LIGO Detection of Gravitational Waves. Dr. Stephen Ng
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1 LIGO Detection of Gravitational Waves Dr. Stephen Ng
2 Gravitational Waves Predicted by Einstein s general relativity in 1916 Indirect confirmation with binary pulsar PSR B (1993 Nobel prize in physics) Direct detection? 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
3 Astrophysical sources Massive objects Fast-moving Periodic signals 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
4 Astrophysical sources Massive objects Fast-moving Periodic signals Blackhole-blackhole merger Blackhole-neutron star merger Neuton star-neutron star merger 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
5
6 Detection Technique Michelson interferometer 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
7
8 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
9 Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Hanford, Washington Livingston, Louisiana Two orthogonal 4km arms 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
10 Hanford
11 Livingston
12 2/24/2016 Stephen Ng
13 40kg silica test mass 2/24/2016
14 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
15 Sensitivity 60Hz power grid 500Hz suspension fibers >150Hz shot noise Thermal noise Rayleigh scattering 2/24/2016
16
17 1011 authors!
18 GW Sep 14, 09:50:45 UTC Advanced LIGO upgrade (Virgo, GEO600 not working) Detected at both sites, ms delay 2/24/2016
19 GW Sep 14, 09:50:45 UTC Advanced LIGO upgrade (Virgo, GEO600 not working) Detected at both sites, ms delay 2/24/2016
20 GW Sep 14, 09:50:45 UTC Advanced LIGO upgrade (Virgo, GEO600 not working) Detected at both sites, ms delay Increased from 35Hz to 150Hz in 0.2s 2/24/2016
21 2/24/2016
22
23 GW Sep 14, 09:50:45 UTC Advanced LIGO upgrade (Virgo, GEO600 not working) Detected at both sites, ms delay Increased from 35Hz to 150Hz in 0.2s Peak strength /24/2016
24 GW Sep 14, 09:50:45 UTC Advanced LIGO upgrade (Virgo, GEO600 not working) Detected at both sites, ms delay Increased from 35Hz to 150Hz in 0.2s Peak strength Exercise: displacement between test masses? 2/24/2016
25 GW Sep 14, 09:50:45 UTC Advanced LIGO upgrade (Virgo, GEO600 not working) Detected at both sites, ms delay Increased from 35Hz to 150Hz in 0.2s Peak strength Exercise: displacement between test masses? km = m - Proton charge radius: m 2/24/2016
26
27 Is It Real? 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
28 Detector Validation Detectors steady for several hours - Not instrumental artifacts Environmental sensors show no disturbances - Seismometers, accelerometers, microphones, magnetometers, radio receivers, weather sensors, ac-power monitors, cosmic-ray detector, 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
29 Searching for Signals Generic search False alarm rate: 1 in 8,400yr False alarm prob.: = 4.4 detection Binary coalescence search 250,000 post-newtonian templates 1-99M, spin a cj GM False alarm rate: 1 in 203,000yr False alarm prob.: = 5.1 detection 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
30 Searching for Signals Generic search Binary coalescence search
31 2/24/2016
32 Searching for Signals Generic search Binary coalescence search
33 Confirmed! 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
34 What source? Chirp mass M m 3/5 1m 2 = c3 m 1 +m 1/5 2 G 5 96 π 8/3 f 11/3 ሶ f 3/5 30M Exercise 1: Total Mass M = m 1 + m 2 70M (hint: let X = m 1 + m 2 and Y = m 1 m 2 ) Exercise 2: If m 1 = 1.4M, m M 75Hz => 350km apart Black hole-black hole merger 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
35 2/24/2016 Stephen Ng
36
37 Black Hole Parameters Full GR numerical simulation of binary black hole mergers: Primary black hole mass Secondary black hole mass M M Final black hole mass 62 4 M Final black hole spin Energy radiated in gravitational waves M c 2 = erg Peak luminosity M c 2 /s = erg/s Redshift /24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
38 Where? 600 deg 2 No EM, no 2/24/2016
39 ArXiv: deg 2 200deg 2
40 Physical Implications Graviton mass < ev/c 2 Heavy ( 25M ) stellar mass black holes exist Weak stellar winds => Low metallicity ( 1/2 solar values) Binary black hole merger rate 2 400Gpc 3 yr 1 Low metallicity, low redshift => Black hole binary formation in: low-mass galaxy in local universe with prompt merger, or high redshift, delay merger several Gyr 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
41 What Next? More observatories Advanced LIGO
42 What Next? More observatories Advanced LIGO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Pulsar timing array 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves
43 2/24/2016
44 A New Window to the Universe This is not an end, but just the beginning Multi-messenger astronomy beyond EM waves - Gravitational waves ( listen to the Universe) - Neutrino - Cosmic rays 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
45 Conclusions Gravitational waves finally detected, 100yr after proposed A new window to the Universe To testing simple principles - Precise measurements - Careful design of experiments - Advanced technology - Careful checking => Discovery 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
46 2/24/2016
47 2/24/2016
48 References 2#fulltext 2/24/2016 LIGO detection of gravitational waves Stephen Ng
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