DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NEGATIVE VALUE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS IN PSPICE SIMULATION SOFTWARE

Transcription

1 Computer Modellng and New Technologes, 2013, vol. 17, no. 2, Transport and Telecommuncaton Insttute, Lomonosov 1, LV-1019, Rga, Latva DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NEGATIVE VALUE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS IN PSPICE SIMULATION SOFTWARE A. Ferkoğlu 1, Ya. Sarı 2, R. Köker 3 1 Sakarya Unversty Technology Faculty Electrcal and Electroncs Engneerng Department Sakarya TURKEY E-mal: af@sakarya.edu.tr 2 Sakarya Unversty Hendek Vocatonal Hgh School Electroncs and Automaton Department Hendek Sakarya TURKEY E-mal: sar@hotmal.com 3 Sakarya Unversty Techncal Educaton Faculty Electroncs and Computer Scences Department Sakarya TURKEY E-mal: rkoker@sakarya.edu.tr Ths paper descrbes the transacton to generate and measure negatve valued resstors, capactors and nductors n Pspce smulaton medum for an educatonal purpose. Negatve crcut components are desgned and ther defnng characterstcs are produced. An op-amp based generc crcut s used for obtanng negatve components. To extract characterstcs, a charge-meter and a flux-meter are desgned and utlzed, n addton to the conventonal meters (markers) n the Pspce envronment. The numercal examples verfy the relevant background theory and valdate the desgned meters, namely flux meter and charge meter, n smulaton medum. The study of the paper have educatonal value n makng clear the meanng of negatve mpedance by expermentaton n a smulaton medum, thus relatng theory to practce and also exhbt that ORCAD Pspce s hghly vsual and effectve for both understandng the mathematcal theory underlyng the crcuts and performng measurements of flux and charge whch are needed to obtan the characterstcs of negatve nductors and negatve capactors. Keywords: Smulaton, Orcad PSpce, negatve resstor, negatve capactor, negatve nductor, flux-meter, charge-meter 1. Introducton The development of computer technology has opened new perspectves n engneerng educaton to prepare students for ther needs. In ths context computer smulaton has been a commonly adopted technque for predctng the real world behavour of a component, crcut or system. PSpce has exsted for some tme and s a much popular crcut analyss program used by many electrcal engneers and by Unverstes n ther engneerng courses as a CAD tool to analyse and test crcutry, because of ts smplcty and effectveness [1 5]. Pspce Smulator also provdes the advantage of usng herarchcal structures, thus smplfyng the desgn and renderng the drawngs more manageable. Ths paper presents a desgn and smulaton study for negatve mpedance emulaton n Pspce medum. Generally, negatve mpedances (admttances) can be used n generaton of transfer functons or mpedance functons, whch are not physcally realzable wthout actve crcuts. Specfcally, negatve mpedance emulators play an mportant role n cancellaton/compensaton of parastc mpedances [6]. They also have applcatons n mcrowave crcuts for mpedance matchng [6,7,8,9] and realzaton of chaotc oscllatons [10,11,12]. The study presented s of educatonal value and has two facets: obtanng systematcally all knd of negatve valued crcut components, namely, resstors, capactors and nductors, whch are presented n Secton 2; generatng ther characterstcs usng flux meters and charge meters, addtonal to already exstng voltage and current meters, desgned n the same envronment, whch s provded n Secton 3 together wth smulaton results. Fnally, Secton 4 covers the dscusson. 2. Generaton of Negatve Components The generc crcut used for obtanng negatve components systematcally s shown on Fgure 1. The two-port actve devce s a unversal operatonal devce, such as an opamp or current conveyor and t does not draw any current at the nput 53

2 V I K Vo Fgure 1. The generc crcut for obtanng grounded negatve components From the straghtforward analyss of the crcut, V I = (1) and rememberng the current nput to the actve element s zero, I V (1 K) = (2) and fnally substtutng (2) n (1) yelds, = (1 K) (3) If K s chosen specfcally as 2 then the nput mpedance of the overall becomes, = (4) from whch negatve value resstors, capactors and nductors are derved. 3. Expresson of Characterstcs n Pspce Envronment In ths Secton negatve components are obtaned movng from the Fgure 1 and numercal smulatons are performed wth an am of extractng ther defnng characterstcs. From the basc theory, the defnng equatons for the resstor, capactor and nductor, respectvely, are as follows V = R I (5) Q = C V (6) Ψ= LI (7) In the measurement procedure for (5), the voltage and current markers, already exstng wthn the structure of Pspce, are used. Whereas a charge-meter and flux-meter needed for (6) and (7), respectvely, are constructed usng sensng elements and ntegrators, whose detals are llustrated on the relevant fgures. 54

3 3.1. Negatve resstor The generatve crcut and related measurement arrangement for producng the characterstc of the negatve resstor s llustrated below on Fgure 2. In Pspce dc analyss was performed changng Vtest between -5V and 5V, thus obtanng the V-I characterstc as gven on Fgure 3. Fgure 2. Negatve resstor generaton and measurement crcut Fgure 3. The defnng characterstc for the negatve resstor of Fgure 2 The vertcal and horzontal axs represents the voltage across and current through the component, respectvely. The measurement was performed as requred by (5) usng a voltmeter and an ammeter. 55

4 3.2. Negatve capactor The generatve crcut and related measurement arrangement for producng the characterstc of the negatve capactor s llustrated below on Fgure 4. In Pspce tme analyss was performed for one perod, thus obtanng the Q-V characterstc as gven on Fgure 6. The charge-meter desgned for ths am s provded on Fgure 4 both as a block and nsde look. Fgure 4. Negatve capactor generaton and measurement crcut Fgure 5. The voltage across and charge through the negatve capactor for one perod of the alternatng nput voltage 56

5 Fgure 6. The defnng characterstc for the negatve capactor of Fgure 4. The vertcal and horzontal axs represents the charge through and voltage across the component, respectvely. The measurement was performed as requred by (6) usng a charge-meter and a voltmeter 3.3 Negatve Inductor The generatve crcut and related measurement arrangement for producng the characterstc of the negatve nductor s llustrated below on Fgure 7. In Pspce tme analyss was performed for one perod, thus obtanng the Ψ-I characterstc as gven on Fgure. 9. The flux-meter desgned for ths am s provded on Fgure 7 both as a block and nsde look. Fgure 7. Negatve nductor generaton and measurement crcut 57

6 Fgure 8. The flux across and current through the negatve nductor for one perod of alternatng nput voltage Fgure 9. The defnng characterstc for the negatve nductor of Fgure 7. The vertcal and horzontal axs represents the flux across and current through the component, respectvely. The measurement was performed as requred by (7) usng a flux-meter and an ammeter 4. Conclusons In ths study all types of two-termnal negatve crcut components are generated from a sngle opamp crcut, complete wth a smulaton work n Pspce envronment for obtanng ther defnng characterstcs, whch requred the constructon of a charge-meter (Fg. 4) and a flux-meter (Fg. 7) for educatonal purpose. The results are proved qute well n verfyng and llustratng the underlned crcut theory, and as such have an educatonal value. It s apparent (Fg. 1) that the components obtaned are all grounded. Besdes, the voltage and current range of them are determned by the supply voltage and output current, respectvely. References 1. PSpce User s manual. OrCAD Corp. (Cadence Desgn Systems, Inc.) 2. OrCAD Capture User s Gude. OrCAD Corp. (Cadence Desgn Systems, Inc.) 58

7 3. Tobn, P. (2007). The Role of PSpce n the Engneerng Teachng Envronment. In Proceedngs of the Internatonal Conference on Engneerng Educaton ICEE 2007, September 3 7, 2007, (77 81). Combra, Portugal, from 4. Ferkoğlu, A., Sarı, Y., Köker, R. (2010) Smulatng Solutons of Lnear Dfferental Equatons Usng Varous Actve Crcuts. In Proceedngs of the XI Internatonal Workshop on Symbolc and Numercal Methods, Modelng and Applcatons to Crcut Desgn (SM2ACD), Sept. 2010, Oct. 4 6, Gammarth, Tunsa 5. Sarı, Y., Ferkoğlu, A. (2011). The Role of PSpce n Analogue and Mxed-Sgnal Smulaton of Electrcal Crcuts, 6th Internatonal Advanced Technologes Symposum (IATS 11), May, 2011, Elazığ, Turkey. 6. Kılınç, S., Salama, K. N., Çam, U. (2006). Realzaton of Fully Controllable Negatve Inductance Wth Sngle Operatonal Trans-resstance Amplfer, Crcut Systems Sgnal Processng, Brkhauser Boston, 25(1), El Khoury, S. (1995). The desgn of actve floatng postve and negatve nductors n MMIC technology. IEEE Mcrowave Guded Wave Lett., 5, Podell, A. F., Crstal, E. G. (1971). Negatve-Impedance Converters (NIC) for VHF through Mcrowave Crcut Applcatons. Mcrowave Symposum Dgest, Poklonsk, N. A., Shpakovsk, S.V., Gorbachuk, N. I. & Lastovsk, S. B., Negatve capactance (mpedance of the nductve type) of slcon p + - n junctons rradated wth fast electrons. Semconductors, 40(7), DOI: /S Prokopenko, V. G. (2002). Chaotc oscllator wth negatve nductance. J. Commun. Technol. Electron., 47, Pehlvan, İ., Uyaroğlu, Y. (2010). A New Chaotc attractor from General Lorenz System Famly and ts Electronc Expermental Implementaton. Turksh Journal of Electrcal Eng. Comput. Sc., 18(2), Pehlvan, İ., Uyaroğlu, Y. (2007). Smplfed Chaotc Dffusonless Lorenz Attractor and Its Applcaton to Secure Communcaton Systems. IET Communcatons, 1(5), Receved on the 12 th of Aprl