Want some more extra-credit? Outline. Exam #2. Next homework is #7 was due today last one before exam. Exam #2 is in one week! Friday, November 14 th!
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- Elfrieda Willis
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1 Want som mor xtra-crdit? Nxt homwork is #7 was du today last on bfor xam. Exam #2 is in on wk! Friday, Novmbr 14 th! Watch th Lunar Eclis this wknd totality starts around 7:00 m Saturday Night. You can only gt xtra crdit if it was clar, and thn you must writ 3-4 aragrahs on: What hand? Dscrib th sts and how it lookd. How long in totality? What color was it? Was it cool or lam? Worth about 25% of a homwork grad. Du on Monday Nov 17 th at th bginning of class NO LATE PAPERS WILL BE ACCEPTED! Th nd of massiv stars: Outlin Main squnc, rd surgiant, hlium flash, blu surgaint, rd surgiant, surnova, nutron star or Cor of a massiv star collass down with so much forc that a nutron star is formd. Surnova is th shockwav. A ulsar is a nutron star that bams us. What is Scial and Gnral Rlativity Wlcom to th world of Einstin. Exam #2 Dat: Friday, Nov 14 th Plac and Tim: In class, at th normal 12:00-12:50 m tim. Format: 40 multil choic roblms and 2 bonus qustions (xtra crdit). Bring: Yourslf, wll-rstd and wll-studid A #2 ncil On th tst you will b givn numbrs or quations (if any) that you will nd. You may not us your book or your class nots.
2 Exam #2 Toics includd: All matrial from th Sun through blackhols. Lctur and rading matrial ar both includd. My goal is to tst for undrstanding of th concts w hav discussd, and how thy fit togthr. Study tis. W hav covrd a lot of matrial in a short tim, so hr ar som tis on how to aroach your studis for th xam. Toics covrd in lcturs should b strssd. Homwork qustions hav good xamls of qustions that may show u on th xam. An xcllnt way to bgin studying is to rviw th homwork roblms, articularly thos you missd (or got right but wr not so sur about). B sur you undrstand what th right answr is, and mor imortantly, why it is right. You will nd to undrstand and b abl to us any quations that hav bn introducd in class. Calculations using ths quations will b kt siml--it is ossibl to do th xam without a calculator, but you can bring on if you wish. Exam #2 In-Class Q and A: On Wd., Nov. 5th, som tim will b allottd in class to ask qustions about matrial on th xam. For xaml, if thr ar homwork answrs you do not undrstand, this would b an xcllnt tim to ask. To gt th most out of this tim, you ar strongly ncouragd to bgin studying rior to this class. Out of Class Q and A: On Thursday, Nov. 13 th, I will hav offic hours from 10:30 to 11:30am and Justin will hav TA offic hours at 4:00 to 6:00m. You should bring qustions. Stllar Dmis of a Massiv Star Evolutionary Path of High-Mass Stars: M > 8 M Sun Surnova Blu surgiant Carbon ignition Rd surgiant Hlium flash Main squnc Protostar 10 M Sun mainsqunc star Hlium-burning rd surgiant Othr surgiant hass Cor-collas surnova
3 High Mass Stars Ths ar vry similar to th intrmdiat mass stars, but as thy hav mor mass, thy can burn havir and havir atoms in th fusion rocss. Until thy crat Iron aftr that it taks nrgy to roduc havir atoms Nothing lft! Stag H fusion H fusion C fusion N fusion O fusion Si fusion Tmratur (million K) ,200 1,500 2,700 Duration 7 million yr 500,000 yr 600 yr 1 yr 6 months 1 day Massiv Stars: Lat Stags Cycls of cor contraction, hating, ignition Cycls of ash ful Burning vr mor raid C+H oxygn O+H non... U to iron Onion-skin structur dvlos Cor Collas Outr shlls collas raidly Sds aroach c Just lik th whit dwarf stag, th cor gts comrssd to normous dnsity and high tmratur» 10 billion K Elctrons in cor squzd into rotons + n +ν Nucli in cor transformd to a sa of nutrons Nutrinos rlasd Whn Elctron Dgnracy Just Isn t Enough Mattr in th cor of a normal star n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n Nutron-dgnrat mattr in a nutron star 400 million tons r cubic cm Elctron-dgnrat mattr in a whit dwarf 1 ton r cubic cm ν ν ν Nutrinos roducd as lctrons ar forcd into nucli
4 Massiv Star Dath: Surnova Collasing outr layrs bounc off dns nutron cor outward shock wav Dmo: Astro Blastr outr layrs jctd surnova xlosion Gam Ovr! Light from a singl surnova Combind light of 100 billion stars Novmbr 11, 1572 Tycho Brah On th 11th day of Novmbr in th vning aftr sunst... I noticd that a nw and unusual star, surassing th othr stars in brilliancy, was shining... and sinc I had, from boyhood, known all th stars of th havns rfctly, it was quit vidnt to m that thr had nvr bn any star in that lac of th sky... I was so astonishd of this sight... A miracl indd, on that has nvr bn rviously sn bfor our tim, in any ag sinc th bginning of th world. htt:// Surnova 1987a Bfor Fb. 23, 1987
5 Nutron Star Lft ovr Rmains of a Surnova! Rlativ Sizs of Dgnrat Comact Stars Almost lik a nuclus vry high dnsity 1017 kg/m3 Suortd by nutron dgnracy rssur! Tasoon of nutron star matrial on Earth would wigh 1 billion tons!!!! Gts rducd to vry small diamtr around 20 km! Esca vlocity of half th sd of light 20 km ` km 12,000 Nutron star Whit dwarf
6 What It s Rally Lik To B Crushd Flat Mass of th Sun in a shr with radius 10 km Surfac gravity 200 billion tims that on Earth Any surfac faturs ar crushd to < 1 cm hight Pulsars Nutron stars wr thought to b a cool thing that would nvr bn sn nic thory. But.. First discovrd through radio obsrvations by Anthony Hwish and Joclyn Bll in lat 1960s Actually, Joclyn (whil working as a graduat studnt) found ths radio wavs that ratd thmslvs vry rgularly Joclyn Bll Burnll htt://ulsar.rincton.du/ulsar/multimdia.shtml Originally calld LGM Littl Grn Mn Anthony Hwish Pulsars Accrting, magntizd nutron stars roduc rgular ulss as thir bams sw ast us What ar Pulsars? Crab Pulsar Hrschl Tlsco Joclyn Bll Burnll Sin and magntic fild strngth of a nutron star ar nhancd by collas Tyically Surfac fild strngth > 1 trillion tims that of th Earth Rotation rat u to 1000 tims r scond Sin and magntic axs ar usually not alignd Anthony Hwish
7 Th Pulsar Modl: Lighthous Modl Th ulsar is baming light at us (mostly in th radio sctrum). If th Earth is in th bam, w s th ulsar. If not, w don t s it. htt://chandra.harvard. du/xray_sourcs/ulsar _java.html Signatur of ths strang objcts. Nutron Star It's as big as Manhattan Island, is 10 trillion tims dnsr than stl, and is hurtling our way at sds ovr 100 tims fastr than a sursonic jt. An alin sacshi? No, it's a runaway nutron star, calld RX J Virtual Plantarium Crab Nbula Rmnant of th Surnova of 1054 Otical - ESO X-ray - Chandra Combind Hubbl/Chandra movi Pulsar wind animation
8 Pulsar Glitchs Pulsars gradually slow down as thy radiat nrgy Occasionally this sin-down changs abrutly (glitch) Nutron Stars in Binary Systms Roch Lob Ovrflow Bcaus whol systm issurnova, rotating, matrial sirals onto nutron Both stars still on main squnc giant s outr atmoshr starts to afall star Surgiant Mor massiv gos star volvs tolaving bcom bhind aonto rd anutron surgiant nutron star GasScond in accrtion disk Lss ismassiv comrssd star bcoms and hatd, rd roducing giant X-rays star, forming an accrtion disk X-Ray Bursts In binary systms, hydrogn from comanion builds u on th nutron star s surfac Stadily fusd to hlium Whn accumulats to dth of 1 m, undrgos xlosiv hlium fusion Rsult: intns burst of X-rays Whn Nutron Dgnracy Isn t Enough Maximum nutron star mass: 3.0MSun Might b a furthr stag: quark stars If not: nothing can halt collas to a black hol Chandra 3C58 (X-ray)
9 Rlativity dals with th qustion: How do th laws of natur aar to chang whn you chang your stat of motion Scial Rlativity whn your vlocity rlativ to somthing ls is clos to th sd of light? Gnral Rlativity whn you ar in a strong gravitational fild? Two Thrads of Thought in Physics u to 1900 Mchanics (Nwton s Laws) All motion is rlativ No sd is scial Elctromagntism (Maxwll s Equations) Th sd of light is th sam for all obsrvrs Inconsistnt! Galilo s shi thought xrimnt No xrimnt within th shi s cabin can dtct th shi s motion if th shi movs in th sam dirction at a constant vlocity. Why Galilo and Maxwll Can t Both B Right Considr two locomotivs mitting light from thir hadlams: At rst #1 c c v from #2 Moving at som sd v v #2 c c + v from #1 Fram Fram of rfrnc: of rfrnc: W ar W at ar rst moving with rsct with th to shi th watr
10 Why Galilo and Maxwll Can t Both B Right Countrintuitiv Rsult #1 Moving objcts aar shortr in th dirction of rlativ motion (Lorntz contraction) If light mittd by #2 movs rlativ to #2 at sd c, Galilo says that #1 must s it mov at c + v. But light mittd by #1 movs rlativ to #1 at sd c or at sd c v rlativ to #2! So th sd of light can t b th sam for vryon if Galilo and our intuition ar right. But Maxwll says it is constant! Fraction of th sd of light % of original lngth % % % % % v % c %
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