
25 Scattering Polarimetry Many different designs Underlined are flown polarimeters Thomson POLIX (non focal plane) Paul et al. 2010, 2016 SPR-N (non focal plane) Zhitnik et al., Phase polarimeters POLAR (non focal plane) [Xiao et al. 2017] Talk by Merlin Kole PoGOLite, PoGO+ (non focal plane) [Chauvin et al. 2016] Talk by Mette Friis and Victor Mikhalev 2 Phase polarimeters X-Calibur (focal plane) [Endsley et al. 2015, Beilike et al. 2014] PolariS (focal plane) [Hayashida et al. 2016] GRAPE (non focal plane) [Kishimoto et al. 2007] PHENEX (non focal plane) [Gunji et al. 2008] GAP (non focal plane) [Yonetoku et al. 2011] SPHiNX (non focal plane) [Xie Talk] PINGUIN-M (non focal plane) [Kotov et al. 2011] PING-P (non focal plane) [Kotov et al. 2016]
26 Thomson scattering X-ray polarimeter made with X-ray proportional counters XPoSat launch is planned in (Raman Research Institute (RRI) for a small satellite mission of ISRO) Energy range 5-30 kev Scattering Polarimetry POLIX Paul et al. 2010, 2016
27 Scattering Polarimetry POLAR Space-born polarimeter launched on September 15 th 2016 as part of the Chinese spacelab TG-2 Optimized for kev GRBs prompt polarimetry Talk by Merlin Kole Detector module structure 64 PS bars ( mm 3 each) readout by a 64 channel MAPMT (Hamamatsu H8500) POLAR flight model The full instrument consists of 25 identical modules.
28 Scattering Polarimetry SPHiNX SPHiNX (Segmented Polarimeter for High energy X-rays) Swedish satellite (50 kg), Japan contributes detector and ground station Phase-A/B1, waiting for the selection by the end 2017 Scientific goals: GRB Energy range kev, A eff 70 cm 2 Scatter: Plastic + PMT Absorber: GAGG (or BGO) +APD (or SiPM) Fei Xie talk Thesis by Erik Ahlberg and Samin Hasan Optimising a small satellite for hard X-ray polarisation studies of gamma ray Bursts, (KTH) /02/HiromitsuTakahashi.pdf
29 Scattering Polarimetry from PoGOLite to POGO+ PoGOLite is a pathfinder balloon-born experiment flown in 2013 Energy range kev From this experience the design was optimized to PoGO+ flown in summer 2016 Chauvin et al. 2017, Nat., Shedding new light on the Crab with polarized X-rays Talk by Mette Friis and Victor Mikhalev
30 Scattering Polarimetry HXR polarimeter for POLARIS Hard x-ray imaging polarimeter for the proposed PolariS small mission (JAXA) A coarse imaging capability 1-2 arcmin depends on the pitch of the scattering element readout separately Based on the PHENEX prototype flown on a balloon born experiment in 2006 (Gunji et al. 2008) Scatterer: squared matrix of plastic scintillator rods few mm of base side Absorber: elements CsI(Ti) Read out: PMT CsI Plastic Hayashida et al Gunji et al. 2008
31 Scattering Polarimetry PING-P In the path of the past (see Tindo s articles of 70) and recent tradition of Russian solar X-ray polarimetry: SPR-N/CORONAS-F [Zhitnik et al., 2006, 2014] (Thomson scattering) PINGUIN-M/CORONAS-PHOTON [Kotov et al., 2011]) (Compton scattering) PING-P is a Compton scattering polarimeter part of the PING-M experiment for studying solar X-ray activity on board the Interhelioprobe mission planned to launch after 2025 Figure: PING-M polarimeter (PING-P) in comparison with other polarimeters: PINGUIN-M, SPR-N (Zhitnik et al., 2006) and RHESSI (McConnell et al., 2002).
32 Scattering Polarimetry PING-P 3 organic scintillators as scatterers in coincidence with 6 CsI(Ti) absorber Effective area about 2.5 cm 2, Energy range: kev Minimal measurable polarization degree for a X class solar flare is about 1% Kotov et al. 2016, Adv. Sp. Res.
33 Scattering Polarimetry CdTe/CZT Currently under exploration new different configuration based on CdTe/CZT detectors for high-energy polarimetry. They includes 2D and 3D CZT/CdTe spectroscopic imagers with coincidence readout logic to handle scattering events and to perform simultaneously polarisation, spectroscopy, imaging, and timing measurements Particularly interesting is the study for the development of Laue lenses that would allow a wide band high energy band-pass Miguel Moita talk
34 Conclusions Missions and detectors X-ray polarimetry is starting to be a crowded field from the point of view of theoretical studies and new instrument ideas, actual designs and real detectors From the early observations in the 70 a new series of pathfinder experiments balloon-born or on board small satellites has been launched and is still planned for the near future A critical mass in the scientific community starts to be relevant indeed Europe, USA, Japan, China, India are involved in many different projects IXPE represents the first step towards larger projects
X-ray polarimetry and new prospects in high-energy astrophysics
X-ray polarimetry and new prospects in high-energy astrophysics Carmelo Sgrò INFN Pisa carmelo.sgro@pi.infn.it Frascati, March 31, 2016 A new exploration window: X-Ray polarimetry Spectroscopy, imaging
More informationPoGOLite, PoGO+, SPHiNX High-Energy Polarimetry Missions between Japan and Sweden
PoGOLite, PoGO+, SPHiNX High-Energy Polarimetry Missions between Japan and Sweden Hiromitsu Takahashi (Hiroshima University) hirotaka@astro.hiroshima-u.ac.jp PoGOLite balloon 10m (2013) PoGO+ balloon 10m
More informationStudying microquasars with X-ray polarimetry
Studying microquasars with X-ray polarimetry extp Andrea Marinucci IXPE Congresso Nazionale Oggetti Compatti X Padova 14 September 2017 Outline - Introduction - Polarimetry and microquasars: Coronal geometry
More informationStudying microquasars with X-ray polarimetry
Studying microquasars with X-ray polarimetry XIPE extp IXPE Andrea Marinucci From quiescence to ouburst: when microquasars go wild! Ile de Porquerolles 25 September 2017 Outline - Introduction - Polarimetry
More informationHigh Energy Polarimetry Missons in Japan; PoGOLite, SPHiNX, PolariS
High Energy Polarimetry Missons in Japan; PoGOLite, SPHiNX, PolariS Hiromitsu Takahashi (Hiroshima University) hirotaka@hep01.hepl.hiroshima-u.ac.jp PoGOLite balloon 10m (2013~) SPHiNX satellite 0.5m (Plan:
More informationNon-thermal emission from pulsars experimental status and prospects
Non-thermal emission from pulsars experimental status and prospects # γ!"# $%&'() TeV γ-ray astrophysics with VERITAS ( $γ" *$%&'() The charged cosmic radiation - how it all began... Discovery: Victor
More informationFuture prospects for solar flare (but not only) X-ray polarimetric missions
Future prospects for solar flare (but not only) X-ray polarimetric missions Sergio Fabiani INFN Trieste On the behalf of the High Energy Astrophysics and Related Technology Group at the INAF IAPS (Rome)
More informationGRB Polarimetry with POLAR. Merlin Kole
GRB Polarimetry with POLAR Merlin Kole Alsatian X-ray Workshop, November 13th, 2017 POLAR on the TG-2 2011: TG-1 Space Lab launched TG-2 Chinese Space Lab launched in September 2016 POLAR launched with
More informationStudying microquasars with X-ray polarimetry. Giorgio Matt (Università Roma Tre, Italy)
Studying microquasars with X-ray polarimetry Giorgio Matt (Università Roma Tre, Italy) Accreting black hole systems Fender &Belloni 12 Done et al. 07 Accreting black hole systems The role of the jet The
More informationA NEW GENERATION OF GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPE
A NEW GENERATION OF GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPE Aleksandar GOSTOJIĆ CSNSM, Orsay, France 11 th Russbach School on Nuclear Astrophysics, March 2014. Introduction: Gamma-ray instruments GROUND BASED: ENERGY HIGHER
More informationA (Broad-band) Soft X-ray Polarimeter
A (Broad-band) Soft X-ray Polarimeter Herman L. Marshall Moritz Guenther, Ralf K. Heilmann, Norbert S. Schulz, Sarah N. T. Heine, Mark D. Egan, Mark Schattenburg, Deepto Chakrabarty, Adam Trebach (MIT),
More informationFirst Results of POLAR: A dedicated Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter
First Results of POLAR: A dedicated Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter DPNC, University of Geneva E-mail: merlin.kole@unige.ch This year marks the 50th anniversary of the first detection of a Gamma-Ray Burst.
More informationDevelopment of a Dedicated Hard X-Ray Polarimeter Mark L. McConnell, James R. Ledoux, John R. Macri, and James M. Ryan
Development of a Dedicated Hard X-Ray Polarimeter Mark L. McConnell, James R. Ledoux, John R. Macri, and James M. Ryan Space Science Center University of New Hampshire Durham, NH AAS-HEAD Mt. Tremblant,
More informationPolarimeter for Small Satellite Design, Feasibility Study, and Ground Experiments + Balloon Experiment
Hard X-ray X Polarimeter for Small Satellite Design, Feasibility Study, and Ground Experiments + Balloon Experiment K. Hayashida (Osaka University), T. Mihara (RIKEN), S. Gunji,, F. Tokanai(Yamagata University)
More informationX- & γ-ray Instrumentation
X- & γ-ray Instrumentation Used nuclear physics detectors Proportional Counters Scintillators The Dark Ages Simple collimators HEAO A1 & A2: 2 x 8 degree field of view Confusion limit is about 200 sources
More informationLarge-Area Balloon-Borne Polarized Gamma Ray Observer (PoGO)
Large-Area Balloon-Borne Polarized Gamma Ray Observer (PoGO) Tune Kamae and John Mitchell for the PoGO collaboration (SLAC-Goddard-Princeton-Japan-Sweden-France) 1. Introduction 2. Compton Scattering 3.
More informationCalibration of the IXPE Instrument
Calibration of the IXPE Instrument Fabio Muleri (INAF-IAPS) On behalf of the IXPE Italian Team 13th IACHEC Meeting 2018 Avigliano Umbro (Italy), 9-12 April 2018 IXPE MISSION IXPE will (re-)open the polarimetric
More information1 Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter GAP aboard
1 Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter GAP aboard the Solar Powered Sail Mission Daisuke Yonetoku, Toshio Murakami, Hirofumi Fujimoto, Tomonori Sakashita (Kanazawa University) Shuichi Gunji, Noriyuki Toukairin
More informationX-Ray Polarimetry. From the early days to an outlook for the future. Martin C. Weisskopf (NASA/MSFC)
X-Ray Polarimetry From the early days to an outlook for the future Martin C. Weisskopf (NASA/MSFC) Monday August 25, 2014 Outline A look to the past & tribute to Bob Novick The present --- electron tracking
More informationE. Caroli(1), R. M. Curado da Silva(2), J.B. Stephen(1), F. Frontera(1,3), A. Pisa (3), S. Del Sordo (4)
E. Caroli(1), R. M. Curado da Silva(2), J.B. Stephen(1), F. Frontera(1,3), A. Pisa (3), S. Del Sordo (4) 1. INAF/IASF-Bologna, Italia 2. Departamento de Fisica, Univerisidade de Combra, Portugal 3. Dipartimento
More informationPOLAR: an Instrument to measure Gamma Ray Bursts Polarisation
: an Instrument to measure Gamma Ray Bursts Polarisation COST 9 May 2012 Neal Gauvin (Neal.Gauvin@unige.ch) On behalf of the collaboration Members : NCBJ Świerk, Poland IHEP, Beijing China PSI, Villigen,
More informationThe PoGOLite balloon-borne soft gamma-ray polarimeter
The PoGOLite balloon-borne soft gamma-ray polarimeter M. Kiss, S. Larsson, M. Arimoto, M. Axelsson, C. Marini Bettolo, G. Bogaert, H.-G. Florén, Y. Fukazawa, S. Gunji, L. Hjalmarsdotter, T. Kamae, Y. Kanai,
More informationHard X-ray Polarimeter for Small Satellite: Design, Feasibility Study, and Ground Experiments
Hard X-ray Polarimeter for Small Satellite: Design, Feasibility Study, and Ground Experiments Kiyoshi Hayashida a*, Tatehiro Mihara b, Syuichi Gunji c and Fuyuki Tokanai c a Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,
More informationTwo Space High Energy Astrophysics Missions of China: POLAR & HXMT
Two Space High Energy Astrophysics Missions of China: POLAR & HXMT Shuang-Nan Zhang ( 张双南 ) Institute of High Energy Physics National Astronomical Observatories of China Chinese Academy of Sciences 1/22
More informationLarge-Area Balloon-Borne Polarized Gamma Ray Observer (PoGO)
Large-Area Balloon-Borne Polarized Gamma Ray Observer (PoGO) DOE Review (June 3, 2004) Tune Kamae for the PoGO collaboration (SLAC-Goddard-Princeton-Japan-Sweden-France) 1. Introduction 2. of PoGO 3. Beam
More informationPoS(Extremesky 2011)067
telescopes, INAF/IASF-Bologna Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy E-mail: caroli@iasfbo.inaf.it Rui M. Curado da Silva LIP, Universidade de Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: ruisilva@saturno.fis.uc.pt
More informationDevelopment of a Hard X-Ray Polarimeter for Solar Flares and Gamma-Ray Bursts
Development of a Hard X-Ray Polarimeter for Solar Flares and Gamma-Ray Bursts M.L. McConnell, D.J. Forrest, J. Macri, M. McClish, M. Osgood, J.M. Ryan, W.T. Vestrand and C. Zanes Space Science Center University
More informationDevelopment of a 3D-Imaging Calorimeter in LaBr 3 for Gamma-Ray Space Astronomy
Development of a 3D-Imaging Calorimeter in LaBr 3 for Gamma-Ray Space Astronomy Aleksandar GOSTOJIĆ CSNSM, Orsay, France 7 th New Developmeants In Photodetection, Tours, France, 2014 Introduction: Gamma-ray
More informationThe GAS Pixel Detector Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
The GAS Pixel Detector Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Enrico Costa IAPS Roma/ ASI Roma On behalf of the GPD Collaboration When all this started? Scientists devoting a sigificant amount of their time to
More informationdetector development Matthias Beilicke X ray Science Analysis Group meeting (12 April 2013, Monterey, CA) Collaborators: GSFC, BNL
X-ray X-ray detector detector development development at at Washington Washington University University in in St.Louis St.Louis Matthias Beilicke Washington University in St.Louis, Physics Department &
More informationStatus and Future Prospects for Υ-Ray Polarimetry
Status and Future Prospects for Υ-Ray Polarimetry Mark McConnell Space Science Center University of New Hampshire Durham, NH X-Ray Polarimetry Workshop SLAC / Stanford 9-11 February 2004 Overview Recent
More informationMotivation Electron-Tracking Compton Telescope 1 st Flight of SMILE Preparation for next step summary
A. Takada (ISAS/JAXA), T. Tanimori, H. Kubo, K. Miuchi, S. Kabuki, H. Nishimura, K. Hattori, K. Ueno, S. Kurosawa, C. Ida, S. Iwaki, M. Takahashi (Kyoto Univ.) Motivation Electron-Tracking Compton Telescope
More informationSoft X-ray polarimeter-spectrometer SOLPEX
Solar and Stellar Flares and their Effects on Planets Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 320, 2015 International Astronomical Union 2016 A.G. Kosovichev, S.L. Hawley & P. Heinzel, eds. doi:10.1017/s1743921316002106
More informationGRAPE A Balloon-Borne Gamma-Ray Polarimeter
GRAPE A Balloon-Borne Gamma-Ray Polarimeter (5-3 kev) Mark L. McConnell, James R. Ledoux, John R. Macri, Matt Orr, and James M. Ryan Space Science Center University of New Hampshire Durham, NH X-Ray Polarimetry
More informationA. Takada (Kyoto Univ.)
A. Takada (Kyoto Univ.) Nucleosynthesis SNR : Radio-isotopes Galactic plane : 26 Al Annihilation Particle acceleration Jet (AGN) : Synchrotron + Inverse Compton Strong gravitational potential Black hole
More informationMarshall Space Flight Center XPE
XPE P.I. Martin Weisskopf / MSFC Co.Is. NASA/MSFC Penn State University University of Costa Rica Collaborators SAO Columbia University Stanford University Max Planck Institute University College London
More informationMotivation Electron-Tracking Compton Telescope 1 st Flight of SMILE Preparation for next step summary
A. Takada (ISAS/JAXA), T. Tanimori, H. Kubo, K. Miuchi, S. Kabuki, Y. Kishimoto, J. Parker, H. Nishimura, K. Hattori, K. Ueno, S. Kurosawa, S. Iwaki, C. Ida, M. Takahashi, T. Sawano, K. Taniue, K. Nakamura,
More informationGamma Ray Burst Polarimeter POLAR
Gamma Ray Burst Polarimeter POLAR Hualin Xiao, Wojtek Hajdas, R. Marcinkowski, R. Kramert, Ken Egli, P. Socha, P. Zhang Paul Scherrer Institute On behalf of POLAR collobration PSI, Switzerland NCBJ, Poland
More informationOn ground and in-flight calibration. Fabio Muleri INAF-IAPS
On ground and in-flight calibration Fabio Muleri INAF-IAPS fabio.muleri@iaps.inaf.it INFN-Torino, 4 May 2015 Requirements of calibration 2 From XIPE Science Requirement Document On-ground calibrations
More information1. Motivation & Detector concept 2. Performance 3. Confirmation experiments 4. Summary
A. Takada, T. Tanimori, H. Kubo, J. D. Parker, T. Mizumoto, Y. Mizumura, T. Sawano, K. Nakamura, Y. Matsuoka, S. Komura, S. Nakamura, T. Kishimoto, M. Oda, T. Takemura, S. Miyamoto, K. Miuchi, S. Kurosawa
More informationSmall Satellite Platform Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) Mission Concept and Implementation
Small Satellite Platform Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) Mission Concept and Implementation 31 st Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA August 6-10,
More informationUsing Multilayer Optics to Measure X-ray Polarization. Herman L. Marshall (MIT CSR) and E. Silver, H. Schnopper, S. Murray (SAO), M.
Using Multilayer Optics to Measure X-ray Polarization Herman L. Marshall (MIT CSR) and E. Silver, H. Schnopper, S. Murray (SAO), M. Weisskopf (MSFC) Background: an Attempt to Measure EUV Polarization -
More informationConstraining the layout of circumnuclear clouds with respect to the SMBH in the GC: outlook of X-ray polarimetry
Constraining the layout of circumnuclear clouds with respect to the SMBH in the GC: outlook of X-ray polarimetry Frédéric Marin Vladimir Karas, Devaky Kunneriath, Fabio Muleri and Paolo Soffitta X-ray
More informationPOLAR: an Instrument to measure Gamma Ray Bursts Polarisation
: an Instrument to measure Gamma Ray Bursts Polarisation EPFL 11 June 2012 Neal Gauvin (Neal.Gauvin@unige.ch) On behalf of the collaboration Members : NCBJ Świerk, Poland IHEP, Beijing China PSI, Villigen,
More informationX-Ray Imaging Light Polarimetry Explorer
X-Ray Imaging Light Polarimetry Explorer E.Costa 1, P.Soffitta 1, R.Bellazzini 2, G.Tagliaferri 3, G.Pareschi 3, 1) IAPS-INAF, Rome, 2) INFN-Pisa, 3) OAB-INAF Milan H.Feng 4, Z.Wang 5, 4) Tsinghua University
More informationThe Large Area Telescope on-board of the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Mission
The Large Area Telescope on-board of the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Mission 1 Outline Mainly from 2009 ApJ 697 1071 The Pair Conversion Telescope The Large Area Telescope Charged Background and Events
More informationGamma-Ray Polarimetry in the Pair Production Regime
Gamma-Ray Polarimetry in the Pair Production Regime Peter F. Bloser (NASA/GSFC) S. D. Hunter (NASA/GSFC) G. O. Depaola (National University of Córdoba) F. Longo (INFN) Gamma-Ray Polarimetry Polarimetry
More informationComputational Challenges from Imaging X-ray Polarimetry. Herman L. Marshall (MIT) and the IXPE Team
Computational Challenges from Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Herman L. Marshall (MIT) and the IXPE Team Outline Introduction to Polarimetry IXPE: the Imaging X-ray Polarization Explorer Computational Challenges
More informationPolarisation measurements with a CdTe pixel array detector for Laue hard X-ray focusing telescopes
Polarisation measurements with a CdTe pixel array detector for Laue hard X-ray focusing telescopes Ezio Caroli 1,*, Rui M. Curado da Silva, Alessandro Pisa 3, John B. Stephen 1, Filippo Frontera 3,1, Matilde
More informationSpotting the misaligned outflows in NGC 1068 using X ray polarimetry
Spotting the misaligned outflows in NGC 1068 using X ray polarimetry René W. Goosmann Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, France in collaboration with Giorgio Matt, Frédéric Marin, and Martin Gaskell
More informationScience of Compact X-Ray and Gamma-ray Objects: MAXI and GLAST
Science of Compact X-Ray and Gamma-ray Objects: MAXI and GLAST D. J. Thompson, 1 on behalf of the GLAST LAT Collaboration 1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA E-mail(DJT): David.J.Thompson@nasa.gov
More informationProspects in space-based Gamma-Ray Astronomy
Prospects in space-based Gamma-Ray Astronomy On behalf of the European Gamma-Ray community Jürgen Knödlseder Centre d Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, Toulouse, France Gamma-Ray Astronomy in Europe Europe
More informationBalloon-Borne Gamma-Ray Polarimeter (PoGO) to study Black Holes, Pulsars, and AGN. Jets: Design and Calibration. Zachary Apte
SLAC-TN-05-058 Balloon-Borne Gamma-Ray Polarimeter (PoGO) to study Black Holes, Pulsars, and AGN Jets: Design and Calibration Zachary Apte Office of Science, SULI Program Hampshire College Stanford Linear
More informationX- ray Polarimetry Satellite GEMS and beyond
ithes Mini-workshop on "Strong-Field Physics X- ray Polarimetry Satellite GEMS and beyond RIKEN Nishina Center Toru Tamagawa Strong- field Physics(May. 29, 2014) 2 Introduc8on X-ray polarimetry is the
More informationProblem Solving. radians. 180 radians Stars & Elementary Astrophysics: Introduction Press F1 for Help 41. f s. picture. equation.
Problem Solving picture θ f = 10 m s =1 cm equation rearrange numbers with units θ factors to change units s θ = = f sinθ fθ = s / cm 10 m f 1 m 100 cm check dimensions 1 3 π 180 radians = 10 60 arcmin
More informationPresentation by Indian Delegation. to 49 th STSC UNCOPUOS. February 2012 Vienna
Presentation by Indian Delegation to 49 th STSC UNCOPUOS February 2012 Vienna ASTROSAT Astrosat is India s first dedicated multiwavelength astronomy satellite with a capability to observe target sources
More informationThe Path From COSI to COSI-X
The Path From COSI to COSI-X Andreas Zoglauer, UC Berkeley for the COSI / COSI-X collaboration Instruments & Campaigns COSI Balloon-borne Compton telescope Energy range: 0.2 5.0 MeV 12 high-purity Ge double-sided
More information1. Motivation & Detector concept 2. Performance 3. Applications 4. Summary
A. Takada, T. Tanimori, H. Kubo, K. Miuchi, J. D. Parker, T. Mizumoto, Y. Mizumura, T. Sawano, Y. Matsuoka, S. Komura, S. Nakamura, M. Oda, S. Iwaki, K. Nakamura, S. Sonoda, D. Tomono (Kyoto Univ.) 1.
More informationDetector R&D at KIPAC
Detector R&D at KIPAC Hiro Tajima Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology 1 Detector R&D Overview Si detector ASIC Integration GLAST GeV Gamma-ray Observatory ASIC DAQ Next generation X-ray
More information1. Motivation & Detector concept 2. Performance 3. Confirmation experiments 4. Summary
A. Takada, T. Tanimori, H. Kubo, J. D. Parker, T. Mizumoto, Y. Mizumura, T. Sawano, K. Nakamura, Y. Matsuoka, S. Komura, S. Nakamura, M.Oda, K. Miuchi, S. Kurosawa 1. Motivation & Detector concept 2. Performance
More informationRecent Development Status of PoGOLite
386 Recent Development Status of PoGOLite K. Kurita 1, Y. Kanai 1, M. Ueno 1, J. Kataoka 1, N. Kawai 1, Y. Umeki 2, H. Yoshida 2, T. Tanaka 2, H. Takahashi 2, T. Mizuno 2, Y. Fukazawa 2, H. Tajima 3, T.
More informationVERITAS Design. Vladimir Vassiliev Whipple Observatory Harvard-Smithsonian CfA
VERITAS Design Vladimir Vassiliev Whipple Observatory Harvard-Smithsonian CfA VERITAS design goals VERITAS is a ground-based observatory for gamma-ray astronomy VERITAS design is derived from scientific
More informationPossible stereoscopic Hard X-ray observations with STIX and SORENTO instruments
Possible stereoscopic Hard X-ray observations with STIX and SORENTO instruments Tomasz Mrozek 1,2 1 Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Solar Physics Division 2 Astronomical Institute, University
More informationGeant4 in JAXA. Masanobu Ozaki (JAXA/ISAS)
Geant4 in JAXA Masanobu Ozaki (JAXA/ISAS) Japanese Space Science Missions In Japan, most of fundamental researches relating to the on-orbit radiation environment are carried out for non-commercial (i.e.,
More informationSpace Application of Geant4 for the Japanese X-ray X Gamma-ray Mission
Space Application of Geant4 for the Japanese X-ray X and Gamma-ray Mission Yukikatsu Terada (RIKEN, Japan), Shin Watanabe, Masanobu Ozaki, Tadayuki Takahashi (ISAS/JAXA), and Motohide Kokubun (Univ. of
More informationLecture 20 High-Energy Astronomy. HEA intro X-ray astrophysics a very brief run through. Swift & GRBs 6.4 kev Fe line and the Kerr metric
Lecture 20 High-Energy Astronomy HEA intro X-ray astrophysics a very brief run through. Swift & GRBs 6.4 kev Fe line and the Kerr metric Tut 5 remarks Generally much better. However: Beam area. T inst
More informationBeam Test of a Prototype Detector Array for the PoGO Astronomical Hard X-Ray/Soft Gamma-Ray Polarimeter
Beam Test of a Prototype Detector Array for the PoGO Astronomical Hard X-Ray/Soft Gamma-Ray Polarimeter SLAC-PUB-10855 T. Mizuno, T. Kamae, J. S. T. Ng and H. Tajima Stanford Linear Accelerator Center,
More informationStudy of the HARPO TPC for a high angular resolution g-ray polarimeter in the MeV-GeV energy range. David Attié (CEA/Irfu)
Study of the HARPO TPC for a high angular resolution g-ray polarimeter in the MeV-GeV energy range David Attié (CEA/Irfu) Outline Motivation of an MeV-GeV polarimeter Scientific case and expected performance
More informationImaging Polarimeter for a Sub-MeV Gamma-Ray All-sky Survey Using an Electron-tracking Compton Camera
Imaging Polarimeter for a Sub-MeV Gamma-Ray All-sky Survey Using an Electron-tracking Compton Camera Shotaro Komura Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho,
More informationStellar Binary Systems and CTA. Guillaume Dubus Laboratoire d Astrophysique de Grenoble
Stellar Binary Systems and CTA Guillaume Dubus Laboratoire d Astrophysique de Grenoble Barcelona Cherenkov Telescope Array Meeting, 24-25 January 2008 X-ray binaries picture by H. Spruit relativistic outflow
More informationPlans for the first balloon flight of the gamma-ray polarimeter experiment (GRAPE)
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Space Science Center Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space (EOS) 7-29-21 Plans for the first balloon flight of
More informationlinear polarization: the electric field is oriented in a single direction circular polarization: the electric field vector rotates
Chapter 8 Polarimetry 8.1 Description of polarized radiation The polarization of electromagnetic radiation is described by the orientation of the wave s electric field vector. There are two different cases
More informationGamma Ray Physics in the Fermi era. F.Longo University of Trieste and INFN
Gamma Ray Physics in the Fermi era F.Longo University of Trieste and INFN Vulcano, May 22, 2018 F.Longo et al. -- 1 Gamma-ray astrophysics above 100 MeV AGILE Fermi 2 Picture of the day, Feb. 28, 2011,
More informationINTEGRAL observations of -ray polarized sources
INTEGRAL observations of -ray polarized sources Philippe Laurent, Christian Gouiffès, Diego Götz, J. Rodriguez Service d Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, France Andy Shearer, Eoin O Connor, Paul Moran Centre
More informationBaseline for extp Preliminary Design
Baseline for extp Preliminary Design extp Mission Design Coordination Meeting IHEP, Beijing, 21-23 March 2017 Overall configuration Instrumental performance requirements Mission performance requirements
More informationRHESSI Solar Flare Polarimetry
RHESSI Solar Flare Polarimetry David M. Smith 1, Mark L. McConnell 2, A. Gordon Emslie 3, Gordon J. Hurford 1, Robert P. Lin 1, James M. Ryan 2, Steve Boggs 1 and Wayne Coburn 1 1 Space Sciences Laboratory,
More informationRELATIVISTIC SPECTROSCOPY OF BLACK HOLES
RELATIVISTIC SPECTROSCOPY OF BLACK HOLES Michael Parker ESAC science seminar 24/5/18 BLACK HOLES 101 For an object to just escape a massive body, it needs the sum: Kinetic energy + gravitational binding
More informationFermi: Highlights of GeV Gamma-ray Astronomy
Fermi: Highlights of GeV Gamma-ray Astronomy Dave Thompson NASA GSFC On behalf of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Large Area Telescope Collaboration Neutrino Oscillation Workshop Otranto, Lecce, Italy
More informationTransforming our understanding of the X-ray Universe: the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)
Transforming our understanding of the X-ray Universe: the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) Frédéric Marin October 16th, 2018, Lagrange, Nice INTRODUCTION Quizz: Who can tell me the name of a past/current
More informationfor the HARPO Collaboration: *
Polarimetry and high-angular-resolution gamma-ray observations in the MeV regime using a novel detector concept for the HARPO Collaboration: * * Author list from recent publication: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06483
More informationHigh angular resolution X-ray astronomy in the next 50 years
Mem. S.A.It. Vol. 84, 811 c SAIt 2013 Memorie della High angular resolution X-ray astronomy in the next 50 years Back to the future P. Gorenstein Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden
More informationPrecise Low-Energy Electron Tracking Using a Gaseous Time Projection Chamber for the Balloon-Borne Gamma Ray Compton Telescope
Precise Low-Energy Electron Tracking Using a Gaseous Time Projection Chamber for the Balloon-Borne Gamma Ray Compton Telescope T. Mizumoto, T. Tanimori, H. Kubo, A. Takada, J. D. Parker, S. Sonoda, Y.
More informationDevelopment of a new MeV gamma-ray camera
Development of a new MeV gamma-ray camera ICEPP Symposium February 16, 2004 Hakuba, Nagano, Japan Kyoto University Atsushi Takeda H. Kubo, K. Miuchi, T. Nagayoshi, Y. Okada, R. Orito, A. Takada, T. Tanimori,
More informationMultilayer coating facility for the HEFT hard X-ray telescope
Multilayer coating facility for the HEFT hard X-ray telescope Carsten P. Jensen a, Finn E. Christensen a, Hubert Chen b, Erik B. W.Smitt a, Eric Ziegler c a Danish Space Research Institute (Denmark); b
More informationBALLOON-BORNE GAMMA-RAY POLARIMETRY
BALLOON-BORNE GAMMA-RAY POLARIMETRY Mark Pearce, for the PoGOLite Collaboration KTH, Department of Physics and The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm,
More informationSemi conductor detectors for soft gamma-ray astrophysics
Semi conductor detectors for soft gamma-ray astrophysics François Lebrun APC (UMR 7164), CEA-Saclay ISGRI PI IWORID 2005 Grenoble High-energy astronomy specific telescopes X-rays and gamma rays radio,
More informationThe Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Tova Yoast-Hull May 2011 The primary instrument on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is the Large Area Telescope (LAT) which detects gamma-rays in the energy
More informationThe Extragalactic Gamma-Ray View of AGILE and Fermi
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte 22 February 2012 The Extragalactic Gamma-Ray View of AGILE and Fermi Elena Pian INAF, Trieste Astronomical Observatory & Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa UNIFIED
More informationH. Hofer, C. Lechanoine-Leluc, S. Orsi, M. Pohl, D. Rapin, E.Suarez-Garcia
: a space borne GRB polarimeter G. Lamanna, N. Fouque, R. Hermel, J.P. Vialle LAPP, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-le-Vieux, France E-mail: giovanni.lamanna@lapp.in2p3.fr H. Hofer, C. Lechanoine-Leluc,
More informationThe Compton Spectrometer and Imager A balloon- borne gamma- ray spectrometer, polarimeter, and imager
The Compton Spectrometer and Imager A balloon- borne gamma- ray spectrometer, polarimeter, and imager John Tomsick UC Berkeley/Space Sciences Lab for the COSI collaboration The COSI Collaboration: S.E.
More informationDistribution of X-ray binary stars in the Galaxy (RXTE) High-Energy Astrophysics Lecture 8: Accretion and jets in binary stars
High-Energy Astrophysics Lecture 8: Accretion and jets in binary stars Distribution of X-ray binary stars in the Galaxy (RXTE) Robert Laing Primary Compact accreting binary systems Compact star WD NS BH
More informationFuture Gamma-Ray Observations of Pulsars and their Environments
Future Gamma-Ray Observations of Pulsars and their Environments David J. Thompson NASA Goddard Space Flight Center GLAST Large Area Telescope Collaboration djt@egret.gsfc.nasa.gov D. Thompson 363 rd Heraeus
More informationRotating Modulation Collimator Imagers
Rotating Modulation Collimator Imagers D. M. Smith a G. J. Hurford b S. E. Boggs c a Physics Department and Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
More informationFuture X-rayX Spectroscopy Missions. Jan-Willem den Herder
Future X-rayX Spectroscopy Missions Jan-Willem den Herder contents Plasma diagnostics in the 0.1 to 10 kev band with resolution > 100 X-ray spectrometers: instrumental promises Future missions (a dream)
More informationDetectors for 20 kev 10 MeV
Gamma-Ray Bursts Detectors for 20 kev to 10 MeV Discovery The early years BATSE Fast versus slow bursts Uniformity and log N log S relation BeppoSAX and discovery of afterglows Redshift measurements Connection
More informationX-ray Observations of Jet Sources Using Astrosat. A R Rao Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India
X-ray Observations of Jet Sources Using Astrosat A R Rao Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India 1 Plan Astrosat a brief overview Polarimetry? Key science topics Micro-quasars: - Wide band X-ray
More informationA focusing telescope for gamma-ray astronomy
A focusing telescope for gamma-ray astronomy Peter von Ballmoos 1 Abstract With the development of the Laue Lens, gamma-ray astronomy is presently realizing the step that virtually all branches of astronomy
More informationSolar Energetic Emission and Particles Explorer (SEEPE)
Solar Energetic Emission and Particles Explorer (SEEPE) Siming Liu Purple Mountain Observatory Paolo Soffitta, IAPS/INAF Ronaldo Bellazzini, INFN-Pisa Robert Wimmer-Schweingruber, CAU Kiel Scientific Motivation
More informationExtended X- ray emission from PSR B /LS 2883 and other gamma- ray binaries
Extended X- ray emission from PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 and other gamma- ray binaries George Pavlov (Pennsylvania State University) Oleg Kargaltsev (George Washington University) Martin Durant (University of
More informationChandra was launched aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999!!!
Chandra was launched aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999!!! Crew Lost During Re-Entry Modern X-ray Telescopes and Detectors X-ray Telescopes X-ray Instruments Some early highlights Observations
More information