Taffy Bowen. May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 2
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1 The NRAO OVRO Wars I. The Struggle to establish a US national radio astronomy facility II. The VLA vs. the OVA III. The VLBA vs. the TRT Ken Kellermann NRAO
2 Taffy Bowen Chief of CSIRO Radiophysics: Pawsey, Bolton, Mills, Christiansen, Wild Ambitions to build a big dish Key figure in WWII radar (US liaison) 1951 visit to Caltech with DuBridge and Bacher at Caltech, Ira Bowen at Mt. Wilson/ Palomar Urged radio astronomy facility: ft antenna Staffed by Australians (Bowen- Director, Bolton, etc. ) Bowen received money from Carnegie & Rockefeller Foundations to build 210-ft antenna in Australia Planted idea of building a large Caltech radio telescope DuBridge consults Merle Tuve and Bart Bok May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 2
3 Merle Tuve Ran radio astronomy program at DTM Developed ionospheric sounding technique Invented the proximity fuse. Offered position of NSF Director First chair, NSF Radio Astronomy Panel Agreed to help DuBridge organize Wash. meeting, Jan 1954 May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 3
4 Jesse Greenstein Started astronomy at Caltech First trained astronomer to pay attention to radio astronomy Organized Jan 1954 Radio Astronomy symposium Chair of 1970 NAS Greenstein Committee May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 4
5 Bart Bok Harvard Professor Started first academic radio astronomy program in U.S. Received first NSF radio astronomy grant for 24-ft antenna. Organized radio astronomy meeting in Boston Dec 26/27, 1953 May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 5
6 Two Key Conferences held with two weeks of each other Dec 26/ (Sat/Sun): (AAAS) 2 meeting, Boston Jan 4-7, 1954: Washington Conference on Radio Astronomy, Organized by NSF, Caltech, Carnegie Institution (DTM) NSF funded SOC: Greenstein (Chair), SOC-Bok, Weisner, Tuve Attended by about 75 people from universities, government, and industry including Alfven, Mills, Bowen, Brown, Smith, Hoyle, Van de Hulst, Covington, and (Reber). See JGR, 59, (1954) extensive summary of proceedings These two meetings provided the catalyst which set the ball rolling to establish a major US radio astronomy facility Initiated discussions among the Washington-Harvard-MIT power dealers (Stratton,Weisner, Menzel, Bok, Hagen, and Loyd Berkner) May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 6
7 Lloyd Berkner Science policy czar EE Student of Prof. Curtis Jansky at U. Minn. Antarctic Explorer (Berkner Island) Amelia Earhart communications support Ionospheric studies and Radio astronomy at DTM Helped to establish NATO UFO investigator (Majestic 12) PSAC (Eisenhower) AGU President IGY Organizer ICSU President Created COSPAR November 22, 1963, Dallas, Texas : President of AUI Understood that the new NSF might be a good source of money. Suggested that Donald Menzel appraise status of radio astronomy recommend direction for U.S. May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 7
8 Donald Menzel Director of HCO Background in physics/spectroscopy Remembered Grote Reber s 1936 leler to Shapley May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 8
9 Survey of Potentialities of Cooperative Research in Radio Astronomy, Donald Menzel -- April 13, 1954 Radio astronomy encompasses most of astronomy GalacPc, extragalacpc, solar, planetary studies, HI, OH, D, Suggested AUI study feasibility of a naponal radio astronomy facility with 600- W dish RFI free site I hope this is the beginning of a new important era in radio astronomy May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 9
10 John Hagen Head radio astronomy program at NRL Chair of URSI Commission J Chair AUI Radio Astronomy Advisory Panel Wanted AUI to build a big ( ft) telescope and wrote: interferometers and arrays are not acceptable at centimeter wavelengths. Claimed that a 150-ft would delay the real goal May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 10
11 AUI/Hagan plan fought by Merle Tuve Argued for university based management Very high priority, probably ahead of anything else, must be given to the support of exis;ng ac;vi;es in radio astronomy at universi;es. Wrote A very large dish ( F) is a project of uncertain value, and I see no value in a telescope capable of opera;on at less than 10 cm. No inves;gators qualified in radio astronomy are connected with AUI. NSF money should go to ac;ve research astronomers, not to physicists, engineers, or administrators. AUI plan for 600- W: a power bid by people who love to manage things Julius StraLon: Never have so many thought so differently on so few maqers May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 11
12 Establishing the National Observatory AUI and NSF Advisory/Steering CommiLees Acrimonious discussions about management Discussed many telescope designs up to a 600- W dish Decided on first building 140- W dish Alt- Az/equitorial mount debated (HA range ± 7 hours) NSF sppulated site should be with 300 miles of Washington Travel Pme for north- east radio astronomers Balance oppcal astronomy largely based in California Berkner appoints Site SelecPon CommiLee: Sites in VA, WVA, Tenn evaluated RFI tespng done by Jansky & Baily Inc. Dec 1955, Green Bank site chosen by AUI Aug 1956: WV Zoning Act passed NaPonal Radio Quiet Zone March, 1956 AUI acquires purchase oppons for 6,200 acres But NSF buys land in GB May July, 17, Congress appropriates K. Kellermann Millerfest $ 3.5M for NRAO 12
13 Signing of contract between AUI and NSF November 17, 1956 May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 13
14 Radio Astronomy at Caltech 1955 John Bolton and Gordon Stanley go to Caltech OVRO staffed by physicists and engineers (students & postdocs) Patron Saint Arnold Shostak 2- element interferometer: λ ~20 cm OVRO - premier radio observatory in US (world) Radio source structure, polarizapon, spectra Moffet, Maltby, Morris, Seielstad, Kellermann Radio Source oppcal idenpficapons Bolton, Baade, Minkowski, MaLhews, Schmidt, Sandage 3C 295 (z=0.46) Quasars (3C 48, 3C 273) Jupiter radiapon belts (Morris, Rad) Two component interstellar medium (Clark, Rad) GalacPc studies - Wilson Instrumental Leaders cenpmeter interferometry Spectral line interferometry Phase calibrapon May 17, 2011 Missed opportunity Aperture Synthesis K. Kellermann Millerfest 14
15 NRAO falters Lot s of money Staff - first US (Harvard) trained radio astronomers Dave Heeschen, Frank Drake, Kochu Menon, Cam Wade, Bill Howard LiLle experimental experpse Can t find a director Greenstein, Bok, Goldberg Struve becomes Director awer long search 140- W - ConstrucPon problems AUI management by CommiLee in New York Neither AUI nor NSF had experience in managing big contracts Design flaws Both AUI and NSF were far from Green Bank Strikes at Contractor plant BriLle steel ended up as shielding at Brookhaven or buried Lloyd Berkner resigns as AUI President 140- W dedicated Oct 13, 1965 Jodrell 250- W, Parkes 210- W, Haystack 120- W already in operapon Over budget (under- costed) $14M (originally $1.2M) 140- W had illustrious career primarily due to excellent instrumentapon wise management May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 15 broadly based user community
16 Need for a Radio Imaging Array John Bolton x 200- W antennas 1961 Pierce CommiLee Need for resolupon 1 arc min Synthesis Array NRAO 1955 Bob Dicke leler Autumn 1961 internal NRAO discussions Joe Pawsey - pictures beler than 1 arc min July 1962 Pawsey Memo (ignored Caltech) Sept 7, 1962 formal start of VLA Project 1964 George Swenson becomes Project Manager Caltech 1962 OVA Proposal to NSF 4 x 125- W plus 2 x 90- W antennas May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 16
17 OVA vs. VLA 1964: Whitord report Supported Arrays (OVA then VLA) 1965: 1 st VLA report {θ ~ 10 ; 37 elements} 1966: Revised OVRO proposal 7 x 120- W antennas JAN 1967: VLA Proposal {36 x 25m elements; θ ~1 ; DR = 100} Aug 1967: 1 st Dicke CommiLee OVA, Arecibo upgrade, Arecibo +, VLA (studies) George Swenson replaced by Hein Hvatum June 1969: Re- revised OVRO Proposal to 2 nd Dicke Com. (spectroscopy) August 1969: 2 nd Dicke CommiLee no prioripes 1969 Greenstein CommiLee convened 1971: OVI - 2 x 130- W antennas (NASA &NSF?) (Descoped OVA) 1972: Greenstein CommiLee - VLA May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 17
18 Congress Acts $3M Design funds available in FY NSF House Auth: $10M for construction House Appropriations VLA construction deleted The stars will be still be shining in 20 or 30 years New Mexico gov. and Senator Montoya (Senate Appropriations) meet on airplane Senate passes HUD bill including $10M House/Senate compromise on $5M VLA built May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 18
19 Building the VLBA 1974 CharloLesville VLBI meepng US VLB Network (Caltech) NUG/ConsorPum Dedicated Array (NRAO) VLBA program 1977 InterconPnental Radio Telescope Report CompePPon with VLA and 25 mm radio telescope Jan 1980, Pasadena meepng (10 x 25m) Caltech/JPL Sept, 1980 TransconPnental Radio Telescope Oct, 1980 VLBA- TRT Green Bank shootout Dec 1980, VLBA Design Study (not a proposal) Field CommiLee Report: a VLBA highest priority May 1983, NRAO VLBA Proposal; Caltech withdraws FY 1984 VLBA Design funds available FY 1985 VLBA ConstrucPon begins May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 19
20 Why did NRAO Prevail? NRAO poster child for NSF NSF cannot let NRAO down University allegiance is primarily to its own staff Sound technical design credible cospng Inevitable slide to big science.? Clark (student) Kellermann (student) Fomalont (student) Griesen (student) Sramek (student) Romney (student) Purcell (student) Greg Taylor (student) Debra Shepherd (postdoc) Tod Hunter (student) Caltech Deserters Walker (postdoc) Wroble (postdoc) Ekers (post doc) Seielstad (student/staff) Shostak (student) Wooten (student) Myers (student) Lo (student/faculty) Claire Chandler (postdoc) May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 20
21 Sources NRAO Archives Papers of Dave Heeschen NRAO/AUI records, minutes, and correspondence Carnegie/DTM Archives HunPngton Library Archives, papers of Ira Bowen Caltech Archives: Papers of Jesse Greenstein Hagen, J. Washington Conference on Radio Astronomy, JGR, 59, 149 (March 1954); Science, 119, 588 (April 1954) Needell, A. Lloyd Berkner, Merle Tuve & the Federal Role in Radio Astronomy, OSIRIS, 3 (1987) Needell, A. The Carnegie Ins;tu;on of Washington, Radio Astronomy: Prelude to an American Na;onal Observatory, Jor. For the History of Astronomy, XXII, 1991 Lubkin, G. 1975, Harvard University Wall Street Journal, November 1, 1973 NRC Whitord, Greenstein, Field Reports NSF Pierce and Dicke CommiLee Reports Discussions with Heeschen, Swenson, Greenstein, Cohen, Moffet, Ekers May 17, 2011 K. Kellermann Millerfest 21
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