The Interstellar Medium. Jayant Murthy Indian Institute of Astrophysics
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1 The Interstellar Medium Jayant Murthy Indian Institute of Astrophysics
2 What is the ISM? Interstellar gas. Emission nebulae.
3 What is the ISM? Interstellar gas. Emission nebulae. Interstellar dust. Dark nebulae.
4 What is the ISM? Interstellar gas. Emission nebulae. Interstellar dust. Dark nebulae. Reflection nebulae.
5 What is the ISM? Interstellar gas. Emission nebulae. Interstellar dust. Dark nebulae. Reflection nebulae. Cosmic rays. Electromagnetic radiation. Magnetic fields.
6 What is the ISM Gravity. Dark matter.
7 Historical Context Northern Milky Way
8 Historical Context Southern MW
9 Early Ideas Appears as a milky band arching over the sky. Milky Way from Latin: Via Lactea. Milk spilt when Hera was feeding Heracles. Akash Ganga. Every star in the sky is part of the Milky Way.
10 Observational Details Surface brightness of 5. Sagittarius. More detail at a limiting magnitude of 6. Individual stars are not seen.
11 Siderius Nuncius
12 Sidereus Nuncius Galileo saw many more stars with telescope than with naked eye. Found that nebulae and Milky Way were comprised of stars. For the Galaxy is nothing else than a congeries of innumerable stars distributed in clusters.
13 Evolution of Galactic Models Thomas Wright (1750). An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe. The Sun is at the centre of an infinite plate of stars. Bright stars are nearby.
14 Immanuel Kant Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens or An Essay on the Constitution and the Mechanical Origin of the Entire Structure of the Universe Based on Newtonian Principles (1755) Outline of a general systematic arrangement among the fixed stars, derived from the phenomenon of the Milky Way. Similarity of this system of fixed stars to the planetary system. Discovery of many such systems, showing up in the expanse of the heavens in the form of elliptical shapes. New idea about the systematic arrangement of the entire creation Suggested that each nebula is an Island Universe.
15 Herschel's Universe William and Caroline Herschel counted stars in fields (1785). Found that Sun was in the centre of the Galaxy.
16 Kapteyn Universe Jacobus Kapetyn (1922) Cape Photographic Durchmusterung survey of 4,84,575 stars in the Southern Hemisphere. Found two streams of stellar proper motions. Galactic model from detailed study of Kapteyn's Special Areas.
17 Harlow Shapley Systematically measured the distances to globular clusters using Cepheid variables.
18 Heber Curtis PASP 26, 206 (1917)
19 Curtis-Shapley Debate PASP 107, 1133 Virginia Trimble (1995) ml html First idea was to have a debate on relativity: As to relativity, I must confess that I would rather have a subject in which there would be a half dozen members of the Academy competent enough to understand at least a few words of what the speakers were saying if we had a symposium upon it. I pray to God that the progress of science will send relativity to some region of space beyond the fourth dimension, from whence it may never return to plague us. Am wiring Heber Curtis suggesting Debate him and Shapley on subject scale of universe for Academy meeting forty five minutes each suggest communicate Shapley and Curtis and wire if favorably arranged.
20 Issues Is the Sun at the center of the Galaxy? Star counts indicate yes. No interstellar dust. Globular clusters say no. Curtis distrusted cepheids. Are there other island universes? Distances from novae say yes. Van Maanen measured internal rotations so no.
21
22 Discovery of Interstellar Matter Otto Wilhelm von Struve. Decline in number of stars with distance. E. E. Barnard (1919) Observed dark nebulae. Robert Trumpler (1930) Interstellar extinction in observations of clusters. Johannes Hartmann (1904) Absorption lines in spectrum of binary star δ Orionis.
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