Substorms: Externally Driven Transition to Unstable State a few Minutes Before Onset
|
|
- Godwin Atkinson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Substorms: Externally Driven Transition to Unstable State a few Minutes Before Onset L. R. Lyons 1, I. O Voronkov 2, J. M. Ruohoniemi 3, E. F. Donovan 4 1 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles 45 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA larry@atmos.ucla.edu 2 Department of Physics, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada igor@space.ualberta.ca 3 TheJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 111 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD mike_ruohoniemi@jhuapl.edu 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada eric@phys.ucalgary.ca Abstract. Auroral breakup at substorm onset often is observed along a new arc that forms a few minutes prior to the time traditionally identified as substorm onset. The breakup arc increases in intensity approximately monotonically prior to onset and then becomes nonlinear at onset, suggesting that the magnetosphere undergoes a transition to an unstable configuration a few minutes prior to onset and that the resulting instability is responsible for the substorm expansion phase. A reduction in the strength of dayside convection is also often observed to initiate few minutes prior onset, and we suggest that this reduction causes the magnetosphere to make the transition from stability to instability. If this inference is correct, then the critical outstanding question concerning substorms is how does a convection reduction cause the transition to instability and how does this transition lead to formation of the breakup arc prior to onset and to the substorm current wedge. 1. Introduction There is general agreement that auroral breakup and current wedge formation at substorm onset initiate on magnetic field lines of the near-earth plasma sheet, which cross the equator and equatorial radial distances r ~ 6-1R E. The major outstanding question is what causes the onset of the substorm expansion phase. Theories have generally treated the expansion phase as an internal instability of the magnetosphere that develops from the storage of energy that occurs in the nightside plasma sheet and lobes when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is southward. However, it has long been known that periods of steady southward IMF can persist for several hours without the occurrence of substorms. Such periods of stable, enhanced magnetospheric convection are referred to as convection bays or steady magnetospheric convection periods (SMCs). Their existence implies that prolonged enhanced convection does not drive the magnetosphere into an unstable configuration that leads to substorms. Rather the magnetosphere is driven into a stable equilibrium configuration with enhanced energy content on the nightside. It is reasonable to assume that the equilibrium energy content of the nightside magnetosphere increases with the strength of convection. This would imply that a reduction in the strength of convection should result in an equilibrium configuration for the magnetosphere with reduced energy content on the nightside. Thus if the
2 energy accumulated on the nightside during a period of enhanced convection exceeds that of the equilibrium configuration after a reduction in the strength of convection, the excess energy would represent free energy that should be released after the reduction of convection [Atkinson, 1991]. This energy release process would then be the substorm expansion phase. It has now been established that substorm onsets can be triggered by IMF changes that are expected to lead to a reduction in the strength of convection [Lyons et al., 1997, and references therein]. This is as expected from the above scenario. It thus seems plausible that it is the reduction in the strength of convection that causes the transition to instability that leads to the substorm expansion phase. In this paper we first discuss evidence inferred from auroral breakup observations [Lyons et al., 22a] that the transition to instability occurs ~4-5 min prior to the time normally identified as substorm onset. This discussion includes evidence that the instability behaves as a classical instability, growing monotonically prior to expansion phase onset and becoming non-linear at onset [Voronkov et al., 2]. We then discuss evidence that the transition to instability occurs at the same time as the strength of convection starts to decrease in response to an appropriate IMF change, consistent with convection reduction causing the transition to instability. 2. Formation and Growth of Breakup Arc In the classic paper describing the auroral morphology of a substorm, Akasofu [1964] described the first indication of the substorm expansion phase as a sudden brightening of one of the quiet auroral arcs that forms during the substorm. Using modern all-sky-imager (ASI) and meridian-scanning photometer (MSP) observations of substorm onsets from the Canadian CANOPUS program, Lyons et al. [22a] have recently found that auroral break-up at expansion phase onset does not generally occur along a pre-existing growth phase arc. Instead it at least often occurs along a thin new arc that forms equatorward of all growth phase arcs a few minutes prior to expansion-phase onset. For the cases examined, this breakup arc became discernible 2-8 min before onset and grew in intensity monotonically until onset. After onset, the arcs intensity grows explosively and their shape becomes distorted by the development of large-swirls. Figure 1 gives an example of ASI observations from Lyons et al. [22a] that shows the formation and evolution of the breakup arc for times surrounding a substorm onset at 459 UT on January 18, Notice that the breakup arc became discernible at ~454 and then increased in intensity. The arc began to develop swirls at 459 UT, the time identified as substorm onset by traditional indicators. 45 Growth phase arcs Å Log R Break-up arc (Onset) 54 Figure Å emissions from the Gillam ASI for periods surrounding an onset at 459 UT on January 18, North is to the top and east is to the right in each image. A grid of magnetic latitude and longitude at 2 intervals is overlaid on the first image, the thicker horizontal and vertical lines indicating 67 latitude and 33 longitude respectively. Intensity scales have been adjusted to emphasis the relatively low auroral intensities prior to and at onset (from Lyons et al. [22a]).
3 96/1/18 Gillam 5577 Å Growth-phase arcs Break-up arc Gillam 5577 Å Growth-phase arcs Break-up arc UT UT equatorward poleward Figure 2. Gillam MSP observations of 5577 Å intensities versus elevation angle from the most equatorward to the most poleward looking direction. Lines are shown for observations taken every 3 s from 43 to 51:3 UT on January 18, 1996 and are stacked vertically with increasing time (from Lyons et al. [22a]). Figure 2 shows line plots of the Gillam highresolution MSP observations of 5577 Å emissions. Emission intensities are plotted as a function of elevation from the most equatorward looking direction to the most poleward looking direction. Thin dashed lines are drawn through intensity peaks to indicate the location of the growth-phase arcs. These arcs appear to form and fade away over a time scale of ~1-15 min. The breakup arc is identified with a heavy dashed line. This arc can be seen to be a new arc that forms equatorward of all growth phase arcs, consistent with what is seen in the ASI images. Line plots of the MSP observations from a pseudobreakup with onset at 421 UT on May 11, 1996 are shown in Figure 3. As with the previous example, the data show that the breakup arc formed equatorward of the growth arcs. It was 4 equatorward poleward Figure 3. Same as Figure 2, except observations are shown for 4 to 423 UT on May 11, 1996 (from Lyons et al. [22a]). first discernible at ~416 UT and then increased in intensity before onset. Figure 4 shows the peak intensity of the breakup arcs in Figures 2 and 3 as a function of time from when the arc became discernible to the time of onset. The background 5577 Å intensity in the region of the breakup up arcs prior to arc formation has been subtracted. This figure shows that the increase in arc intensity prior to onset was essentially monotonic. These observations imply that the processes responsible for expansion-phase onset often initiate on breakup field lines at least ~4-5 min prior to the time normally identified as onset, and they are consistent with a classical instability that grows monotonically prior to onset and then becomes nonlinear [e.g., Voronkov et al., 2]. Thus the transition of the magnetosphere to the unstable configuration that leads to the substorm expansion phase must occur ~4-5 min prior to onset.
4 Increase in 5577Å Intensity (linear scale) -6 * 96/1/18 (459 UT onset) + 96/5/11 (421 UT onset) * * * * * * * * * * Min from onset Figure 4. Peak intensity of breakup arc between the time of arc formation and onset. The background auroral intensity prior to arc formation has been subtracted 3. Electric Field Reduction If it is the reduction in the strength of convection that causes the transition to instability that leads to the substorm expansion phase, then the reduction in convection should be imparted to the magnetosphere ~4-5 min prior to substorm onset. This reduction should be seen on the dayside if the reduction is indeed a reduction in the strength of large-scale convection imparted to the magnetosphere from the solar wind. While the convection reduction should also be seen on the nightside, such changes may be harder to identify on the nightside because of possible electric field changes associated with nightside auroral phenomena. A number of studies of convection as obtained from radar observations of ionospheric flows have shown that reductions in convection are associated with onsets [Nielsen and Greenwald, 1978; Opgenoorth et al., 1983; Greenwald et al., 1996; Lyons et al., 1998, 21]. Of these, only those of Greenwald et al. [1996] and Lyons et al., [21] included measurements of convection on the dayside. Greenwald et al. [1996] showed that afternoon convection decreased in association with substorm onset, but they did not look at the precise time of convection reduction relative to the time of onset. Lyons et al. [21] took advantage of excellent SuperDARN coverage of convection during a period that included two substorm onsets on November 24, 1996, a small onset at 2227 UT and a large onset at 2233 UT. They found a reduction in the strength of global * convection in association with both onsets, the reduction being significantly less for the small onset than for the large onset. Figure 5 shows line-of-sight ionospheric flows from two SuperDARN radar beams for UT on November 24, The particular radar beams shown in Figure 5 were selected because they had relatively continuous echoes throughout this 1-hour interval. The MLT of the central time series at 22 UT is given in the stack plot for that time series, these being 1526 Vel (m/s) MLT 22 22:3 23 mlat,mlon (deg) 1834 MLT 22 22:3 23 UT (hr) mlat,mlon (deg) (7.1, -22 (69.8, -23 (69.6,-24 (69.3,-25 (69.1,-26 (68.8,-27 (68.5,-28 (68.3,-29) (68..-3) (72.4, 2 (71.9, 2 (71.5, 2 (71.1, 2 (7.7, 2 (7.3, 2 (69.8, 2 (69.4, 2) (68.9, 21) Figure 5. Line-of-sight velocities for two SuperDARN radar beams for UT on November 24, Time series in each plot are for an individual radar beam and are ordered by distance from the observing radar, the largest distance being at the top. Locations of each time series in magnetic coordinates are given along the right hand axes, and the magnetic local time (MLT) given in each plot is the MLT at 22 UT for the central time series in that plot. Negative velocities indicate velocities directed toward the radar (from Lyons et al. [21]).
5 and 1834 MLT for the top and bottom plots, respectively. The velocities for these beams were primarily negative, which indicates velocities directed toward the radar. Also, each data point was taken at a time during a 2-min interval that began at the time at which the point is plotted. The time series in Figure 5 allow us to determine the times of convection changes. Here we are interested in using the radar data to identify global changes in convection, which we define to be changes seen at approximately the same time in many individual time series. Figure 5 shows a number of transient, localized changes that are not of interest in this context. The vertical dashed and solid lines in Figure 5 identify times when a change in slope of the time series was observed at the same time in many of the time series shown in Figure 5. These lines identify the initiation of global changes in convection. Note that the precise times the changes initiated is not known to better than the 2-min resolution of the data. Most of the time series in Figure 5 show a gradual increase in line-of-sight speeds from 22 to 2224 UT, indicating a general enhancement of convection speed. The solid vertical lines in Figure 5 demarcate a time that was followed by a distinct and prolonged decrease in flow speeds. It is identified at the 223 UT data points, which indicates a large decrease in convection strength initiating within ~2 min of 223 UT. This is ~3 min prior to the time that the second, and larger, of the two expansion onsets was observed. The dashed vertical lines in Figure 5 demarcate a smaller, but still clearly identifiable reduction in global convection that initiated within 2 min of 2224 UT, which is few min prior to the first expansion onset. The observations on November 24, 1996 indicate that the reduction in global convection does indeed initiate a few minutes prior to expansion phase onset, as required if such a reduction is responsible for the transition to instability that leads to the substorm expansion phase. However, it is necessary to see whether a reduction in convection is often seen in association with substorm onsets and if so, does the reduction generally initiate a few minutes prior to ground onset. Lyons et al [22b] have identified a number of isolated substorm onsets for which there is good SuperDARN radar echo coverage on the dayside. They have found that a reduction in the strength of large-scale convection is indeed identifiable on the dayside in association with most of the identified substorm onsets and that the reduction initiated a few minutes before onset. In Figure 6, we show SuperDARN observations for two of these onsets that clearly show the timing of the convection reduction. Line-of sight velocities have been filtered and gridded as described by Ruohoniemi and Baker [1998]. Polar plots of radar line-of-sight flows at times before and after onsets at 913 UT on February 19, 1998 and at 1457 on October 22, 1998 are shown in Figures 6a and 6b, respectively. These plots show the data coverage on the dayside and give an overall view of the change in convection from before to after the onsets. When looking at these plots, it must be remembered that only one component of the total plasma flow velocity is given by each arrow. It is expected, however, that a change in speed that is seen in a large number of vectors indicates an overall change in large-scale convection. A reduction in speed after onset is seen in Figure 6a at nearly all measurement locations for the February 19 event, indicating a reduction in the strength of large-scale convection. The reduction in convection is not quite as clear following the October 22 onset because, despite the reduction, convection remained strong after the second onset. However reduction in the magnitude of many of the line-ofsight vectors can be discerned in Figure 6b. To look at the timing of the convection for these two onsets, we show time series of dayside, highlatitude line-of-sight velocities at fixed geomagnetic coordinates in Figure 7. For the February 19 example, all line plots at latitudes >7 that had good coverage of the onset are shown. Essentially all these time series show a prolonged reduction in convection speed initiating ~4-6 min prior to onset. For the October 22 onset, dayside time series at latitudes >7 that best illustrate the timing of the convection change are shown. (There are too many time series for all to be shown.) We do not expect a reduction in the overall strength of convection to be reflected as a reduction in all observed line of sight speeds,
6 9:5 UT Feb. 19, MLT Ha 6 o Py 7 o 14:53 UT 9 o St Py October 22, MLT 6 o 7 o o 18 MLT 9:17 UT 12 MLT Ha 8 o 3 o Py 6 MLT m/s 6 o 6 o 7 o Ha 8 o 18 MLT 6 MLT 15:1 UT 12 MLT m/s 6 o 7 o St Py o 18 MLT 8 o 3 o 6 MLT Figure 6a. Polar plots (MLT versus magnetic latitude) of line-of-sight velocities observed by SuperDARN radars for times before and after substorm onset at 913 UT on February 19, Vectors point toward or away from location of the radar that made the measurements. Locations of radar with echoes are indicated by heavy dots (Py, Pykkvibaer; St, Stokkseyri). Hankasalmi is at a lower latitude than shown; its longitude is indicated by Ha (from Lyons et al. [2b]). remembering that line-of-sight velocities are only one component of the ionospheric flows and that movement of the convection reversal boundary can affect the magnitudes of flow speeds at some locations. Thus some time series may show speed increases or speed reversals, particularly at locations near the convection reversal boundary. For the October 22 example a few time series show an increase in speed or a reversal in the direction of flow. However, the majority of the time series show a reduction in the line of sight speeds associated with the onset, indicating a reduction in the overall strength of convection. Also, nearly all the time series show that this change in convection initiated ~4-8 min prior to onset. Thus, as with the November 24, 1996 onsets, the ionospheric flows are consistent with a reduction in large-scale convection being responsible for the transition to instability. Ha 8 o 18 MLT 6 MLT Figure 6b. Same format as Figure 6a (from Lyons et al. [2b]). 4. Summary and Conclusion CANOPUS ASI and MSP observations show that auroral breakup at substorm onset at least often occurs along a new arc that forms a few (~4-5) minutes prior to the time traditionally identified as substorm onset. The breakup arc increases in intensity approximately monotonically prior to onset, and then becomes non-linear at onset. This behavior suggests that the magnetosphere undergoes a transition to an unstable configuration a few minutes prior to onset and that the resulting instability is responsible for the substorm expansion phase. Also, a reduction in large-scale convection is often discernable in association with substorm onset from SuperDARN observations of dayside ionospheric convection. The reduction initiates a few minutes prior to onset. That the reduction in convection proceeds onset and occurs at about the same time relative to onset as does the formation of the breakup arc suggests that the reduction in the strength of convection causes the magnetosphere to make the transition from stability to instability. It is not possible at this time to determine whether all substorms onsets are preceded by a reduction in the strength of
7 6 2 8 Feb. 19, 1998 Convection change V -1 m/s Onset Pykkvibar V uncertain Pykkvibar Velocity (m/s) UT -4 Oct. 22, 1998 V -1 m/s V 1 m/s reversal Pykkvibar 12 Stokkseyri Velocity (m/s) Convection change Onset Stokkseyri UT Figure 7. Line-of-sight velocities from the SuperDARN radars for geomagnetic longitudes and latitudes within parentheses in each panel. Each data point was taken at a time during a 2-min interval that began at the time at which the point is plotted. Black vertical lines identify the beginning of the 2-min interval in which onset occurred. Thicker, gray vertical lines indicate the data point in each panel where a change in convection speed can be identified in association with the onsets. Decreases, increases, and reversals (sign change) in convection speed of magnitude >1 m/s seen in at least four consecutive data points are indicated by line patterns indicated above each set of line plots (from Lyons et al. [22b]).
8 large-scale convection. However, observations imply that at least most of those with a welldefined onset time do so. It is reasonable that most other onsets may also occur in this way; however it is not currently possible to determine for sure that this is the case. The instability that results from a reduction in convection would be expected to occur when the equilibrium energy corresponding to the lowered rate of convection is below that which has accumulated during the previous period of enhanced convection. This accumulated energy would be the equilibrium energy if the period of enhanced convection were sufficiently long to be an SMC. Shorter periods of enhanced convection, without sufficient time for equilibrium to be reached, would constitute the typical substorm growth phase and accumulated nightside energy would be below equilibrium. The instability will then reduce the energy stored on the nightside to the equilibrium level appropriate for the lowered strength of convection, and the release in energy would constitute the substorm expansion phase. If this is indeed the case, then the amount of energy released (i.e., substorm size) should increase with amount of convection reduction for a given amount of energy storage prior to the convection reduction. It is also plausible that if the convection strength were to decrease, and then increase back to near or greater than the initial strength within a short period of time (less than ~1 min?), the instability would be terminated before leading to significant energy loss leading to a pseudo-breakup. The inferences in the above paragraph should be viewed as speculative. However, the inference that substorm onset at least often results from a reduction in the strength of convection that is imparted to the magnetosphere a few minutes before onset is strongly supported by the data. If this inference is correct, then the critical outstanding question is how does a convection reduction cause the transition to instability and how does this transition lead to formation of the breakup arc prior to onset and to the substorm current wedge after onset. Acknowledgments This work was supported at UCLA in part by NSF grant OPP and NASA grant NAG CANOPUS data have been obtained with support of the Canadian Space Agency. We thank the CANOPUS PI, John Samson, for his strong support. Support for SuperDARN was provided by national funding agencies in Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. References Akasofu, S.-I., The development of the auroral substorm, Planet. Space Sci., 12, 273, Atkinson, G., A magnetosphere wags the tail model of substorms, in Magnetospheric Substorms, eds. J. R. Kan, T. A. Potemra, S. Kokubun, and T. Iijima, p. 191, American Geophysical Union, Washington, Greenwald, R. A., et al., Mesoscale dayside convection vortices and their relation to substorm phase, J. Geophys. Res., 11, 21,697, Lyons, L. R., et al., Coordinated observations demonstrating external substorm triggering, J. Geophys. Res., 12, 27,39, Lyons, L. R., G. T. Blanchard, and K. B. Baker, Substorm onset: The result of IMF-driven reductions in large-scale convection, in Substorms-4, ed. by S. Kokubun and Y. Kamide, p. 265, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., Lyons, L. R., J. M. Ruohoniemi, and Gang Lu, Substorm-associated changes in large-scale convection during the November 24, 1996 Geospace Environment Modeling Event, J. Geophys. Res., 16, 397, 21. Lyons, L. R., I. O. Voronkov, E. Donovan, and E. Zesta, Relation of substorm breakup arc to other growthphase auroral arcs, J. Geophys. Res., 22a (in press). Lyons, L. R., J. M. Ruohoniemi, S. Liu, S. I. Solovyev, J. C. Samson, Observations of dayside convection reduction leading to substorm onset, J. Geophys. Res., 22b (submitted). Nielsen, E., and R. A. Greenwald, Variations in ionospheric currents and electric fields in association with absorption spikes during the substorm expansion phase, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 5645, Opgenoorth, et al., Three-dimensional current flow and particle precipitation in a westward traveling surge (observed during the Barium-GEOS rocket experiment), J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3138, Ruohoniemi, J.M., and K.B. Baker, Large-scale imaging of high-latitude convection with Super Dual Auroral Radar Network HF radar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 13, 2797, Voronkov, I., E. F. Donovan, B. J. Jackel, and J. C. Samson, Large-scale vortex dynamics in the evening and midnight auroral zone: Observations and simulations J. Geophys. Res., 15, 18,55, 2.
Relation of Substorm Breakup Arc to other Growth-Phase Auroral Arcs
Relation of Substorm Breakup Arc to other Growth-Phase Auroral Arcs by L. R. Lyons Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565 I. O. Voronkov Dept.
More informationRelation of substorm breakup arc to other growth-phase auroral arcs
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. A11, 1390, doi:10.1029/2002ja009317, 2002 Relation of substorm breakup arc to other growth-phase auroral arcs L. R. Lyons, 1 I. O. Voronkov, 2 E. F. Donovan,
More informationAuroral Disturbances During the January 10, 1997 Magnetic Storm
Auroral Disturbances During the January 10, 1997 Magnetic Storm L. R. Lyons and E. Zesta J. C. Samson G. D. Reeves Department of Atmospheric Sciences Department of Physics NIS-2 Mail Stop D436 University
More informationConvection dynamics and driving mechanism of a small substorm during dominantly IMF By+, Bz+ conditions
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L08803, doi:10.1029/2003gl018878, 2004 Convection dynamics and driving mechanism of a small substorm during dominantly IMF By+, Bz+ conditions Jun Liang, 1 G. J.
More informationNear-Earth Breakup in Substorms: Empirical and Model Constraints
Near-Earth Breakup in Substorms: Empirical and Model Constraints I. O. Voronkov 1, E. F. Donovan, P. Dobias 1, J. C. Samson 1, and L. R. Lyons 3 1 Department of Physics, University of Alberta Edmonton,
More informationRelation of substorm disturbances triggered by abrupt solar-wind changes to physics of plasma sheet transport
1 Relation of substorm disturbances triggered by abrupt solar-wind changes to physics of plasma sheet transport L. R. Lyons, D.-Y. Lee, C.-P. Wang, and S. B. Mende 1. Introduction Abstract: Substorm onset
More informationThe Two-Dimensional Structure of Auroral Poleward Boundary Intensifications (PBI)
The Two-Dimensional Structure of Auroral Poleward Boundary Intensifications (PBI) E. Zesta 1, E. Donovan 2, L. Lyons 1, G. Enno 2, J. S. Murphree 2, and L. Cogger 2 1 Department of Atmospheric Sciences,
More informationTwo-dimensional structure of auroral poleward boundary intensifications
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. A11, 1350, doi:10.1029/2001ja000260, 2002 Two-dimensional structure of auroral poleward boundary intensifications E. Zesta, 1 E. Donovan, 2 L. Lyons, 1 G.
More informationTokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama , Meguro Tokyo , Japan Yoshinodai, Sagamihara Kanagawa , Japan
Structured Currents Associated with Tail Bursty Flows During Turbulent Plasma Sheet Conditions by L. R. Lyons1, T. Nagai2, J. C. Samson3, E. Zesta1, T. Yamamoto4, T, Mukai4, A. Nishida4,, S. Kokubun5 1Department
More informationTime Series of Images of the Auroral Substorm
ESS 7 Lecture 13 October 27, 2010 Substorms Time Series of Images of the Auroral Substorm This set of images in the ultra-violet from the Polar satellite shows changes that occur during an auroral substorm.
More informationRelationship of Oscillating Aurora to Substorms and Magnetic Field Line Resonances
Proceedings ICS-6, 2002 Relationship of Oscillating Aurora to Substorms and Magnetic Field Line Resonances James A. Wanliss and Robert Rankin Department of Physics, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB,
More informationPlanned talk schedule. Substorm models. Reading: Chapter 9 - SW-Magnetospheric Coupling from Russell book (posted)
Reading: Chapter 9 - SW-Magnetospheric Coupling from Russell book (posted) Today: Example of dynamics/time variation Review of intro to auroral substorms Substorm models How do we know a substorm is occurring?
More informationNonlinear stability of the near-earth plasma sheet during substorms
9 Nonlinear stability of the near-earth plasma sheet during substorms P. Dobias, J. A. Wanliss, and J. C. Samson 1. Introduction Abstract: We analyze a nonlinear stability of the near-earth plasma sheet
More informationGlobal morphology of substorm growth phases observed by the IMAGE-SI12 imager
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112,, doi:10.1029/2007ja012329, 2007 Global morphology of substorm growth phases observed by the IMAGE-SI12 imager V. Coumans, 1 C. Blockx, 1 J.-C. Gérard, 1 B. Hubert,
More informationInterplanetary Conditions. L. R. Lyons. Department of Atmospheric Sciences. University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA
Geomagnetic Disturbances: Characteristics of, Distinction Between Types, and Relations to Interplanetary Conditions by L. R. Lyons Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of California, Los Angeles
More informationMultipoint observations of substorm pre-onset flows and time sequence in the ionosphere and magnetosphere
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117,, doi:10.1029/2011ja017185, 2012 Multipoint observations of substorm pre-onset flows and time sequence in the ionosphere and magnetosphere Yong Shi, 1 Eftyhia
More informationGeosynchronous magnetic field response to solar wind dynamic pressure pulse
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 109,, doi:10.1029/2003ja010076, 2004 Geosynchronous magnetic field response to solar wind dynamic pressure pulse D.-Y. Lee Department of Astronomy and Space Science,
More informationSimultaneous THEMIS in situ and auroral observations of a small substorm
Simultaneous THEMIS in situ and auroral observations of a small substorm E. Donovan (1), W. Liu (2), J. Liang (2), E. Spanswick (1), I. Voronkov (3), M. Connors (3), M. Syrjäsuo (4), G. Baker (1), B. Jackel
More informationOccurrence and properties of substorms associated with pseudobreakups
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2010ja015866, 2010 Occurrence and properties of substorms associated with pseudobreakups A. Kullen, 1 T. Karlsson, 1 J. A. Cumnock, 1,2 and T. Sundberg
More informationSTUDY ON RELATIONSHIP OF MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORM AND MAGNETIC STORM
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerapan MIPA Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, 16 Mei 2009 STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP OF MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORM AND MAGNETIC STORM L. Muhammad
More informationSuperDARN E-region backscatter boundary in the dusk-midnight sector tracer of equatorward boundary of the auroral oval
Annales Geophysicae (22) 2: 1899 194 c European Geosciences Union 22 Annales Geophysicae SuperDARN E-region backscatter boundary in the dusk-midnight sector tracer of equatorward boundary of the auroral
More informationSimultaneous THEMIS in situ and auroral observations of a small substorm
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L17S18, doi:10.1029/2008gl033794, 2008 Simultaneous THEMIS in situ and auroral observations of a small substorm E. Donovan, 1 W. Liu,
More informationObservations of the phases of the substorm
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. A2, 1073, doi:10.1029/2002ja009314, 2003 Observations of the phases of the substorm I. O. Voronkov Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
More informationDYNAMICS OF THE EARTH S MAGNETOSPHERE
DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH S MAGNETOSPHERE PROF JIM WILD j.wild@lancaster.ac.uk @jim_wild With thanks to: Stan Cowley, Rob Fear & Steve Milan OUTLINE So far: Dungey cycle - the stirring of the magnetosphere
More informationIonospheric Tomography II: Ionospheric Tomography II: Applications to space weather and the high-latitude ionosphere
Ionospheric Tomography II: Ionospheric Tomography II: Applications to space weather and the high-latitude ionosphere Why tomography at high latitudes? Why tomography at high latitudes? Magnetic field railway
More informationOpen magnetic flux and magnetic flux closure during sawtooth events
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L23301, doi:10.1029/2008gl036374, 2008 Open magnetic flux and magnetic flux closure during sawtooth events B. Hubert, 1 S. E. Milan, 2
More informationGeomagnetic signatures of auroral substorms preceded by pseudobreakups
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114,, doi:10.1029/2008ja013712, 2009 Geomagnetic signatures of auroral substorms preceded by pseudobreakups A. Kullen, 1 S. Ohtani, 2 and T. Karlsson 3 Received 29
More informationEnhanced transport across entire length of plasma sheet boundary field lines leading to substorm onset
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2010ja015831, 2010 Enhanced transport across entire length of plasma sheet boundary field lines leading to substorm onset L. R. Lyons, 1 Y. Nishimura,
More informationSmall-Scale Structure of Ionospheric Absorption of Cosmic Noise During Pre-Onset and Sharp Onset Phases of an Auroral Absorption Substorm
Geophysica (1999), 35(1-2), 45-57 Small-Scale Structure of Ionospheric Absorption of Cosmic Noise During Pre-Onset and Sharp Onset Phases of an Auroral Absorption Substorm Hilkka Ranta 1, Aarne Ranta 1
More informationSteady Magnetospheric Convection Selection Criteria: Implications of Global SuperDARN Convection Measurements
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, 1 2 3 Steady Magnetospheric Convection Selection Criteria: Implications of Global SuperDARN Convection Measurements K. A. McWilliams and J. B.
More informationInterplanetary magnetic field control of fast azimuthal flows in the nightside high-latitude ionosphere
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L08102, doi:10.1029/2008gl033545, 2008 Interplanetary magnetic field control of fast azimuthal flows in the nightside high-latitude ionosphere A. Grocott, 1 S. E.
More informationSimultaneous observations of ionospheric flow and tail reconnection signatures during the substorm expansion phase.
Simultaneous observations of ionospheric flow and tail reconnection signatures during the substorm expansion phase. M. Lester 1, M. Parkinson 2, J.A. Wild 1, S.E. Milan 1, T. Nagai 3, K.A. McWilliams 4,
More informationObserving SAIDs with the Wallops Radar
Observing SAIDs with the Wallops Radar Raymond A. Greenwald, Kjellmar Oksavik, J. Michael Ruohoniemi, and Joseph Baker The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory SuperDARN-Storms New Technologies--Antenna
More informationHighly periodic stormtime activations observed by THEMIS prior to substorm onset
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L17S24, doi:10.1029/2008gl034235, 2008 Highly periodic stormtime activations observed by THEMIS prior to substorm onset L. Kepko, 1 J. Raeder, 1 V. Angelopoulos,
More informationDynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L03202, doi:10.1029/2004gl021392, 2005 Dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Keiichiro Fukazawa and Tatsuki Ogino
More informationTemporal evolution of the transpolar potential after a sharp enhancement in solar wind dynamic pressure
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L02101, doi:10.1029/2007gl031766, 2008 Temporal evolution of the transpolar potential after a sharp enhancement in solar wind dynamic pressure A. Boudouridis, 1 E.
More informationRelative timing of substorm onset phenomena
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 109,, doi:10.1029/2003ja010285, 2004 Relative timing of substorm onset phenomena L. Kepko Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA M.
More informationModeling magnetospheric current response to solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements during magnetic storms: 2. Application to different storm phases
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 113,, doi:10.1029/2008ja013420, 2008 Modeling magnetospheric current response to solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements during magnetic storms: 2. Application to
More informationAzimuthal structures of ray auroras at the beginning of auroral substorms
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, L23106, doi:10.1029/2009gl041252, 2009 Azimuthal structures of ray auroras at the beginning of auroral substorms K. Sakaguchi, 1 K. Shiokawa, 1 and E. Donovan 2 Received
More informationVariability of dayside convection and motions of the cusp/cleft aurora
Variability of dayside convection and motions of the cusp/cleft aurora Article Published Version Lockwood, M., Moen, J., Cowley, S. W. H., Farmer, A. D., Løvhaug, U. P., Lühr, H. and Davda, V. N. (1993)
More informationLuminosity variations in several parallel auroral arcs before auroral breakup
Ann. Geophysicae 15, 959±966 (1997) Ó EGS ± Springer-Verlag 1997 Luminosity variations in several parallel auroral arcs before auroral breakup V. Safargaleev, W. Lyatsky, V. Tagirov Polar Geophysical Institute,
More informationRelations between multiple auroral streamers, pre onset thin arc formation, and substorm auroral onset
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116,, doi:10.1029/2011ja016768, 2011 Relations between multiple auroral streamers, pre onset thin arc formation, and substorm auroral onset Y. Nishimura, 1,2 L. R.
More informationCurriculum Vitae Gerard Talton Blanchard, Jr.
Curriculum Vitae Gerard Talton Blanchard, Jr. EDUCATION Ph.D., Geophysics and Space Physics June 1996 University of California, Los Angeles Ph.D. thesis, Solar wind control of the westward auroral electrojet
More informationIonospheric convection signatures of tail fast flows during substorms and Poleward Boundary Intensifications (PBI)
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38,, doi:10.1029/2011gl046758, 2011 Ionospheric convection signatures of tail fast flows during substorms and Poleward Boundary Intensifications (PBI) Eftyhia Zesta,
More information12. Low Latitude A.urorae on October 21, I
No. 3] Proc. Japan Acad., 66, Ser. B (199) 47 12. Low Latitude A.urorae on October 21, 1989. I By Hiroshi MIYAOKA, *) Takeo HIRASAWA, *) Kiyohumi and Yoshihito TANAKA**> (Communicated by Takesi NAGATA,
More informationAn unusual geometry of the ionospheric signature of the cusp: implications for magnetopause merging sites
Annales Geophysicae (2002) 20: 29 40 c European Geophysical Society 2002 Annales Geophysicae An unusual geometry of the ionospheric signature of the cusp: implications for magnetopause merging sites G.
More informationIonospheric characteristics of the dusk-side branch of the two-cell aurora
Annales Geophysicae,, 1, SRef-ID: 1-57/ag/-- European Geosciences Union Annales Geophysicae Ionospheric characteristics of the dusk-side branch of the two-cell aurora J.-H. Shue 1, P. T. Newell, K. Liou,
More informationRE-EXAMINATION OF DRIVEN AND UNLOADING ASPECTS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS
Adv. Space Res. Vol. 13, No.4, pp. (4)75 (4)83, 1993 0273 i 177)93 $24.00 Printed in Great Britain. 1993 COSPAR RE-EXAMINATION OF DRIVEN AND UNLOADING ASPECTS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS D. N. Baker,*
More informationMonitoring the dayside and nightside reconnection rates during various auroral events using IMAGE- FUV and SuperDARN data
Monitoring the dayside and nightside reconnection rates during various auroral events using IMAGE- FUV and SuperDARN data B.Hubert, M. Palmroth, S.E. Milan, A. Grocott, P. Janhunen, K. Kauristie, S.W.H.
More informationSuperposed epoch analysis of the ionospheric convection evolution during substorms: onset latitude dependence
Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Annales Geophysicae Superposed epoch analysis of the ionospheric convection evolution during substorms: onset
More informationMagnetospheric Currents at Quiet Times
Magnetospheric Currents at Quiet Times Robert L. McPherron Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567 e-mail: rmcpherron@igpp.ucla.edu
More informationEffect of solar wind pressure enhancements on storm time ring current asymmetry
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110,, doi:10.1029/2005ja011019, 2005 Effect of solar wind pressure enhancements on storm time ring current asymmetry Y. Shi, E. Zesta, L. R. Lyons, and A. Boudouridis
More informationHighly periodic stormtime activations observed by THEMIS prior to substorm onset
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, 1 2 Highly periodic stormtime activations observed by THEMIS prior to substorm onset L. Kepko, 1 J. Raeder, 1 V. Angelopoulos, 2 J. McFadden,
More informationPCN magnetic index and average convection velocity in the polar cap inferred from SuperDARN radar measurements
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114,, doi:10.1029/2008ja013964, 2009 PCN magnetic index and average convection velocity in the polar cap inferred from SuperDARN radar
More information1) Dept. Earth Planet. Sci., Kyushu Univ., 2) AOS, UCLA, 3) ICSWSE, Kyushu Univ., 4) APL, Johns Hopkins Univ., 5) NICT, 6) EPSS/IGPP, UCLA
IUGONET 2016/10/18-19 PBI Pi2 1), 2), 1)3), 3), Shinichi Ohtani 4), 5), V. Angelopoulos 6) 1) Dept. Earth Planet. Sci., Kyushu Univ., 2) AOS, UCLA, 3) ICSWSE, Kyushu Univ., 4) APL, Johns Hopkins Univ.,
More informationSimultaneous Observations of E-Region Coherent Backscatter and Electric Field Amplitude at F-Region Heights with the Millstone Hill UHF Radar
Simultaneous Observations of E-Region Coherent Backscatter and Electric Field Amplitude at F-Region Heights with the Millstone Hill UHF Radar J. C. Foster and P. J. Erickson MIT Haystack Observatory Abstract
More informationPreonset time sequence of auroral substorms: Coordinated observations by all sky imagers, satellites, and radars
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2010ja015832, 2010 Preonset time sequence of auroral substorms: Coordinated observations by all sky imagers, satellites, and radars Y. Nishimura,
More informationResponse of morning auroras and cosmic noise absorption to the negative solar wind pressure pulse: A case study
ÓPTICA PURA Y APLICADA. www.sedoptica.es Sección Especial: 37 th AMASON / Special Section: 37 th AMASON Aurora Response of morning auroras and cosmic noise absorption to the negative solar wind pressure
More informationStudy of Geomagnetic Field Variations at Low Latitude of African Equatorial Region
Study of Geomagnetic Field Variations at Low Latitude of African Equatorial Region Agbo G. A 1 ; Azi A. O. 2, Okoro N. O. 3 Industrial Physics Department, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B 053 Abakaliki Abstract:
More informationMagnetospheric Response Times Following Southward IMF Turnings
Trinity University Digital Commons @ Trinity Physics and Astronomy Faculty Research Physics and Astronomy Department 1998 Magnetospheric Response Times Following Southward IMF Turnings Niescja E. Turner
More informationDetailed analysis of a substorm event on 6 and 7 June 1989: 2. Stepwise auroral bulge evolution during expansion phase
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. A12, 1480, doi:10.1029/2001ja009129, 2002 Detailed analysis of a substorm event on 6 and 7 June 1989: 2. Stepwise auroral bulge evolution during expansion
More informationEffect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Y Component on the High latitude Nightside Convection
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Physics Faculty Publications Physics 1985 Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Y Component on the High latitude Nightside Convection O. de la Beaujardiere
More informationSTATISTICAL STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DAYSIDE HIGH-ALTITUDE/-LATITUDE O + OUTFLOWS, SOLAR WINDS, AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY
1 STATISTICAL STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DAYSIDE HIGH-ALTITUDE/-LATITUDE O + OUTFLOWS, SOLAR WINDS, AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY Sachiko Arvelius 1, M. Yamauchi 1, H. Nilsson 1, R. Lundin 1, H. Rème 2,
More informationESS 200C Aurorae. Lecture 15
ESS 200C Aurorae Lecture 15 The record of auroral observations dates back thousands of years to Greek and Chinese documents. The name aurora borealis (latin for northern dawn) was coined in 1621 by P.
More informationAndrew Keen, Inari, Finland 18 Feb º C spaceweather.com
ESS 7 Lecture 17 May 14, 2010 The Aurora Aurora Amazing Light Show Andrew Keen, Inari, Finland 18 Feb 2010-31º C spaceweather.com Athabasca Aurora Oct 3 2003 Courtesy Mikko Syrjäsuo There is a Long Record
More informationChapter 8 Geospace 1
Chapter 8 Geospace 1 Previously Sources of the Earth's magnetic field. 2 Content Basic concepts The Sun and solar wind Near-Earth space About other planets 3 Basic concepts 4 Plasma The molecules of an
More information1 Introduction. Cambridge University Press Physics of Space Plasma Activity Karl Schindler Excerpt More information
1 Introduction Space plasma phenomena have attracted particular interest since the beginning of the exploration of space about half a century ago. Already a first set of pioneering observations (e.g.,
More informationAuroral signature of ground. Toshi Nishimura (UCLA), Larry Lyons, Takashi Kikuchi, Eric Donovan,
Auroral signature of ground Pi 2 pulsation Toshi Nishimura (UCLA), Larry Lyons, Takashi Kikuchi, Eric Donovan, Vassilis Angelopoulos, l Peter Chi and Tsutomu Nagatsuma Long-standing discussion on Pi 2
More informationLongitudinal development of a substorm brightening arc
Ann. Geophys., 27, 1935 19, 29 www.ann-geophys.net/27/1935/29/ Author(s) 29. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3. License. Annales Geophysicae Longitudinal development of
More informationNear Earth initiation of a terrestrial substorm
Near Earth initiation of a terrestrial substorm Article Published Version Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., Angelopoulos, V., Murphy, K. R., Milling, D. K., Kale, A., Frey, H. U., Rostoker, G., Russell, C. T.,
More informationInterplanetary magnetic field B x asymmetry effect on auroral brightness
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. A8, 10.1029/2001JA000229, 2002 Interplanetary magnetic field B x asymmetry effect on auroral brightness J.-H. Shue, P. T. Newell, K. Liou, and C.-I. Meng
More informationSubstorm onset observations by IMAGE-FUV
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 109,, doi:10.1029/2004ja010607, 2004 Substorm onset observations by IMAGE-FUV H. U. Frey, S. B. Mende, and V. Angelopoulos Space Sciences Laboratory, University of
More informationCharacteristics of plasma flows at the inner edge of the plasma sheet
Characteristics of plasma flows at the inner edge of the plasma sheet R.L. McPherron, T-S. Hsu, J. Kissinger, X. Chu, V. Angelopoulos Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and Department of Earth
More informationPlanetary Magnetospheres
1 Planetary Magnetospheres Vytenis M. Vasyliūnas Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Heliophysics Summer School: Year 4 July 28 August 4, 2010 Boulder, Colorado July 23, 2010 Figure 1: Schematic
More informationJOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116, A04202, doi: /2010ja016371, 2011
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116,, doi:10.1029/2010ja016371, 2011 Relation between magnetotail magnetic flux and changes in the solar wind during sawtooth events: Toward resolving the controversy
More informationMultistage substorm expansion: Auroral dynamics in relation to plasma sheet particle injection, precipitation, and plasma convection
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. A11, 1342, doi:10.1029/2001ja900116, 2002 Multistage substorm expansion: Auroral dynamics in relation to plasma sheet particle injection, precipitation, and
More informationPolar cap bifurcation during steady-state northward interplanetary magnetic field with j B Y j B Z
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 109,, doi:10.1029/2003ja009944, 2004 Polar cap bifurcation during steady-state northward interplanetary magnetic field with j B Y j B Z Masakazu Watanabe, George J.
More informationSuperDARN assimilative mapping
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: SPACE PHYSICS, VOL. 118, 7954 7962, doi:1.2/213ja19321, 213 SuperDARN assimilative mapping E. D. P. Cousins, 1 Tomoko Matsuo, 2,3 and A. D. Richmond 1 Received 14 August
More informationRelation of the auroral substorm to the substorm current wedge
DOI 10.1186/s40562-016-0044-5 RESEARCH LETTER Open Access Relation of the auroral substorm to the substorm current wedge Robert L. McPherron * and Xiangning Chu Abstract The auroral substorm is an organized
More informationObservations of nightside magnetic reconnection during substorm growth and expansion phases
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 111,, doi:10.1029/2005ja011356, 2006 Observations of nightside magnetic reconnection during substorm growth and expansion phases M. M. Lam, 1 M. Pinnock, 1 and E.
More informationStepwise feature of aurora during substorm expansion compared with the near Earth tail dipolarization: Possible types of substorm dynamics
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2009ja014572, 2010 Stepwise feature of aurora during substorm expansion compared with the near Earth tail dipolarization:
More informationGround and satellite observations of substorm onset arcs
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110,, doi:10.1029/2005ja011281, 2005 Ground and satellite observations of substorm onset arcs K. Shiokawa, 1 K. Yago, 1,2 K. Yumoto, 3 D. G. Baishev, 4 S. I. Solovyev,
More informationIdentification of optical auroras caused by mantle precipitation with the aid of particle observations from DMSP satellites
Article Advances in Polar Science doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2018.4.00233 December 2018 Vol. 29 No. 4: 233-242 Identification of optical auroras caused by mantle precipitation with the aid of particle observations
More informationFeatures of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling during breakups and substorm onsets inferred from multi-instrument alignment
Features of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling during breakups and substorm onsets inferred from multi-instrument alignment I. Voronkov, A. Runov, A. Koustov, K. Kabin, M. Meurant, E. Donovan, C. Bryant,
More informationLarge-scale imaging of high-latitude convection with Super Dual
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 103, NO. A9, PAGES 20,797-20,811, SEPTEMBER 1, 1998 Large-scale imaging of high-latitude convection with Super Dual Auroral Radar Network HF radar observations J.
More informationMeasurements of Hot Air in Alaska
Measurements of Hot Air in Alaska John Meriwether, Professor of Physics, Clemson University Research focus: Which way does the wind blow, how fast, and how hot? The answer to this question is needed for
More informationTemporal and spatial variability of auroral forms in the MLT sector: Relationship to plasma convection and solar wind-magnetosphere coupling
Earth Planets Space, 50, 663 682, 1998 Temporal and spatial variability of auroral forms in the 10 14 MLT sector: Relationship to plasma convection and solar wind-magnetosphere coupling P. E. Sandholt
More informationObservations of high-velocity SAPS-like flows with the King Salmon SuperDARN radar
Ann. Geophys., 24, 1591 1608, 2006 European Geosciences Union 2006 Annales Geophysicae Observations of high-velocity SAPS-like flows with the King Salmon SuperDARN radar A. V. Koustov 1, R. A. Drayton
More informationTime history effects at the magnetopause: Hysteresis in power input and its implications to substorm processes
219 Time history effects at the magnetopause: Hysteresis in power input and its implications to substorm processes M. Palmroth, T. I. Pulkkinen, T. V. Laitinen, H. E. J. Koskinen, and P. Janhunen 1. Introduction
More informationOUTLINE. Polar cap patches: Polar Cap Patches. Core instrumentation for UiO patch studies:
Polar Cap Patches islands of high electron density, form on the day side and drift towards night side across the polar cap OUTLINE Background on polar cap patches 630 nm airglow observations in the - MLT
More informationIntroduction to the Sun-Earth system Steve Milan
Introduction to the Sun-Earth system Steve Milan steve.milan@ion.le.ac.uk The solar-terrestrial system Corona is so hot that the Sun s gravity cannot hold it down it flows outwards as the solar wind A
More informationJOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114, A00D01, doi: /2008ja013743, 2009
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114,, doi:10.1029/2008ja013743, 2009 Connections between plasma sheet transport, Region 2 currents, and entropy changes associated with convection, steady magnetospheric
More informationResponse of the Earth s magnetosphere and ionosphere to the small-scale magnetic flux rope in solar wind by the MHD simulation
Response of the Earth s magnetosphere and ionosphere to the small-scale magnetic flux rope in solar wind by the MHD simulation Kyung Sun Park 1, Dae-Young Lee 1, Myeong Joon Kim 1, Rok Soon Kim 2, Kyungsuk
More informationGround-based radar detection of the equatorward boundary of ion auroral oval in the dusk-midnight sector and its dynamical association with substorms
Adv. Polar Upper Atmos. Res.,,*, 0-1/,,**0,**0 National Institute of Polar Research Review Ground-based radar detection of the equatorward boundary of ion auroral oval in the dusk-midnight sector and its
More informationThe Solar wind - magnetosphere - ionosphere interaction
The Solar wind - magnetosphere - ionosphere interaction Research seminar on Sun-Earth connections Eija Tanskanen Friday January 27, 2006 12-14 a.m., D115 Outline 1. Basics of the Earth s magnetosphere
More informationMagnetospherically-Generated Ionospheric Electric Fields
Magnetospherically-Generated Ionospheric Electric Fields Stanislav Sazykin Rice University sazykin@rice.edu June 26, 2005 Sazykin--Ionospheric E-Fields--CEDAR Student Workshop 1 Overall Magnetospheric
More informationIn-Situ vs. Remote Sensing
In-Situ vs. Remote Sensing J. L. Burch Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, TX USA Forum on the Future of Magnetospheric Research International Space Science Institute Bern, Switzerland March 24-25,
More informationElectromagnetic Fields Inside the Magnetoshpere. Outline
Electromagnetic Fields Inside the Magnetoshpere P. K. Toivanen Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space Research Outline Introduction to large-scale electromagnetic fields Magnetic field geometry Modelling
More informationThe Dynamic Magnetosphere. Ioannis A. Daglis. National Observatory of Athens, Greece
310/1749-42 ICTP-COST-USNSWP-CAWSES-INAF-INFN International Advanced School on Space Weather 2-19 May 2006 The Dynamic Magnetosphere: Reaction to and Consequences of Solar Wind Variations Yannis DAGLIS
More informationРС INDEX AS INDICATOR OF THE SOLAR WIND ENERGY ENTERED INTO THE MAGNETOSPHERE: RELATION TO INTERPLANETARY ELECTRIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC DISTURBANCES
РС INDEX AS INDICATOR OF THE SOLAR WIND ENERGY ENTERED INTO THE MAGNETOSPHERE: RELATION TO INTERPLANETARY ELECTRIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC DISTURBANCES О. A.Troshichev Arctic and Antarcrtic Research Institute,
More information