Tracing the growth history of the active BH population with the black hole mass function
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1 Tracing the growth history of the active BH population with the black hole mass function Andreas Schulze Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at Peking University (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes, Castellammare del Golfo A. Bongiorno, I. Gavignaud, J. Silverman, M. Schramm, A. Merloni, G. Zamorani
2 Black hole - galaxy coevolution M σ relation cosmic BH accretion history parallel to SF history McConnell & Ma (2013) Zheng et al. (2009) link between black hole growth and galaxy evolution how are black holes growing? Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 2 / 16
3 How can we trace black hole growth? AGN Luminosity function is main demographic quantity Physical quantities of black holes: black hole mass M accretion rate / Eddington ratio λ = L bol /L Edd Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 3 / 16
4 How can we trace black hole growth? AGN Luminosity function is main demographic quantity Physical quantities of black holes: black hole mass M accretion rate / Eddington ratio λ = L bol /L Edd L λm implies degeneracy between M and λ additional M information able to break this degeneracy Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 3 / 16
5 How can we trace black hole growth? AGN Luminosity function is main demographic quantity Physical quantities of black holes: black hole mass M accretion rate / Eddington ratio λ = L bol /L Edd L λm implies degeneracy between M and λ additional M information able to break this degeneracy Active black hole mass function - Φ (M ) Eddington ratio distribution function - Φ λ (λ) well-defined AGN sample "virial" black hole mass estimates from single-epoch spectra: M L γ contfwhm 2 Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 3 / 16
6 Application of the BHMF Constraints on theoretical models comparison with galaxy evolution models Evolution of BH-bulge relations requires knowledge of distribution functions Hirschmann et al. (2012) Schulze & Wisotzki (2011) Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 4 / 16
7 Determination of the distribution functions binned DF via luminosity weighted V max + non-parametric + model independent - unaccounted sample incompleteness - BHMF not complete to lowest mass bin Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 5 / 16
8 Determination of the distribution functions binned DF via luminosity weighted V max + non-parametric + model independent - unaccounted sample incompleteness - BHMF not complete to lowest mass bin model DF via fitting of bivariate distribution function of M and λ Black hole mass function (BHMF) and Eddington ratio distribution function (ERDF) determined jointly by fitting probability distribution in M λ-plane via Maximum likelihood method (Schulze & Wisotzki 2010) or via Bayesian framework (Kelly et al. 2009) Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 5 / 16
9 The local active black hole mass function and Eddington ratio distribution function Local (z < 0.3) BHMF and ERDF from the Hamburg/ESO Survey Active black hole mass function Eddington ratio distribution function Schulze & Wisotzki (2010) No evidence for downturn at low black hole mass or at low Eddington ratio Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 6 / 16
10 The local active black hole mass function and Eddington ratio distribution function Local (z < 0.3) BHMF and ERDF from the Hamburg/ESO Survey Active black hole mass function Eddington ratio distribution function Schulze & Wisotzki (2010) No evidence for downturn at low black hole mass or at low Eddington ratio Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 6 / 16
11 Active fraction of local black holes compare to quiescent BHMF of Marconi et al log Φ [Mpc 3 logm 1 ] -2-8 total active active fraction log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 7 / 16
12 Active fraction of local black holes compare to quiescent BHMF of Marconi et al significant decrease of active fraction toward higher M indication for cosmic downsizing in black hole mass log Φ [Mpc 3 logm 1 ] active fraction total active log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 7 / 16
13 Active BHMF and ERDF at higher redshifts at z > 0.4 BHMF and ERDF determined from SDSS QSO sample evidence for black hole mass downsizing only high mass end of BHMF, high λ end of ERDF Kelly & Shen (2013) Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 8 / 16
14 BH demographics from VVDS, zcosmos and SDSS combine bright, large area surveys (SDSS) with deep, small area AGN surveys (VVDS, zcosmos) SDSS: i < 19.1 Ω eff = 6248 deg 2 color selection VVDS: wide: I AB < 22.5 Ω eff = 4.5 deg 2 deep: I AB < 24.0 Ω eff = 0.6 deg 2 random selection zcosmos: I AB < 22.5 Ω eff = 1.6 deg 2 random + X-ray selection Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 9 / 16
15 BH demographics from VVDS, zcosmos and SDSS 1.0<z<2.15 use MgII BH masses SDSS: AGN log L bol [erg s 1 ] log λ log M [M ] log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 10 / 16
16 BH demographics from VVDS, zcosmos and SDSS 1.0<z<2.15 use MgII BH masses SDSS: AGN VVDS: AGN log L bol [erg s 1 ] log λ log M [M ] log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 10 / 16
17 BH demographics from VVDS, zcosmos and SDSS 1.0<z<2.15 use MgII BH masses SDSS: AGN VVDS: AGN zcosmos: 163 AGN log L bol [erg s 1 ] log λ log M [M ] log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 10 / 16
18 The active black hole mass function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ -5 SDSS DR log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 11 / 16
19 The active black hole mass function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ -5 SDSS DR7 VVDS log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 11 / 16
20 The active black hole mass function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ -5 SDSS DR7 VVDS zcosmos (prelim.) log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 11 / 16
21 The active black hole mass function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ -5-7 SDSS DR7 VVDS zcosmos (prelim.) SXDS (Nobuta+12) log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 11 / 16
22 The active black hole mass function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ log M [M ] SDSS DR7 VVDS zcosmos (prelim.) SXDS (Nobuta+12) combined Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 11 / 16
23 The Eddington ratio distribution function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ λ -5 SDSS DR log λ Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 12 / 16
24 The Eddington ratio distribution function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ λ -5 SDSS DR7 VVDS log λ Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 12 / 16
25 The Eddington ratio distribution function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ λ -5 SDSS DR7 VVDS zcosmos (prelim.) log λ Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 12 / 16
26 The Eddington ratio distribution function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ λ -5-7 SDSS DR7 VVDS zcosmos (prelim.) SXDS (Nobuta+12) log λ Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 12 / 16
27 The Eddington ratio distribution function at 1 < z < 2 Preliminary results! log Φ λ log λ SDSS DR7 VVDS zcosmos (prelim.) SXDS (Nobuta+12) combined Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 12 / 16
28 Evolution of the active black hole mass function and Eddington ratio distribution function comparison with local distribution functions AGN LF active BHMF ERDF log Φ [Mpc 3 mag 1 ] M B z = [mag] -28 log Φ -5-7 z = log M [M ] log Φ λ -5-7 z = log λ strong downsizing in the active BHMF only weak evolution in the ERDF Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 13 / 16
29 Conclusions active BHMF and ERDF provide additional observational constraints on BH growth and galaxy evolution active BHMF and ERDF have to be determined jointly as bivariate distribution function established local zero point from Hamburg/ESO Survey active BHMF and ERDF at z 1.5 determined from VVDS, zcosmos and SDSS downsizing in AGN LF driven by downsizing in the BHMF Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 14 / 16
30 Comparison with previous work on SDSS this work Max. likelihood Shen & Kelly (2012) Bayesian Kelly & Shen (2013) Bayesian log Φ -5 log Φ λ log M [M ] log λ maximum likelihood estimate and Bayesian results consistent Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 15 / 16
31 Comparison with previous work on SDSS this work Max. likelihood Shen & Kelly (2012) Bayesian Kelly & Shen (2013) Bayesian log Φ -5 log Φ λ log M [M ] log λ maximum likelihood estimate and Bayesian results consistent Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 15 / 16
32 Active black hole fraction at z 1.5 compare to quiescent BHMF derived from stellar mass function log Φ [Mpc 3 logm 1 ] -2-8 total active apparent increase of broad line AGN active fraction toward higher M active fraction log M [M ] Andreas Schulze (KIAA) Galaxies vs Black Holes 16 / 16
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