Impact of Space Radiation in the Earth s Atmosphere
|
|
- Jemima Lynch
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 16 (5): , 2016 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2016 DOI: /idosi.aejaes Impact of Space Radiation in the Earth s Atmosphere A.E. Umahi Department of Industrial physics (Astrophysics unit), Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria Abstract: A review of the impact of space radiation in the Earth s atmospheric is presented in this work. The data for GCRs and GSRs were collected per day from observatories and placed in Microsoft excel spread sheet for statistical study. In the excel graph sheet, the data were treated with a threshold value. The results of the characterization of the major two events (i.e. GCRs and GSRs) against time (measured in hours) showed significant variations. The anti-correlation coefficient, r between GCRs and GSRs, ranging from to , also shows that the events originates from different sources. The low level of r in this result indicates that other solar activities such as sunspot, coronal mass ejection, solar wind and directly enters the Earth s atmosphere. Key words: Solar Flare Ionization and Solar Activity INTRODUCTION atmosphere is absorbed. The most dangerous emissions from these radiations are protons, x- Rays and ultraviolent The impact of space radiation on astronauts, human radiations (UV). In the light of these, they continuous DNA and cells cannot be over emphasized. The research study of the Earth s mechanism and ionization remains will help in understanding the risk of space radiation as unlimited for astronomers, astrophysics and space well as to develop the methods or advice to migrate this scientist globally [1]. risk on space exploration. The major sources of space However, some authors stated that space radiation radiation are particles trapped in the earth s magnetic penetrates the atmosphere and ionization occurs at below field, sporadic particles release into space during solar ~60km [2, 3]. They also produce nuclear-electromagnetic flares, which are high energy protons within our solar cascade [4]. The effects of space radiation in the Earth s system and galactic cosmic rays, which are high energy atmosphere are globally discussed [5, 6]. The combination proton and heavy ions originating outside our solar of high galactic cosmic rays and solar rays (such as solar system. Space radiation is different from radiations flare) are used in this work. This paper will focus on the experience at earth surface such as x-rays or gamma rays. statistical review of space radiation in the Earth s This radiation comprises of atoms in which electrons have atmosphere as it mainly influences ionization and produce being stripped away as the atom accelerated in interstellar nuclear-electromagnetic cascade. space to speed reaching the speed of light. Eventually, The investigation of impact of cosmic rays and only the nucleus of the atom remains. The contribution solar energetic particles on the Earth s environment of these radiations is to generate ionizing radiation. were reported important, not only for the This ionizing radiation has so much energy that it can ionospheric process but also for the scientific, eject electrons out of any atom it strikes, which means technological and even biological system [7]. The ions ionizing the atom. This effect can destroy the atom in accelerated to several MeV are very important for human cells leading to further human problem such as the radiation hazard effect during solar radiation storm cataracts, cancer and damaging the central navels system. with electronic elements failure on satellite, spacecraft and Space radiations also have very different effect on human airplanes, long distance communication and biological DNA. This is mainly due to the increase in ionization that consequences [8]. The energy deposition in materials takes place in the earth s atmosphere. The energy that causes permanent damage in silicon semiconductor ionizing radiation loses as it travels through the devices [9]. Corresponding Author: A.E. Umahi, Department of Industrial physics (Astrophysics unit), Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. 868
2 Galactic Cosmic Rays: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) are was on September 1, Two scientists, Richard C. high energetic charged particles originated from galaxies Carrington and Richard Hodgson, were independently outside our solar system and interplanetary space [10]. observing sunspot when they viewed a large flare in white The GCRs that enters the Earth s atmosphere are light. The compositions of solar flare are protons, electron classified as primary cosmic rays [11]. The major and heavy nuclei. When they penetrate the Earth s dominated composition of these primary cosmic rays is atmosphere, they can cause ionization and expand the proton (~ 10%) while the minor composition are electrons Earth s upper atmosphere. Solar flares occur at solar (~1%). The scientific communities are interested in the minimum and at solar maximum every day. The number of effects of ionization and nuclear-electromagnetic cascade solar flare in the Earth s atmosphere increases with due to space radiation on the Earth s atmosphere. decreasing intensity to the limit of the sensitivity of Balloons [12-14], Rockets [15] and Spacecraft s [16], the instrument that has been used to detect them. are initially used in observing the ionization rates and The statistics of flares that were detected from level in the Earth s atmosphere at different latitude. with the Hard x- rays Burst Spectrometer on the Solar Currently numerous ground base observatory Maximum Mission show that flares occurred at an average centers/networks and teams of astrophysics have been rate of ~1 per day at solar minimum. At solar maximum, the empowered to observe and measure the atmospheric average rate was as high as 20 per day (average over a 6 mechanism and ionization process [17]. months interval). So the rate at solar maximum is roughly The ionization due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) is a factor of 10> solar minimum. It is important to realize, always present in the atmosphere and it changes with the however, that the solar rate is very irregular. They can be 11-year solar cycle due to the solar modulation. Primary long period of time at solar minimum when no detectable cosmic rays initiate a nucleonic-electromagnetic cascade flare occur. Then, a large active region can form and in the atmosphere, with the main energy losses at produce many flares in just a few days [18]. altitudes below 30 km resulting in ionization, dissociation and excitation of molecules [18]. Atmospheric Mechanism and Ionization: The basic In addition, the impact of cosmic rays on the ozone mechanism which atmospheric ion formation by galactic layer and formation of clouds in the troposphere becomes cosmic rays (GCRs) could affect Earth s climate leading to a new interested area for study. It is important to know the growth of cloud condensation nuclei [21, 22] and the precisely that the cosmic ray induced ionization (CRII) removal of charged droplets from cloud [23]. They also and its variations with the location, time, solar and GCRs initiate nuclear-electromagnetic cascades involving geomagnetic activity. They also affect the ozone creation electrons, x-rays, mesons and nucleons with energies and depletion which the chemical process in the Earth s 9 more than 10 MeV in the atmosphere, with the main stratosphere [19]. energy losses, resulting in ionization, dissociation and excitation of molecules [24]. GCRs are always present in Galactic Solar Radiation: In the same way, sporadic solar the vicinity of the Earth s atmosphere and are subjected flare particles have been reported to have a direct effect to Galactic solar rays (GSRs) modulation [25]. In contrary, on the Earth s atmosphere [20]. The intensity of the solar GSRs does not produce nuclear-electromagnetic cascades flare radiation does travel in 8 10minutes interval to the in the Earth s atmosphere as stated in the roles of GCRs. Earth s surface. They are the most sudden, rapid, intense Various methods have been applied to interpret these variation in brightness and energetic explosions in the observations and measurements of ionization and nuclearsolar system. A solar flare occurs when magnetic energy electromagnetic cascades in the Earth s atmosphere ranging from 10 ergs/s to 10 erg/s that has built up in These methods are as follows: the empirical profiles of the the solar atmosphere is suddenly released from the corona ionization effects until 100 km, the quantitative model of of the sun. The radiation is emitted virtually across the the atmospheric ionization [27-29], the analytical entire electromagnetic spectrum from radio wave (at long approximation model of the cosmic ray ionization losses wavelength end) through optical emission to x-rays and [27, 29], the Monte Carlo CORSIKA (COsmic Ray gamma-rays (at the short wavelength end). The amount of Simulations for Kascade) for modeling the energy released is the equivalent of millions of hundred atmospheric nucleonic-electromagnetic cascade, megaton hydrogen bombs exploding at the same time. ionization and electrical parameters in the planetary The first solar flare recorded in astronomical literatures atmosphere [7, 30-32]. 869
3 Fig. 1: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Galactic Solar Rays (GSRs) Variations against Time/day in the months of January, February and March. Fig. 2: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Galactic Solar Rays (GSRs) Variations against Time/day in the months of April, May and June. Fig. 3: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Galactic Solar Rays (GSRs) Variations against Time/day in the months of July, August and September. Further, convincing works of COST-724 action 4 code for the cascade evolution in the atmosphere, ( ) gave their interpretation as follows: the simulating the interactions and decays of various nuclei, numerical GCRs ionization models [33], Sofia model of hadrons, muons, electrons and photons. analytical approximation of the direct ionization [34, 35], CORSIKA Monte-Carlo package extended by FLUKA Data and Result Analysis: The data for GCRs and package to simulate the low-energy nuclear interactions GSRs were from Solar Soft Data Centre (SSDC) and [36 and 37], Oulu CRAC (Cosmic Ray Atmospheric Space Physics Interactive Data Resources (SPIDR). Cascade) model for direct ionization of GCR particles The measurements were grouped in three months interval [38, 39], Bern model (ATMOCOSMICS/ covering 12- month s events in The variations in PLANETOCOSMICS code) using the GEANT-4 Monte- each of the groups are shown in a graphical form in Carlo simulation package [40, 41], CORSIKA and GEANT- Figs. 1 to 4. In addition, a correlation analysis using excel 870
4 Fig. 4: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Galactic Solar Rays (GSRs) Variations against Time/day in the months of October, November and December. program were carried out in order to ascertain the level of 3. Tinsley, B.A. and L. Zhou, Initial results of a relationship between GCRs and GSRs. The results of the global circuit model with stratospheric and level of correlation coefficient, r, ranges from to - tropospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 111: D Dorman, L.I., Cosmic Rays in the Earth s Atmosphere and Underground, Kluwer Academic DISCUSSION Publishers, Dordrecht. 5. Tinsley, B.A. and R.A. Heelis, Correlations of The results of the statistical study of the two atmospheric dynamics with solar activity: evidence events (i.e. GCRs and GSRs) significant variations. for a connection via the solar wind, atmospheric This variations are in agreement with some authors [7, 33]. electricity and cloud microphysics, J. Geophys. Res., In the result no GCRs detection was observed in some 98: months. On the other side of the events, solar flare 6. Tonev, P.T. and P.I.Y. Velinov, Model showed high significant variations in all the months study of the influence of solar wind parameters The correlation coefficients, r between GCRs and GSRs on electric currents and fields in middle are anti-correlation, ranging from to The anti- atmosphere at high latitudes, C.R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., correlation coefficient is in agreement with other authors 64(12): [7, 33, 42]. 7. Velinov, P.I.Y., S. Asenovski, K. Kudela, In conclusions, the observatory stations exploring J. Lastovicka, L. Mateev, A. Mishev and P. Tonev, the earth s atmosphere records measurements of GCRs Impact of Cosmic Rays and Solar Energetic and GSRs on daily events. The interpretation of these Particles on the Earth s Ionosphere and Atmosphere, measurements is being investigated. The graphical J. Space Weatherspace Clim., 3(A14): analysis showed that they are presents and variations of 8. Kudela, K., M. Storini, M.Y. Hofer and A. Belvo, GCRs and GSRs in the earth s atmosphere. The anti Cosmic rays in relation to space weather, Space correlation coefficient result shows that the events Sci.Rev., 93(1-2): originate from different sources [42]. 9. Kudela, K., H. Mavromichalaki, A. Papaioannou and M. Geronti-dou, On Mid-term periodicities in REFERENCES Cosmic rays, sol. Phys., 266: Shikaze, Y., S. Haino, K. Abe, H. Fuke and T. Hams, 1. Umahi, A.E., 2016a. Effects of Cosmic Rays and Solar 2007, Measurements of GeV/n cosmic-ray Flare Variations in Earth s Atmospheric Mechanism proton and helium spectra from 1997 through 2002 and Ionization. Middle East Journal of Scientific with the BESS spectrometer, Astropart. Phys., Research (imprint). 28: Velinov, P., H. Ruder and L. Mateev, XXXX. Method 11. Seo, E.S., J.F. Ormes, R.E. Streitmatter, S.J. Stochaj for calculation of ionization profiles caused by and W.V. Jones, Measurement of cosmic-ray cosmic rays in giant planet ionospheres from jovian proton and helium spectra during the 1987 solar group, Adv. Space Res., 33: minimum, Astrophys. J., 371:
5 12. Bazilevskaya, G.A., Observations of Variability 27. O Brien, K., Cosmic Ray Propagation in the in Cosmic Rays, Space Sci. Rev., 94: Neher, H.V., Cosmic rays at high latitude and altitudes covering four solar maxima, J. Geophys. Res., 76: Lowder, W.M., P.D. Raft and H.L. Beck, Experimental determination of cosmic-ray charged particle intensity profiles in the atmosphere, in: Procs. National Symp. on Natural and Manmade Radiation in Space (Eds. E.A. Warman), Las Vegas, 1971, NASA, Burger, R.A., M.S. Potgieter and B. Heber., Rigidity dependence of cosmic ray proton latitudinal gradients measured by the Ulysses spacecraft: implications for the diffusion tensor, J. Geophys. Res., 105: Shea, M.A. and D.F. Smart, Overview of the effects of solar-terrestrial phenomena on man and his environment. Nuovo Climento 19c(6): Simpson J.A., The cosmic Ray nucleonic component; the invention and scientific uses of the neutron monitor, space sci. Rev., 93: Dorman, L.I. and T.M. Krupitsakaya, Calcalution of Expected ratio of Solar Cosmic Ray ion generation speeds on different altitudes, in Cosmic Rays Nauka, Moscow, 15: Brasseur, G. and S. Solomon, Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, Springer, Dordrecht. 20. Rosen, J.M., D.J. Hofmann and W. Gringel, Measurements of ion mobility to 30 km, J. Geophys. Res., 90(D4): Harrison, R.G. and K.S. Carlaw, Ion- aerosol- Cloud Process in the low atmosphere, Rev. Geophys. 41(3): Yu, F. and R.P. Turco, From Molecular Clusters to nanoparticles; The role of ambient ionization in tropospheric areroseol formation, J. Geophy. Res., 106: Tripathi, S.N. and R.G. Harrison, Enhancement of contact nucleation by scavenging of charged aerosol, Atoms. Res., 62: Usoskin, I., K. Alanko-Huotari, G. Kovaltsov and K. Mursula, Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays: Monthly Reconstruction for , J. Geophys. Res., 110(A12), CiteID: A Kudela, K., On energetic particles in space, Acta Phys. Slovaca, 59: Velinov, P.I.Y., An expression for ionospheric electron production rate by cosmic rays, C.R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 19(2): Atmosphere, J. Nuovo Climento A, 3(4): Dorman, L.I. and I.D. Kozin, Cosmic Radiation in the Upper Atmosphere, Fizmatgiz, Moscow. 29. Velinov, P.I.Y., Solar cosmic ray ionization in the low ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 32: Heck, D., J. Knapp, J.N. Capdevielle, G. Schatz and T. Thouw, CORSIKA: A Monte Carlo Code to Simulate Extensive Air Showers, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Report FZKA, pp: Vainio, R., L. Desorgher, D. Heynderickx, M. Storini and E. Flu ckiger, Dynamics of the Earth s particle radiation environment, Space Sci. Rev., 147: Singh, A.K., D. Singh and R.P. Singh, Impact of galactic cosmic rays on Earth s atmosphere and human health, Atmos. Environ., 45: Usoskin, I., L. Desorgher, P.I.Y. Velinov, M. Storini, E. Flueckiger, R. Buetikofer and G.A. Kovalstov, Solar and galactic cosmic rays in the Earth s atmosphere, Acta Geophys., 57(1): Velinov, P.I.Y., L. Mateev and H. Ruder, Generalized model of ionization profiles due to cosmic ray particles with charge Z in planetary ionospheres and atmospheres with 5 energy interval approximation of the ionization losses function, C.R. Acad. Bulg.Sci., 61(1): Buchvarova, M. and P.I.Y. Velinov, Modeling spectra of cosmic rays influencing on the ionospheres of earth and outer planets during solar maximum and minimum, J. Adv. Space Res., 36(11): Usoskin, I.G., G.A. Kovaltsov, I.A. Mironova, A.J. Tylka and W.F. Dietrich, Ionization effect of soalr Particle GLE events in low and Middle Atmosphere,Atmos Chem. Phy., 11: Mishev, A. and P.I.Y. Velinov, Atmosphere ionization due to cosmic ray protons estimated with CORSIKA code simulations, C.R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 60(3): Usoskin, I., L. Desorgher, P.I.Y. Velinov, M. Storini, E. Flueckiger, R. Buetikofer and G.A. Kovalstov, In Solar and Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Earth s Atmosphere. Developing the Scientific Basis for Monitoring, Modeling and Predicting Space Weather, edited by Lilensten, J., COST 724 Final Report, COST Office, Brussels,
6 39. Usoskin, I. and G. Kovaltsov, Cosmic ray 41. Desorgher, L., E. Fluckiger, M. Gurtner, M.R. Moser, induced ionization in the atmosphere: full R. and Bu tikofer Atmocosmics: a GEANT4 modeling and practical applications, J. Geophys. Res., code for computing the interaction of cosmic rays 111: D with the Earths atmosphere, Int. J. Mod. Phys., A 40. Agostinelli, S., J. Allison, K. Amako, J. Apostolakis 20(29): and H. Araujo, GEANT 4 - a simulation toolkit, 42. Umahi, A.E., 2016b. Impact of High Energy Charged Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A: Accelerators, Galactic Particle Variations in the Earth Atmosphere. Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Middle East Journal of Scientific Research (imprint). 506(3):
Computation of ionization effect due to cosmic rays in polar middle atmosphere during GLE 70 on 13 December 2006
Computation of ionization effect due to cosmic rays in polar middle atmosphere during GLE 7 on 13 December 26 ReSolve CoE University of Oulu, Finland. E-mail: alexander.mishev@oulu.fi Peter I.Y.I Velinov
More informationOn The Dynamics Of Galactic Cosmic Rays In The Atmosphere.
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-issn: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 7 Ver. II (July 2016), PP 80-84 www.iosrjournals.org On The Dynamics
More informationComputation of ion production rate induced by cosmic rays during Bastille day ground level enhancement
Computation of ion production rate induced by cosmic rays during Bastille day ground level enhancement ReSolve CoE University of Oulu, Finland. E-mail: alexander.mishev@oulu.fi Peter I.Y.I Velinov Institute
More informationIONIZATION EFFECTS IN THE MIDDLE STRATOSPHERE DUE TO COSMIC RAYS DURING STRONG GLE EVENTS
Доклади на Българската академия на науките Comptes rendus de l Académie bulgare des Sciences Tome 71, No 4, 2018 SPACE SCIENCES Cosmic ray physics IONIZATION EFFECTS IN THE MIDDLE STRATOSPHERE DUE TO COSMIC
More informationCosmic ray induced ionization model CRAC:CRII: An extension to the upper atmosphere
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2009jd013142, 2010 Cosmic ray induced ionization model CRAC:CRII: An extension to the upper atmosphere Ilya G. Usoskin,
More informationImpact of cosmic rays and solar energetic particles on the Earth s ionosphere and atmosphere
DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2013036 Ó P. Velinov et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2013 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Impact of cosmic rays and solar energetic particles on the Earth s ionosphere and atmosphere Peter
More informationUpdated model CRAC:HEPII of atmospheric ionization due to high energy protons
Updated model CRAC:HEPII of atmospheric ionization due to high energy protons Alexander Mishev Space Climate Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland. E-mail: alexander.mishev@oulu.fi Anton Artamonov
More informationThe influence of low energy hadron interaction models in CORSIKA code on atmospheric ionization due to heavy nuclei
Journal of Physics: onference Series The influence of low energy hadron interaction models in ORSIK code on atmospheric ionization due to heavy nuclei To cite this article: Mishev and P I Velinov 2013
More informationModeling the Production of Cosmogenic Radionuclides due to Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays
Modeling the Production of Cosmogenic Radionuclides due to Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays and Bernd Heber Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany E-mail: herbst@physik.uni-kiel.de, heber@physik.uni-kiel.de
More informationActa Geophysica vol. 57, no. 1, pp DOI: /s
Acta Geophysica vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 88-101 DOI: 10.2478/s11600-008-0019-9 Ionization of the Earth s Atmosphere by Solar and Galactic Cosmic Rays Ilya G. USOSKIN 1, Laurent DESORGHER 2, Peter VELINOV 3,
More informationThe Effect of Galactic Cosmic Rays on the Middle Atmosphere: a study using the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model
The Effect of Galactic Cosmic Rays on the Middle Atmosphere: a study using the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model A web of theory has been spun around the Sun's climate influence BBC News, Nov 14, 2007 Robert
More informationCosmic Rays - R. A. Mewaldt - California Institute of Technology
Cosmic Rays - R. A. Mewaldt - California Institute of Technology Cosmic rays are high energy charged particles, originating in outer space, that travel at nearly the speed of light and strike the Earth
More informationThe Effect of Cosmic Ray Flux on the Earth Atmospheric Temperature
American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 10 (6): 345-351, 2015 ISSN 1818-6785 IDOSI Publications, 2015 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejsr.2015.10.6.1160 The Effect of Cosmic Ray Flux on the Earth Atmospheric
More informationSun Earth Connection Missions
Sun Earth Connection Missions ACE Advanced Composition Explorer The Earth is constantly bombarded with a stream of accelerated particles arriving not only from the Sun, but also from interstellar and galactic
More informationEstimation of the cosmic ray ionization in the Earth's atmosphere during GLE71
Estimation of the cosmic ray ionization in the Earth's atmosphere during GLE71 Israel Cosmic Ray & Space Weather Centre and Emilio Ségre Observatory, affiliated to Tel Aviv University, Golan Research Institute,
More informationEffective dose calculation at flight altitudes with the newly computed yield function
at flight altitudes with the newly computed yield function ReSolve CoE University of Oulu, Finland. E-mail: alexander.mishev@oulu.fi Ilya Usoskin ReSolve CoE University of Oulu, Finland. Sodankylä Geophysical
More informationDETERMINATION OF THE SPECTRA AND IONIZATION OF ANOMALOUS COSMIC RAYS IN POLAR ATMOSPHERE
ý Comptes rendus de l Académie bulgare des Sciences ÌÓÑ ÆÓ ¾¼½ EXPLORATIONS COSMIQUES DETERMINATION OF THE SPECTRA AND IONIZATION OF ANOMALOUS COSMIC RAYS IN POLAR ATMOSPHERE Simeon Asenovski, Peter I.
More informationAbstract: J. Urbar [1], J. Scheirich [2], J. Jakubek [3] MEDIPIX CR tracking device flown on ESA BEXUS-7 stratospheric balloon flight
[1] Department of Space Science, LTU, Kiruna, Sweden [2] Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague [3] Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, CTU Prague, Czech Rep.
More informationCOSMIC RAYS DAY INTRODUCTION TO COSMIC RAYS WINDWARD COMMUNITY COLLEGE - SEPTEMBER 26, 2015 VERONICA BINDI - UNIVERSITY OH HAWAII
COSMIC RAYS DAY WINDWARD COMMUNITY COLLEGE - SEPTEMBER 26, 2015 VERONICA BINDI - UNIVERSITY OH HAWAII INTRODUCTION TO COSMIC RAYS MAJOR QUESTIONS: Are there forms of matter in the Universe that do not
More informationCosmic Rays. This showed that the energy of cosmic rays was many times that of any other natural or artificial radiation known at that time.
Cosmic Rays 1. Discovery As long ago as 1900, C. T. R. Wilson and others found that the charge on an electroscope always 'leaked' away in time, and this could never be prevented, no matter how good the
More informationPoS(ICRC2017)297. Modeling of the Earth atmosphere ionization by a galactic cosmic ray protons with RUSCOSMICS. Speaker. Maurchev E.A. Balabin Yu.V.
Modeling of the Earth atmosphere ionization by a galactic cosmic ray protons with RUSCOSMICS Polar Geophysical Institute 26a, Academgorodok St., Apatity 184209, Apatity E-mail: maurchev@pgia.ru Balabin
More informationWhat Voyager cosmic ray data in the outer heliosphere tells us about 10 Be production in the Earth s polar atmosphere in the recent past
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2009ja014532, 2010 What Voyager cosmic ray data in the outer heliosphere tells us about 10 Be production in the Earth
More informationCosmic Rays in the earth s atmosphere. Ilya Usoskin Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory ReSoLVE Center of Excellence, University of Oulu, Finland
1 Cosmic Rays in the earth s atmosphere Ilya Usoskin Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory ReSoLVE Center of Excellence, University of Oulu, Finland Outline 2 Atmosphere Cosmic-ray induced atmospheric cascade
More informationTheoretical Assessment of Aircrew Exposure to Galactic Cosmic Radiation Using the FLUKA Monte Carlo Code
Theoretical Assessment of Aircrew Exposure to Galactic Cosmic Radiation Using the FLUKA Monte Carlo Code R. Ashkenazi 1, 2, J. Koch 1 and I. Orion 2 1 Radiation Safety Division, Soreq Nuclear Research
More informationHeliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays: Effective energy of ground-based detectors
Heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays: Effective energy of ground-based detectors Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Siedlce University, Stanislawa Konarskiego 2, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland E-mail:
More informationGeomagnetic cutoff simulations for low-energy cosmic rays
simulations for low-energy cosmic rays Solar Energetic Particles (SEP), Solar Modulation and Space Radiation: New Opportunities in the AMS-02 Era Honolulu, October 2015 Philip von Doetinchem philipvd@hawaii.edu
More informationSpace Weather and Satellite System Interaction
Space Engineering International Course, Kyutech, 4 th Quarter Semester 2017 Space Weather and Satellite System Interaction Lecture 2: Space Weather Concept, Reporting and Forecasting Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr.
More informationThe Sun sends the Earth:
The Sun sends the Earth: Solar Radiation - peak wavelength.visible light - Travels at the speed of light..takes 8 minutes to reach Earth Solar Wind, Solar flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections of Plasma (ionized
More informationR(p,t) sensitivity P o (GV)
SENSITIVITY OF A NEUTRON MONITOR TO GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS I.G.Usoskin 1;3, P.Bobik 2, O.G.Gladysheva 3, H.Kananen 1y, G.A.Kovaltsov 3, and K.Kudela 2 1 Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory (Oulu unit), FIN-90014
More informationLongitudinal profile of Nµ/Ne in extensive air showers: Implications for cosmic rays mass composition study
Iranian Journal of Physics Research, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2013 Longitudinal profile of Nµ/Ne in extensive air showers: Implications for cosmic rays mass composition study D Purmohammad Department of Physics,
More informationAnalysis distribution of galactic cosmic rays particle energy with polar orbit satellite for Geant4 application
Journal of Physics: Conference Series OPEN ACCESS Analysis distribution of galactic cosmic rays particle energy with polar orbit satellite for Geant4 application To cite this article: W Suparta and W S
More informationIntensity of cosmic rays in relation to geomagnetic activity parameter Ap and Kp Index
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. II, Issue 12/ March 2015 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.1 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Intensity of cosmic rays in relation to geomagnetic ANITA SHUKLA
More informationGeomagnetic storms. Measurement and forecasting
Geomagnetic storms. Measurement and forecasting Anna Gustavsson 17 October 2006 Project of the Space Physics Course 2006 Umeå University 1 Introduction Effects of magnetic storms on technology Geomagnetic
More informationSolar Energetic Particles measured by AMS-02
Solar Energetic Particles measured by AMS-02 Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 96822, HI, US E-mail: bindi@hawaii.edu AMS-02 collaboration The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
More informationAn Introduction to Space Weather. J. Burkepile High Altitude Observatory / NCAR
An Introduction to Space Weather J. Burkepile High Altitude Observatory / NCAR What is Space Weather? Space Weather refers to conditions in interplanetary space, produced by the Sun, that can disrupt
More informationChapter 23. Light, Astronomical Observations, and the Sun
Chapter 23 Light, Astronomical Observations, and the Sun The study of light Electromagnetic radiation Visible light is only one small part of an array of energy Electromagnetic radiation includes Gamma
More informationProduction of the cosmogenic isotopes 3 H, 7 Be, 10 Be, and 36 Cl in the Earth s atmosphere by solar and galactic cosmic rays
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112,, doi:10.1029/2007ja012499, 2007 Production of the cosmogenic isotopes 3 H, 7 Be, 10 Be, and 36 Cl in the Earth s atmosphere by solar and galactic cosmic rays
More informationIntroduction to Space Weather and Propagation
Introduction to Space Weather and Propagation Carl Luetzelschwab K9LA ARRL Vice Director, Central Division k9la@arrl.net https://k9la.us K9LA 1 What Is Space Weather? Space weather is the quiet Sun Electromagnetic
More informationHigh energy particles from the Sun. Arto Sandroos Sun-Earth connections
High energy particles from the Sun Arto Sandroos Sun-Earth connections 25.1.2006 Background In addition to the solar wind, there are also particles with higher energies emerging from the Sun. First observations
More informationOn the possibility to forecast severe radiation storms by data from surface and space-born facilities
On the possibility to forecast severe radiation storms by data from surface and space-born facilities Ashot Chilingarian Cosmic Ray Division, Yerevan Physics Institute, Armenia Aragats Space-Environmental
More informationSolar particle penetration into magnetosphere.
Solar particle penetration into magnetosphere. K. Kudela, IEP SAS Košice, Slovakia, kkudela@kosice.upjs.sk Sofia, February 19-20, 2007 1. Ground level events. Charged particles (mainly protons, heavier
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 24 Studying the Sun 24.1 The Study of Light Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible
More informationA new mechanism to account for acceleration of the solar wind
A new mechanism to account for acceleration of the solar wind Henry D. May Email: hankmay@earthlink.net Abstract An enormous amount of effort has been expended over the past sixty years in attempts to
More informationIAC-08-A MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF ENERGY LOSSES BY SPACE PROTONS IN THE CRATER DETECTOR
IAC-08-A1.4.06 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF ENERGY LOSSES BY SPACE PROTONS IN THE CRATER DETECTOR Lawrence W. Townsend The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America ltownsen@tennessee.edu
More informationThe energetic particle intensity estimated from cosmogenic isotope Al-26 produced in lunar samples
The energetic particle intensity estimated from cosmogenic isotope Al-26 produced in lunar samples Space Climate Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland, Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University
More informationSolar Flares and CMEs. Solar Physics 1
Solar Flares and CMEs Solar Physics 1 What is a solar flare? What is a CME? A solar flare is a sudden eruption of energetic charged particles from the Sun s corona. A coronal mass ejection (CME) is, by
More informationNeutron monitor yield function: New improved computations
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: SPACE PHYSICS, VOL. 118, 2783 2788, doi:10.1002/jgra.50325, 2013 Neutron monitor yield function: New improved computations A. L. Mishev, 1,3 I. G. Usoskin, 1,2 and G. A.
More informationExplain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core. Describe the three layers of the sun s atmosphere.
Chapter 29 and 30 Explain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core. Describe the three layers of the sun s atmosphere. Explain how sunspots are related to powerful magnetic fields on the sun.
More informationSolar-terrestrial relation and space weather. Mateja Dumbović Hvar Observatory, University of Zagreb Croatia
Solar-terrestrial relation and space weather Mateja Dumbović Hvar Observatory, University of Zagreb Croatia Planets Comets Solar wind Interplanetary magnetic field Cosmic rays Satellites Astronauts HELIOSPHERE
More informationRELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS AND ULF-ACTIVITY DYNAMICS DURING CIR- AND CME-STORMS IN MAY 2005
RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS AND ULF-ACTIVITY DYNAMICS DURING CIR- AND CME-STORMS IN MAY 2005 Myagkova I.N. 1, Kozyreva O.V. 2, 3 1 Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow; 2
More informationA generalized approach to model the spectra and radiation dose rate of solar particle events on the surface of Mars
A generalized approach to model the spectra and radiation dose rate of solar particle events on the surface of Mars Jingnan Guo*, Cary Zeitlin, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, Thoren McDole, Patrick Kühl,
More informationCyclic variations of the heliospheric tilt angle and cosmic ray modulation
Advances in Space Research 4 (27) 164 169 www.elsevier.com/locate/asr Cyclic variations of the heliospheric tilt angle and cosmic ray modulation K. Alanko-Huotari a, I.G. Usoskin b, *, K. Mursula a, G.A.
More informationINTAS Solar and Galactic Cosmic Ray Acceleration and Modulation
INTAS 8777 Solar and Galactic Cosmic Ray Acceleration and Modulation University of Greifswald (Germany) University of Bern (Switzerland) University of Tel Aviv (Israel) Yerevan Physics Institute (Armenia)
More informationChapter 8 Geospace 1
Chapter 8 Geospace 1 Previously Sources of the Earth's magnetic field. 2 Content Basic concepts The Sun and solar wind Near-Earth space About other planets 3 Basic concepts 4 Plasma The molecules of an
More informationSolar eruptive phenomena
Solar eruptive phenomena Andrei Zhukov Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium 26/01/2018 1 Eruptive solar activity Solar activity exerts continous influence on the solar
More informationThis project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie-Sklodowska-Curie grant
This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie-Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 721624. Space weather and the variable
More informationUnderstanding Solar Indices
Understanding Solar Indices By Ken Larson KJ6RZ Long distance HF radio communications is made possible by a region of charged particles in the Earth s upper atmosphere, 30 to 200 miles above the Earth
More informationInvestigation of presence of cosmic factors in the inter-annual distributions of cloudless days and nights in Abastumani
Sun and Geosphere, 2015; 10: 59-3 ISSN 1819-0839 Investigation of presence of cosmic factors in the inter-annual distributions of cloudless days and nights in Abastumani Goderdzi G. Didebulidze, Maya Todua
More informationStatus and Perspectives of the LAGO Project
Status and Perspectives of the LAGO Project 5 th Workshop on Air Shower Detection at High Altitude Paris, France Édgar F. Carrera ecarrera@usfq.edu.ec (for the LAGO Collaboration) Universidad San Francisco
More informationSolar Particle Events in Aviation and Space. Günther Reitz Insitute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center, DLR, Cologne, Germany
Solar Particle Events in Aviation and Space Günther Reitz Insitute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center, DLR, Cologne, Germany Radiation Field in the Heliosphere LEO orbit Fluxes of primary space
More informationThe Magnetic Sun. CESAR s Booklet
The Magnetic Sun CESAR s Booklet 1 Introduction to planetary magnetospheres and the interplanetary medium Most of the planets in our Solar system are enclosed by huge magnetic structures, named magnetospheres
More informationOrder of Authors: K. Kudela; Helen Mavromichalaki; Athanasios Papaioannou; Maria Gerontidou
Editorial Manager(tm) for Solar Physics Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: On mid-term periodicities in cosmic rays. Article Type: Original Research Keywords: Cosmic rays, neutron monitors, quasi-periodicities.
More informationSolar Transients P.K. Manoharan
Solar Transients P.K. Manoharan Radio Astronomy Centre National Centre for Radio Astrophysics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Ooty 643001, India 1 Solar Flares and associated Coronal Mass Ejections
More informationUltimate spectrum of solar/stellar cosmic rays. Space Research Institute, Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32, Moscow , Russia
Ultimate spectrum of solar/stellar cosmic rays Space Research Institute, Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32, Moscow 117927, Russia E-mail: astrum@iki.rssi.ru We propose a physical approach to reconstruct the ultimate
More informationSPACE WEATHER: STORMS FROM THE SUN
GIFT 2013 - Natural Hazards Vienna, Austria, 10 April 2013 SPACE WEATHER: STORMS FROM THE SUN Norma B. Crosby Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan-3-Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
More informationName: Date: 2. The temperature of the Sun's photosphere is A) close to 1 million K. B) about 10,000 K. C) 5800 K. D) 4300 K.
Name: Date: 1. What is the Sun's photosphere? A) envelope of convective mass motion in the outer interior of the Sun B) lowest layer of the Sun's atmosphere C) middle layer of the Sun's atmosphere D) upper
More informationLunar Exploration Initiative. Ionizing Radiation on the Moon David A. Kring
Briefing Topic: Ionizing Radiation on the Moon David A. Kring Ionizing Radiation on the Moon Low-E solar wind particles (dominant source) High-E galactic cosmic rays (smaller source) Solar flare particles
More informationThe vertical cut-off rigidity means that charged particle with rigidity below this value cannot reach the top of atmosphere because of the earth's
EXPACS: Excel-based Program for calculating Atmospheric Cosmic-ray Spectrum User s Manual (Last update Dec. 21, 2018) Tatsuhiko Sato, Japan Atomic Energy Agency nsed-expacs@jaea.go.jp I. INTRODUCTION EXPACS
More informationJOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114, A02103, doi: /2008ja013689, 2009
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114,, doi:10.1029/2008ja013689, 2009 Galactic propagation of cosmic ray nuclei in a model with an increasing diffusion coefficient at low
More information1.3j describe how astronomers observe the Sun at different wavelengths
1.3j describe how astronomers observe the Sun at different wavelengths 1.3k demonstrate an understanding of the appearance of the Sun at different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, including
More informationOn Mid-Term Periodicities in Cosmic Rays
Solar Phys (2010) 266: 173 180 DOI 10.1007/s11207-010-9598-0 On Mid-Term Periodicities in Cosmic Rays Karel Kudela Helen Mavromichalaki Athanasios Papaioannou Maria Gerontidou Received: 28 January 2010
More informationAUTOMATIC PREDICTION OF SOLAR FLARES USING A NEURAL NETWORK. James Negus University of Chicago Mentor: Andrew Jones LASP
AUTOMATIC PREDICTION OF SOLAR FLARES USING A NEURAL NETWORK James Negus University of Chicago Mentor: Andrew Jones LASP SOLAR FLARE A flare is defined as a sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness.
More informationChapter 14 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Our Star Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Our Star 14.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Our goals for learning: Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun's structure? Why does the Sun shine? Is
More informationGeant4 Based Space Radiation Application for Planar and Spherical Geometries
Advances in Applied Sciences 2017; 2(6): 110-114 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/aas doi: 10.11648/j.aas.20170206.13 ISSN: 2575-2065 (Print); ISSN: 2575-1514 (Online) Geant4 Based Space Radiation
More informationThe Solar Wind Space physics 7,5hp
The Solar Wind Space physics 7,5hp Teknisk fysik '07 1 Contents History... 3 Introduction... 3 Two types of solar winds... 4 Effects of the solar wind... 5 Magnetospheres... 5 Atmospheres... 6 Solar storms...
More informationSolar Event Simulations using the HAWC Scaler System
Solar Event Simulations using the HAWC Scaler System a, Alejandro Lara a and Rogelio Caballero-Lopez a for the HAWC Collaboration b a Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE MODULE 7 NATURE OF LIGHT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM When white light passes through a prism, it spreads out into a rainbow of colours, with red at one end and
More informationEngineering Models for Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Protons: Current Status
Engineering Models for Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Protons: Current Status Stephen Gabriel Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics School of Engineering Sciences University of Southampton England
More informationThis article was published in an Elsevier journal. The attached copy is furnished to the author for non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author s institution, sharing
More informationRadiation Effects in MMIC Devices
Chapter. Radiation Effects in MMIC Devices C. Barnes and L. Selva I. Introduction The use of microelectronic devices in both civilian and military spacecraft requires that these devices preserve their
More informationSudden cosmic ray decreases: No change of global cloud cover
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37,, doi:10.1029/2009gl041327, 2010 Sudden cosmic ray decreases: No change of global cloud cover J. Calogovic, 1 C. Albert, 2 F. Arnold, 3
More informationName Date Period. 10. convection zone 11. radiation zone 12. core
240 points CHAPTER 29 STARS SECTION 29.1 The Sun (40 points this page) In your textbook, read about the properties of the Sun and the Sun s atmosphere. Use each of the terms below just once to complete
More informationAnnouncements. - Homework #5 due today - Review on Monday 3:30 4:15pm in RH103 - Test #2 next Tuesday, Oct 11
Announcements - Homework #5 due today - Review on Monday 3:30 4:15pm in RH103 - Test #2 next Tuesday, Oct 11 Review for Test #2 Oct 11 Topics: The Solar System and its Formation The Earth and our Moon
More informationPhysics Homework Set 2 Sp 2015
1) A large gas cloud in the interstellar medium that contains several type O and B stars would appear to us as 1) A) a reflection nebula. B) a dark patch against a bright background. C) a dark nebula.
More informationLecture 6: The Physics of Light, Part 1. Astronomy 111 Wednesday September 13, 2017
Lecture 6: The Physics of Light, Part 1 Astronomy 111 Wednesday September 13, 2017 Reminders Star party tonight! Homework #3 due Monday Exam #1 Monday, September 25 The nature of light Look, but don t
More informationEffect of Halo Coronal Mass Ejection on Cosmic Ray Intensity and Disturbance Storm-Time index for the Ascending Phase of the Solar Cycle 24
Effect of Halo Coronal Mass Ejection on Cosmic Ray Intensity and Disturbance Storm-Time index for the Ascending Phase of the Solar Cycle 24 Hema Kharayat, Lalan Prasad and Rajesh Mathpal Department of
More informationRadiation Zone. AST 100 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies. 5. What s inside the Sun? From the Center Outwards. Meanderings of outbound photons
AST 100 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies 5. What s inside the Sun? From the Center Outwards Core: Hydrogen ANNOUNCEMENTS Midterm I on Tue, Sept. 29 it will cover class material up to today (included)
More informationX Rays must be viewed from space used for detecting exotic objects such as neutron stars and black holes also observing the Sun.
6/25 How do we get information from the telescope? 1. Galileo drew pictures. 2. With the invention of photography, we began taking pictures of the view in the telescope. With telescopes that would rotate
More informationStatus and Perspectives of the LAGO Project
Status and Perspectives of the LAGO Project 5 th Workshop on Air Shower Detection at High Altitude Paris, France Édgar F. Carrera ecarrera@usfq.edu.ec (for the LAGO Collaboration) Universidad San Francisco
More informationSolar Flare Durations
Solar Flare Durations Whitham D. Reeve 1. Introduction Scientific investigation of solar flares is an ongoing pursuit by researchers around the world. Flares are described by their intensity, duration
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:1.13/nature133 Typical measurement sequence The nucleation rates (J cm 3 s 1 ) are measured under neutral (J n ), galactic cosmic ray (J gcr ) or charged pion beam (J ch )
More informationSupernova Remnants and Cosmic. Rays
Stars: Their Life and Afterlife Supernova Remnants and Cosmic 68 th Rays Brian Humensky Series, Compton Lecture #5 November 8, 2008 th Series, Compton Lecture #5 Outline Evolution of Supernova Remnants
More information8.2 The Sun pg Stars emit electromagnetic radiation, which travels at the speed of light.
8.2 The Sun pg. 309 Key Concepts: 1. Careful observation of the night sky can offer clues about the motion of celestial objects. 2. Celestial objects in the Solar System have unique properties. 3. Some
More informationIntroduction to Space Weather
Introduction to Space Weather We may have been taught that there is a friendly, peaceful nonhostile relationship between the Sun and the Earth and that the Sun provides a constant stream of energy and
More informationChapter 9 The Sun. Nuclear fusion: Combining of light nuclei into heavier ones Example: In the Sun is conversion of H into He
Our sole source of light and heat in the solar system A common star: a glowing ball of plasma held together by its own gravity and powered by nuclear fusion at its center. Nuclear fusion: Combining of
More informationSpace Physics: Recent Advances and Near-term Challenge. Chi Wang. National Space Science Center, CAS
Space Physics: Recent Advances and Near-term Challenge Chi Wang National Space Science Center, CAS Feb.25, 2014 Contents Significant advances from the past decade Key scientific challenges Future missions
More informationLong-term Modulation of Cosmic Ray Intensity in relation to Sunspot Numbers and Tilt Angle
J. Astrophys. Astr. (2006) 27, 455 464 Long-term Modulation of Cosmic Ray Intensity in relation to Sunspot Numbers and Tilt Angle Meera Gupta, V. K. Mishra & A. P. Mishra Department of Physics, A. P. S.
More informationJOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. A9, 1355, doi: /2003ja009863, 2003
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. A9, 1355, doi:10.1029/2003ja009863, 2003 Production of cosmogenic Be nuclei in the Earth s atmosphere by cosmic rays: Its dependence on solar modulation and
More information1 A= one Angstrom = 1 10 cm
Our Star : The Sun )Chapter 10) The sun is hot fireball of gas. We observe its outer surface called the photosphere: We determine the temperature of the photosphere by measuring its spectrum: The peak
More informationNovember 2013 analysis of high energy electrons on the Japan Experimental Module (JEM: Kibo)
November 2013 analysis of high energy on the Japan Experimental Module (JEM: Kibo) Francis F. Badavi (ODU) Haruhisa Matsumoto, Kiyokazu Koga (JAXA) Christopher J. Mertens, Tony C. Slaba, John W. Norbury
More information