The AMIGA detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory: an overview
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1 The AMIGA detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory: an overview Federico Sánchez 1 for the Pierre Auger Collaboration 2 1 Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA-CONICET-UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina 2 Observatorio Pierre Auger, Av.San Martín Norte 34, (5613) Malargüe, Argentina (author list: 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 1 / 12
2 The Pierre Auger Observatory Goals Malargüe, Mendoza Argentina S W Designed to measure: Energy Spectrum Arrival Directions Composition of cosmic rays from ev (1 18 ev in hybrid mode). In 28 the Pierre Auger Collaboration completed the Observatory baseline design and started the low energy enhancements: AMIGA (SD extension) HEAT (FD extension) see H.J.Mathes s talk, this conference (HE.1.4,#761) Study the energy region where the transition from galactic to extragalactic may occur (1 17 ev 1 19 ev) 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 2 / 12
3 The Pierre Auger Observatory Detectors Main Observatory: 3km 2,16 surface detectors on 1.5 km triangular grid, 24 fluorescence telescopes with 3 3 FoV at 4 peripherical sites AMIGA + HEAT AMIGA+HEAT: 23.5km 2,42 extra SDs on 75m grid (infill array) associated with 3m 2 buried scintillators, 3 extra FD telescopes tilted upwards 3 15 m Array 75 m Array, 42/42 deployed Muon Detectors, 35m 2 /(21+162)m 2 Northing (km) Infill area Main array FD Buildings Easting (km) 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 3 / 12
4 The AMIGA Concept: Infill + Muon Counters SD station + 3 m2 buried scintillators 64 polystyrene strips (1%PPO+.3%POPOP) Each strip has TiO2 coating + WLS fiber glued Central Hamamatsu H anode PMT 4 cm PMT + FE electronics Two trigger modes of operation: Ethr µ 1 GeV external Trigger from the SD associated station internal manyfold strip coincidence. see B. Wundheiler s paper, this conference (HE.1.4, #341) 32nd ICRC (Beijing 211) 1 cm 3 1 m m2 deployed SD trigger 54 g cm 2 AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 4 / 12
5 Surface Infill SDs identical to (and embedded in) the main array: a. Aperture c. Geometry Rec. e. Energy Estimator b. Event Sel. d. Lat. Dist. Func. f. Energy Calibration benefit from regular Auger array algorithms (see I. Maris s paper, this conference, HE.1.2,#711) 3ToT Efficiency p infill array Fe infill array Infill p regular array Regular Example: Trigger Efficiency from simulations using Lat. Trig. Prob. param. Fe regular array log (E/eV) The 75m spacing of the infill allows cosmic rays to be detected down to an energy of ev with full efficiency. 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 5 / 12 1
6 Surface Infill S(r) (VEM) S(r) (VEM) Lateral Distribution function S(r) Triggered stations r (m) θ=(27.2±.2) S(45)=276.6±11.4 Main array Rec. θ=(27.5±.6) S(1)=2.6±2.5 Lateral Distribution function S(r) Triggered stations non-triggered stations Infill array Rec r (m) Well contained (T5) events from 8/28 (3 hex.) to 12/21 (16 hex.) rate 28 T5/day/hexagon S(1) S(45) S 38 S 35 Uncertainties Ang.Res. < 1.3 from data: Exposure 26km 2 sryr σ S35 22% see I. Maris s paper (HE.1.2,#711) 1 Number of T5 Events 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 6 / 12
7 The Muon Detector Trigger by an Infill Station lowest level SD trigger 1 Hz Strip signal PMT level: SD trigger but no part. in MD 99% of cases PMT output current (ma) Scintillator strip with no signal trigger SD trigger opens 9.6µs MD window Time (ns) Real Muon Pulse SD trigger and part. in MD trigger PMT output current (ma) Muon signal Time (ns) 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 7 / 12
8 The Muon Detector Trigger by an Infill Station lowest level SD trigger 1 Hz SD trigger but no part. in MD 99% of cases trigger SD trigger opens 9.6µs MD window the PMT signal is sampled at 8 MHz Time (ns) Collection of 1s and s only logical 1s or s are stored that constitutes 1/64 of an MD event SD trigger and part. in MD trigger Strip signal Digital level: front-end output voltage (mv) front-end output voltage (mv) Only logical s samples in all strips (void events, 99%) discriminator output FPGA digital samples outcoming pulse discrimination level Time (ns) 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 7 / discriminator output voltage (mv) discriminator output voltage (mv)
9 The Muon Detector Trigger by an Infill Station Strip Number Strip Number s SD trigger delay Typical low multiplicity event 95% of non-void events 9.6µs time window t / 12.5 ns Unusual high multiplicity event (under investigation) t / 12.5 ns # of Samples Distrib. of 1s over time window shows SD trigger-md events correlation MD data SD trigger delay σ 3ns t / 12.5 ns 1% of the SD triggers have data in the MD. The rate of these events is 1.6Hz. In 95% of the cases fewer than 4 strips were struck. Strategies over 1s dist. to count muons B. Wundheiler s paper (HE.1.4,#341) 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 8 / 12
10 Summary & Conclusions The AMIGA low energy enhancement of the Pierre Auger Observatory is being built (fully efficient from ev). Present: the 75m infill array has been completed and 43/61 SDs (7%) are fully operative (the remaining by the end of 211). infill events recorded at a rate of 28 T5/day/hexagon ( 3 regular array rate) and analysis is on-going. 35m 2 /21m 2 scintillators for prototyping phase (to be completed by 212) have been installed (183m 2 needed for full infill array) Future: deployment of SD stations with smaller spacing (possibly 24 SDs on 433m array over 5.9km 2 ). Thank you! 谢谢! 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 9 / 12
11 Backup 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 1 / 12
12 MD Calibration in the Lab channel calibration in Lab # SPE Distance along fiber from PMT (cm) 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 11 / 12
13 Counting strategies counted / impinging muons ~3% <V spe > level Main Pixel Neighbor Pixels 1G3ns 1Q3ns 1C3ns 1G3ns 1Q3ns 1C3ns discrimination threshold (mv) 32 nd ICRC (Beijing 211) AMIGA Overview The Pierre Auger Coll. 12 / 12
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