human spaceflight and operations Lunar Lander human spaceflight and operations

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1 Lunar Lander 1

2 Lunar Lander Mission Objective Soft Precision Landing with Hazard Avoidance Astronaut health Resources e.g. water, O, OH Lunar environment and effects Advanced Surface Robotic Mobility (contribution from DLR). Safe precision landing is a key capability for future international cooperation in exploration 2

3 Key mission baseline choices LAUNCHER Soyuz Project Framework Constraints applying to the Lunar Lander mission Launch: use of European launch capability Lunar Lander Phase B1 Cost: to be compatible with PreCursor-type mission Timeframe: 2018 Technology: will be challenging but must be feasible No use of Radioisotope devices (RHUs) THERMAL No RHUs LANDING SITE South Polar Courtesy of Arianespace Reliant on Solar Power generation + conventional thermal control 3

4 Mission Outline: Descent & Landing Descent Landing Coasting Braking Approach Terminal DOI PDI AG Retargeting TG TD 1. Absolute navigation based on landmarks 2. Relative visual navigation 3. Hazard detection and avoidance (camera & LIDAR based) HDA Hazard maps Risk map Safe site selection Retargeting Optical AbsNav Landmarks detection Landmarks matching Landmarks integrity Absolute navigation filter Optical RelNav Features detection Features tracking Relative navigation filter 5500 km 500 km 2 km Landing site 1 hour 12 min 90 s 20 / 0 s Downrange Time-to-go 4

5 Site Characteristics Lunar orbit & polar terrain: sites with good illumination conditions Landing Site Questions: Location - Size - Light/dark pattern Illumination plot: 200m pixels showing light duration Example illumination pattern at a lunar polar landing site 1 year Communications: 2 weeks per month Direct-to-Earth communication windows require implementation of degree of operational autonomy 5

6 Current Configuration Launch mass: 2444kg Lander dry mass: 752kg Bi-propellant 5 x 500N main engines 6 x 220N assist engines 22N RCS 6

7 Challenges & Breadboarding Guidance, Navigation & Control Optical Absolute Navigation Landmark identification Relative Visual Navigation Low-level illumination Hazard Detection and Avoidance Slopes, boulders, shadows Propulsion Pulsed mode thrust modulation Engine clustering & thermal interaction Thermal control/survival Low temperature compatibility Batteries, electronics Loop heat pipes BREADBOARDING Aurora Core Programme ~6 years of technology development, e.g. in GNC 7

8 Industrial Contracts Phase B1 contract with EADS Astrium - Bremen started September 2010 Lunar Lander Phase B1 Current participating countries: Germany, Portugal, Canada, Spain, Belgium and Czech Republic. Payload accommodation studies in European Industries and Research Institutes (D, UK, NL, CH, S, B, PL, F, E, FN, CZ). 8

9 Science and Payload 9

10 Science and Payload Definition ~75 Scientists currently involved, more to come. Lunar Exploration Definition Team Topical Teams and workshops: Dust Toxicity (T3LD) Resources (TTELPM) Radiation Biology (TT-IBER) Dusty Plasma Environments (new team) Payload Definition Studies (funded through GSP) Landing site characterisation studies (surface properties, hazards, illumination) Journal Special Issue in preparation: Planetary and Space Science Title: Scientific Preparations for Lunar Exploration Workshop in ESTEC 6-7 February

11 Site Characterisation 11

12 Site Characterisation 12

13 Plasma Environment From Halekas

14 Global Surface Charging Median electrostatic potential of the lunar surface in the solar wind determined from Lunar Prospector using an electron reflectometry technique From Halekas

15 Local Charging 2D simulated plasma wake structure in a polar topographic depression From Zimmerman et al

16 Dusty Plasma 16

17 Lunar Dust From Carpenter et al., 2010 From Liu et al.,

18 Dust Effects for Systems From Kobrick et al

19 clearance Dust Toxicity clearance macrophage activation release of oxidants,cytokines,growth factors recruitment of AM and PMN reactions with endogenous molecules, depletion of the antioxidant defences in the lung lining cell death direct action on target cells e.g. free radical release damage to target cells 19

20 Mineralogical Resources 20

21 SPA location Landing Site at edge of SPA Unknown mineralogy never knowingly sampled Lower crust / upper mantel? Courtesy NASA 21

22 Volatiles as Resources 22

23 Science: What? Science to generate knowledge that enables exploration Exploration Objective Characterise is the lunar environment and its effects on systems Investigation Radiation particles and fluxes Properties of natural dusty plasmas Solar wind and magnetosphere interactions with the Earth Moon system Determine the abundance and distribution of potential resources Prepare for future exploration activities Quantify the challenges for human health Landing site characterisation Chemistry and mineralogy of the South Pole Aitken basin Chemistry of volatiles trapped at the Lunar Poles Measure the Lunar exosphere Radio astronomy precursor Toxicity of dusty regolith Biological effects of radiation (image courtesy of NASA). 23

24 Model Payload Package Automated Microscope for the Examination of Radiation Effects (AMERE) Lunar Dust (and regolith) Analysis Package (L-DAP) Lunar Dust Environment and Plasma Package (L-DEPP) Lunar Volatile Resource Analysis Package (L-VRAP) Other experiments Other Payload Instrument GFP tagged cells Microscope Particle detector Atomic Force Microscope Raman Optical Microscope External Raman/LIBS optical head Dust Sensor Langmuir Probes Broadband Radio Antenna Ion/Electron Spectrometer GC Mass Spectrometer Ion trap mass spectrometer Panoramic stereo camera High resolution camera Robotic arm camera Radiation monitor Dust chemical reactivity Mobile payload experiment Panoramic Camera Early-stage models for L-VRAP and L-DAP Model payload under study through ESA General Studies Programme 24

25 Lunar Dust Environment and Plasma Package Measurements Dust motion, charge, size distribution, trajectory Electric fields Plasma temperature, density Plasma EM properties Medium - Long wavelength radio background Potential Instruments for Consideration Dust Charge and Trajectory sensor Langmuir Probes (extensive heritage) Broadband Radio Receiver (various heritage) Electron/ion spectrometer 25

26 Lunar Dust Environment and Plasma Package Study 1 kick off: June 2011 Kayser-Threde (Germany) IRS Stuttgart (Germany), RUN (Netherlands), IRF (Sweden), Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), LASP (USA), ASTRON (Netherlands), SRON (Netherlands), LESIA (France), S&T (Netherlands) Study 2 kick off: May 2011 Astronomical Institute (Czech Republic) Czech Space Research Centre (Czech Republic),TU Braunsweig (Germany), UC Berkeley (USA), CSRC (France), MSSL (UK), IRAP (France), NASA GSFC (USA), LASP (USA), IFW (Austria) Study 3 kick off: May 2011 FMI (Finland) IRF-K (Sweden), Uni Bern (Switzerland), ARQUIMEA (Spain) 26

27 Lunar Dust Analysis Package Lunar Dust Analysis Package Size distribution of dust ~10nm - 100µm Structure and morphology of grains Dust/regolith chemistry/mineralogy Dust/regolith elemental composition? OH group, H 2 O Phoenix MCA optical and Atomic force microscopes and sample stage. Potential Instruments for consideration Optical and Atomic Force Microscopes E.g. Phoenix (MECA) / Beagle 2) Raman (+ LIBS?) E.g. Heritage from Exomars Raman-LIBS elegant breadboard spectrometer 27

28 Lunar Dust Analysis Package Study Kick Off: March 2011 SEA Ltd. (UK) Kayser Threde (Germany), TNO (Netherlands), TU Delft (Netherlands), University of Leicester (UK), VU Amsterdam (Netherlands), University of Bern (Switzerland), Imperial College London (UK), Phasefocus Ltd. (UK), Nanosurf (Switzerland) 28

29 Lunar Volatile Resource Analysis Package Measurements Identify Solar Wind Implanted and other volatiles in the lunar regolith Extract volatiles from the lunar regolith as a potential resource Observe exosphere species Need to understand implications of surface contamination during landing Potential Instruments for Consideration Mass spectrometer (heritage e.g. Beagle 2 GAP) Beagle 2 GAP 29

30 Lunar Volatile Resource Analysis Package Measurements Identify Solar Wind Implanted and other volatiles (incl. water) in the lunar regolith Extract volatiles from the lunar regolith as a potential resource Observe exosphere species Also need to understand implications of surface contamination during landing Study kick off: April 2011 Open University (UK) Astrium Ltd. (UK) Fluid Gravity Engineering Ltd. (UK) 30

31 Science and Payload Approach Mission under study at phase B1 level Science objectives and requirements definition through widespread interdisciplinary consultation Model Payload Definition through extensive consultative effort to optimise science return ensure feasibility within mission constraints Model payload paves the way for a future call for proposals Now preparing for a CMin proposal building on this work for next year 31

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