Gravitational Waves and High Energy Neutrino coincidences : The gwhen Project
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1 Gravitational Waves and High Energy Neutrino coincidences : The gwhen Project Thierry Pradier for the gwhen Group IPHC (IN2P3) & University of Strasbourg Antares : B. Baret, B. Bouhou, A. Kouchner, L. Moscoso, V. Van Elewyck - Contact : Th. P. Virgo, APC (Paris) : E. Chassande-Mottin (Contact) LIGO : Columbia U. (USA) : I. Bartos, S. Márka (Contact), Z. Márka Cardiff (UK) : P. Sutton Potsdam (Germany) : I. Di Palma & M.-A. Papa IceCube : C. Finley (OKC, Sweden)
2 GWHEN Coincidences are......interesting! Scientific motivations...possible! Common Sources for GWHEN, possible coincident transients...observable! Common Sky Map...Detectable! Signal Efficiencies vs Background Rejection, case study...currently underway! The gwhen Group Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 2 / 24
3 GWHEN Coincidences are......interesting! Scientific motivations...possible! Common Sources for GWHEN, possible coincident transients...observable! Common Sky Map...Detectable! Signal Efficiencies vs Background Rejection, case study...currently underway! The gwhen Group Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 2 / 24
4 GWHEN Coincidences are......interesting! Scientific motivations...possible! Common Sources for GWHEN, possible coincident transients...observable! Common Sky Map...Detectable! Signal Efficiencies vs Background Rejection, case study...currently underway! The gwhen Group Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 2 / 24
5 GWHEN Coincidences are......interesting! Scientific motivations...possible! Common Sources for GWHEN, possible coincident transients...observable! Common Sky Map...Detectable! Signal Efficiencies vs Background Rejection, case study...currently underway! The gwhen Group Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 2 / 24
6 GWHEN Coincidences are......interesting! Scientific motivations...possible! Common Sources for GWHEN, possible coincident transients...observable! Common Sky Map...Detectable! Signal Efficiencies vs Background Rejection, case study...currently underway! The gwhen Group Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 2 / 24
7 GWHEN Coincidences 1 - Sources invisible in photons may emit GW and HE ν (GWHEN) γ-telescopes discovered a lot of sources Orphan Flares also in GWHEN? Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 3 / 24
8 GWHEN Coincidences 1 - Sources invisible in photons may emit GW and HE ν (GWHEN) γ-telescopes discovered a lot of sources Orphan Flares also in GWHEN? Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 3 / 24
9 GWHEN Coincidences 1 - Sources invisible in photons may emit GWHEN 2 - Coincident detection (time+space) validates GWHEN detections Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 3 / 24
10 GWHEN Coincidences 1 - Sources invisible in photons may emit GWHEN 2 - Coincident detection (time+space) validates GWHEN detections 3 - Unique information on internal processes : accretion, ejection... Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 3 / 24
11 GWHEN Coincidences 1 - Sources invisible in photons may emit GWHEN 2 - Coincident detection (time+space) validates GWHEN detections 3 - Unique information on internal processes 4 - Fundamental Physics : ( ) ( Quantum Gravity : c 2 p 2 = E [1 2 E + ξ E QG + O ( ) ( d Eν t QG 0.15ms HE 10 kpc 1 TeV S. Choubey & S. F. King, Phys. Rev. D 67, (2003) E 2 E 2 QG ) ( ) GeV for z 1 E QG ) ] +... Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 3 / 24
12 GWHEN Coincidences 1 - Sources invisible in photons may emit GWHEN 2 - Coincident detection (time+space) validates GWHEN detections 3 - Unique information on internal processes 4 - Fundamental Physics see Th. P., NIM A 602-1, Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 3 / 24
13 GW Detectors : Virgo/LIGO/GEO network Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 4 / 24
14 GW Detectors : Virgo/LIGO/GEO network GWHEN Joint Data Taking 2007 : Antares 5 Lines/Virgo VSR1+LIGO S : Antares 12 Lines/Virgo VSR2+LIGO S : km3 in the Mediterranean/Advanced Interferometers (ITF) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 4 / 24
15 An example of GW-ν Coincidences : Type II SN Type II SN ( m ν 0 : δt propagation 5.15ms E SN ν MeV, δt GW ν flash e 0.5 ms L 10kpc ) ( m νc 2 1eV ) 2 ( ) 2 10MeV E ν N. Arnaud et al., Phys.Rev. D65 (2002) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 5 / 24
16 An example of GW-ν Coincidences : Type II SN Type II SN δm ev 2 N. Arnaud et al., Phys.Rev. D65 (2002) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 5 / 24
17 An example of GW-ν Coincidences : Type II SN Collapse of NS into BH induced by accretion Sudden stop of neutrino signal Strong GW Signal J. F. Beacom et al., Phys.Rev. D63 (2001) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 6 / 24
18 An example of GW-ν Coincidences : Type II SN Collapse of NS into BH induced by accretion Limits on neutrino absolute mass scale J. F. Beacom et al., Phys.Rev. D63 (2001) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 6 / 24
19 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections Gamma-Ray Bursters Short GRBs Binary Mergers Long GRBs Collapsars Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 7 / 24
20 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections Gamma-Ray Bursters Neutrinos from GRBs E. Waxman & J. Bahcall, Phys.Rev.Lett. 78 (1997) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 7 / 24
21 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections Soft-Gamma Repeaters GW Signal : NS crust disruption star pulsation Depends on Star Model Energy released in GW linked to γ Flux Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 8 / 24
22 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections Soft-Gamma Repeaters M/M frequency (khz) damping (s) h 0 dmax (kpc) J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, (1998) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 8 / 24
23 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections Soft-Gamma Repeaters HEN Signal : acceleration of CRs in magnetic field Few predicted events, even for SGR huge flare of Dec F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli, arxiv : astro-ph/ v1 Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 8 / 24
24 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections MicroQuasars MicroQuasars (Galactic) : Stellar-Mass X-Ray Binaries Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 9 / 24
25 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections A model for microquasars : GW Signals from accretion/ejection : Accretion : infall of matter onto NS/BH Ejection : acceleration of matter Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 10 / 24
26 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections A model for microquasars : GW GW Signal from ejection Blob of matter accelerated during τ acc and f GW τacc 1 = t free-fall = 2GM BH 0.1 ms τ min acc c 3 Radio emission observed at 0.1 AU from BH/NS τacc max 100 s ( ) ( ) h kpc δm ( Γ ) d 10 6 M 10 SNR ρ = f (ejected mass δm, jet Lorentz factor Γ) Th. P., arxiv: Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 10 / 24
27 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections A model for microquasars : HEN HEN Signal from ejection νs emitted once matter accelerated : t GW-ν linked to τ acc Φ ν δm Γ Models favour production of ν near base of jet [LS 5039] Aharonian et al., J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 39 (2006) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 11 / 24
28 GRBs Magnetars/Soft-Gamma Repeaters MicroQuasars ejections A model for microquasars Summary, for a blob of mass δm, Lorentz factor Γ h Γδmc2 d at frequency f τ 1 acceleration L ν Γδmc2 τ acceleration Measuring t GW-ν yields information on τ acc Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 11 / 24
29 Interferometers Beam Patterns The View from Antares Antares/Virgo+LIGO Common Sky Map Interferometers Beam Patterns Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 12 / 24
30 Interferometers Beam Patterns The View from Antares Antares/Virgo+LIGO Common Sky Map Interferometers Beam Patterns Equatorial Coordinates Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 12 / 24
31 Interferometers Beam Patterns The View from Antares Antares/Virgo+LIGO Common Sky Map Interferometers Beam Patterns Equatorial Coordinates Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 12 / 24
32 Interferometers Beam Patterns The View from Antares Antares/Virgo+LIGO Common Sky Map Antares Sky Map Equatorial Coordinates Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 13 / 24
33 Interferometers Beam Patterns The View from Antares Antares/Virgo+LIGO Common Sky Map Antares+LIGO Hanford+LIGO Livingstone Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 14 / 24
34 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods GW Detection Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 15 / 24
35 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods GW Detection : efficiency Propagating erturbation of space-time h δl L h P det h = f (t) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 15 / 24
36 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods GW Detection : efficiency N. Arnaud et al., Phys. Rev. D 65, (2002) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 15 / 24
37 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods GW Detection : efficiency Case Any single interferometer only more probable Time Coincidences (no direction) possible Direction rejects background : Coincidence/Coherent Analysis Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 15 / 24
38 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods Detection depends on the signal waveform... F. Beauville et al., Class.Quant.Grav.25 : (2008) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 16 / 24
39 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods Antares Detection Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 17 / 24
40 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods Antares Detection 12 Lines in operation since mid-2008! µ track reconstructed from (t, Q) of hits from Cherenkov light Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 17 / 24
41 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods Antares Detection : efficiency vs background Λ log(l) N DOF Standard cut : Λ > 5.3 : Efficiency 75% Atm. ν : 10/day For lower Λ, bkg explodes For higher Λ, ɛ drops Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 17 / 24
42 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods Simple case : time coincidences ɛ coincidences for t 1 s Maximum for Λ 5.5 Λ low : Antares bkg high Virgo Threshold too high Λ high : Antares efficiency too low Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 18 / 24
43 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods Quantum Gravity effects & coincidence window m graviton = 0, and E graviton 1 t GW QG negligible! δt ν mass 1 for E ν TeV Quantum Gravity (: Dispersion ) ( c 2 p 2 = E [1 2 E + ξ E QG + O E 2 E 2 QG ) ] +... ξ = 1 favoured (ν slower than c) z 1 Given fluxes and amplitudes, first signals seen local universe independence from cosmological models ( ) ( ) ( ) tqg GW-ν d E HE ν ms 19 GeV 10 kpc 1 TeV E QG S. Choubey & S. F. King, Phys. Rev. D 67, (2003) Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 19 / 24
44 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods Quantum Gravity effects & coincidence window Maximum QG delay for E QG GeV t QG 100ms for sources in Galaxy and E ν 100 TeV Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 19 / 24
45 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods GRBs : observations and time window Precursors Extend Time Window High Energy Emission HE γ delayed Preliminary studies show that HEN emission delayed Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 20 / 24
46 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods GRBs : observations and time window Coincidence Window : [ 250s; +250s] Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 20 / 24
47 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods The Question of the Horizon : Conditions for efficient coincidences : GWHEN Efficiency limited by weakest experiment Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 21 / 24
48 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods The Question of the Horizon : GW GW Horizon Rough estimate of Signal-to-Noise Ratio ρ = hc 1 h RMS 1 GE GW fsh (f ) d GW f π 2 c d 3 GW 1 f ρ GEGW π 2 c 3 S h (f ) Take ρ 10, f 250Hz, S h (f ) / Hz (Optimal) Low Luminosities GRBs L tot erg/s for δt 1s Assume E GW = ɛ GW E tot Then d GW 10 Mpc ɛ GW 0.01 δt 1 s Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 21 / 24
49 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods The Question of the Horizon : HEN HEN Horizon Luminosity Needed for detection of N ν events from N ν Φ ν σ ν R µ A µ ( ) 2 L ν = 4πdHEN 2 Φ ν erg/s N dhen ( 1 yr ) ν 3 Gpc δt for Aµ 0.1 km 2 Requiring N ν = 1 for a burst δt 100 s, L ν = ɛ HEN L tot d max HEN 5 Mpc, scaling as δt and ɛ HEN GWHEN Horizon For Low Luminosities GRBs d GW d HEN Mpc Horizons seem equivalent for rough estimates......but depend on ɛ GW, ɛ HEN, δt... Model dependent! Equalization of Horizons needed for given GWHEN models Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 21 / 24
50 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods A method for coincidences Coincidence Analysis Method Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 22 / 24
51 ITFs Detection Antares Detection Example : Time Coincidence Coincidence Window GWHEN Horizon Methods Maximum accessible E QG Limited by GW timing resolution Careful : no energy resolution taken into account... E max QG 1019 GeV for SNR 10 Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 23 / 24
52 The gwhen Group Antares : Contact : Th. P. B. Baret, B. Bouhou, A. Kouchner, L. Moscoso, V. Van Elewyck Virgo, APC (Paris) : E. Chassande-Mottin (Contact) LIGO : S. Márka (Contact) Columbia U. (USA) : I. Bartos, Z. Márka Cardiff (UK) : P. Sutton Potsdam (Germany) : I. Di Palma & M.-A. Papa IceCube : C. Finley (OKC, Sweden) Collaborative : Virgo/LIGO + Antares MoU for exchange of data signed between Antares, Virgo and LIGO Regular Meetings Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 24 / 24
53 The gwhen Group Current Analysis : Antares 5 Lines + VSR1/S5 Sub-optimal detectors No joint optimization! (Null) Results expected after summer / Joint Analysis : Antares 12 Lines + VSR2/S6 Optimize Coincident Detection Efficiency for specific joint GWHEN emission models... Possible First coincident detection? Circa KM 3 + Advanced Interferometers HEN : 1-5 km 3 in the Mediterranean... GW : Interferometers with enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz Astrophysics of detected sources? Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 24 / 24
54 Scientific motivations GWHEN Sources GWHEN Observability GWHEN Detectability GWHEN Status The gwhen Group : perspectives... What about Quantum Gravity? First coincidences will help understanding the sources! An exception : Jetted Core-Collapse SN / Short/Long GRBs GW signals well modelled - at least timing wrt bounce/merger Production of HEN in the jet QG studies ok if HEN produced near base of the emitted jet Th. Pradier (University of Strasbourg) Workshop «Fundamental Physics Laws», Paris, June The gwhen Project 24 / 24
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