275 Fig Streamlines versus Trajectories Fig. 7.5

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Cleopatra Bradley
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1 n y s P ψ x

2 (a) (b) (c) (d)

3 A B C D E

4 (a) (b)

5 B A D C

6 Ω Ω R A P Ω 2 R A Equator O g* g c c C

7 Axis of rotation Camera Parabolic surface Rotating turntable

9 C P V g

10 P ψ V s F s ψ V g C

11 C F V Ekman

12 P V gr C 2 V R T V gr 2 V R T C P

13 p = p 2 (V g ) 2 (V g ) 1 (a) p = p 2 p = p 1 (V g ) 2 (V g ) 1 (b) p = p 1

14 (a) Z 1 + Z T Z 1 V T (V g ) O 2 (V g ) 1 P Z 1 + Z T + δ Z Z 1 + δ Z Z T Z T + δ Z (b) Z 1 O (V g ) 1 V T (V g ) 2 P Z T + δ Z Z 1 + Z T Z T + δ Z Z T Z 1 + Z T + δ Z

15 f + f f f f A B

16 θ + δθ δp θ

17 ν + δν u δp δy δx ω ω + δ ω ν u + δu

18 ω > 0 ω < 0 V > 0 V < 0

20 (a) (b)

21 (a) North Pole cooling (b) North Pole high pressure heating low pressure cooling high pressure S.P. S.P. (c) North Pole (d) North Pole Ferrel cell J Tropospheric jet stream adley cells J S.P. S.P. Ferrel cell

22 V g V g (a) (b)

23 eat sink eat source eat sink eat source

24 ow-level heating igh-level cooling orizontal heating gradients Available potential energy Convection Thermally direct circulations Kinetic energy of large-scale motions Shear instability Boundary effects Kinetic energy of small-scale motions Energy cascade Kinetic energy of random molecular motions

25 P Ch07.qxd 302 9/12/05 7:45 PM Page 302 Atmospheric Dynamics DAY 1 ANAYSIS 99.7% 8m DAY % DAY 10 36m DAY 7 DAY 3 53m 89.8% 81m 76.1% 109m 56.8% Fig Forecasts and verifying analysis of the northern hemisphere 500-hPa height field for 00 UTC February 24, The number printed in the lower left corner is the root mean squared error and the percentage shown in the lower right corner of each panel is the anomaly correlation, a measure of the hemispherically averaged skill of the forecast. [Courtesy of Adrian J. Simmons, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).] Fig Three sets of ensemble forecasts performed using the highly simplified three-variable representation of the atmosphere described in Box 1.1. The time-dependent solution of the governing governing equations traces out the three-dimensional geometric pattern, referred to as the orenz attractor. Each panel represents a numerical experiment in which the initial conditions are the ensemble of points that lie along the purple ellipse and the forecasts at successive forecast times are represented by the down-stream black ellipses. Each point on the ellipse of initial conditions is uniquely identified with a point on each of the successive forecast ellipses. [Courtesy of T. N. Palmer, ECMWF.]

26 P Ch07.qxd 302 9/12/05 7:45 PM Page 302 Atmospheric Dynamics DAY 1 ANAYSIS 99.7% 8m DAY % DAY 10 36m DAY 7 DAY 3 53m 89.8% 81m 76.1% 109m 56.8% Fig Forecasts and verifying analysis of the northern hemisphere 500-hPa height field for 00 UTC February 24, The number printed in the lower left corner is the root mean squared error and the percentage shown in the lower right corner of each panel is the anomaly correlation, a measure of the hemispherically averaged skill of the forecast. [Courtesy of Adrian J. Simmons, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).] Fig Three sets of ensemble forecasts performed using the highly simplified three-variable representation of the atmosphere described in Box 1.1. The time-dependent solution of the governing governing equations traces out the three-dimensional geometric pattern, referred to as the orenz attractor. Each panel represents a numerical experiment in which the initial conditions are the ensemble of points that lie along the purple ellipse and the forecasts at successive forecast times are represented by the down-stream black ellipses. Each point on the ellipse of initial conditions is uniquely identified with a point on each of the successive forecast ellipses. [Courtesy of T. N. Palmer, ECMWF.]

27 ANAYSIS DAY 7 MEAN DAY 7 DAY 7 BEST WORST

28 EQ

29 B? A

30 Pressure (hpa) 800 Upward Motion + Vertical Velocity (ω) Downward Motion

31 100 hpa 300 hpa

32 Additional Credits Chapter 7 Figure 7.16 [Reprinted from Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4th Edition, J. R. olton, p. 96, Copyright 2004, with permission from Elsevier.] Copyright 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Level 3 Earth and Space Science, 2013

91414 914140 3SUPERVISOR S Level 3 Earth and Space Science, 2013 91414 Demonstrate understanding of processes in the atmosphere system 9.30 am Tuesday 26 November 2013 Credits: Four Achievement Achievement