MONOTONY OF SOME MULTIOPTIONAL VOTES- DECISION PR METHODS MONOTONIA UNOR METODE VOTURI-DECIZIE RP MULTIOPŢIONALE. Dr. hab. prof. univ.

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1 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS ONOTONIA UNOR ETODE OTURI-DECIZIE RP ULTIOPŢIONALE Dr hb prof unv Ion BOLUN, ASE Sunt cercette unele specte de monotone le metodelor Hmlton, Dvzor lnr generl ş xtă Este demonstrt fptul că metod Dvzor lnr generl este mună l prdoxurle Albm, l Populţe ş l Noulu stt De semene, l două prtde stte, metodele Hmlton ş xtă sunt mune l prdoxurle Albm ş cel l Populţe; m mult c tât, metod xtă este mună ş l prdoxul Noulu stt Introducere Lure deczlor colectve multopţonle prn votre cu reprezentre proporţonlă RP este lrg folostă în prctcă Însă crcterul în întreg l probleme de optmzre respectve conduce, de obce, l soluţ dsproporţonte nmzre dsproporţonltăţ reprezentăr vonţe decdenţlor în opţune fnlă decze prn votre RP se sgură de metod Hmlton [, ] Cu regret, cestă metodă, spre deosebre de ş metode bne cunoscute c cele d Hondt [], Snte-Lguë [] ş Huntngton-Hll [], nu grnteză respectre cernţe de monotone fţă de creştere su descreştere numărulu de opţun su l celu de decdenţ prdoxurle Albm, l Populţe ş l Noulu stt [, 4] Acest nejuns cuzt folosre m rră metode Hmlton Însă plcre metodelor d Hondt, Snte-Lguë su Huntngton-Hll pote conduce l o dsproporţe semnfctv m mre decât ce Hmlton, nclusv cu încălcre regul Cote [5] În lucrre se cerceteză unele specte de monotone le metodelor Hmlton, Dvzor lnr generl [6] ş xtă [7], în bz probleme de legere deputţlor în Prlment pe lste de prtd unul dn cele m frecvente czur de lure deczlor colectve multopţonle prn votre RP Consderţ prelmnre Problem de locre mndtelor nclude mărmle [5]: numărul totl de mndte în orgnul electv; numărul n de prtde ce u depăşt prgul electorl; numărul totl de votur cumulte de cele n prtde; numărul totl de votur cumulte de prtdul,, n; numărul de mndte x, locte prtdulu,, n; I ndcele de dsproporţonltte De semene, în dferte regul D se folosesc ş ş mărm c: = /, u numărul curent de mndte dej locte prtdulu u 0 ş = / cot de jos pentru prtdul Se v consder că mărmle, = n sunt ordonte în descreştere > > > > n În dverse stuţ, este utlă formlzre ONOTONY OF SOE ULTIOPTIONAL OTES- DECISION PR ETHODS Prof Dr Hb Ion BOLUN, ASE Some monotony spects of Hmlton, Generl Lner Dvsor nd xed votes-decson methods re nvestgted It s proved tht Generl Lner Dvsor method s mmune to Albm, of Populton nd of New Stte prdoxes At two prtes sttes, Hmlton nd xed methods re mmune to Albm nd of Populton prdoxes; moreover, the xed method s mmune to the New stte prdox, too Introducton ultoptonl collectve decson mkng by votng wth proportonl representton PR s wdely used n prctce But the nture n ntegers of the respectve optmzton problem leds, usully, to dsproportonte solutons nml dsproportonlty of voters wlls representton n the fnl opton decson by PR votng s ensured by Hmlton method [, ] Unfortuntely, ths method, unlke wellknown methods such s the dhondt [], Snte-Lguë [] nd Huntngton-Hll [] ones, do not ensure monotony requrement when ncresng or decresng the number of optons or of decson mkers the Albm, of Populton nd of New Stte prdoxes [, 4] Ths drwbck hs cused the rre further use of Hmlton method But the dhondt, Snte-Lguë nd Huntngton-Hll methods cn led to sgnfcntly greter dsprty thn the Hmlton one, ncludng the uot rule volton [5] Some monotony spects of Hmlton, Generl Lner Dvsor [6] nd xed [7] methods re exmned n ths pper, bsng on problem of electon of embers of Prlment on prty lsts one of the most common cses of collectve multoptonl decson-mkng by PR votng Prelmnry consdertons The problem of llocton of sets ncludes prmeters [5]: the totl number of sets n the electve body; the number n of prtes tht hve exceeded the threshold; the totl number of votes cst for the n prtes; the totl number of votes cst for prty,, n; the number x of sets llocted to prty,, n; I - ndex of dsproportonlty Also, dfferent votes-decson D rules uses such prmeters s: = /, u - the current number of sets lredy llocted to prty u 0 nd = / - the lower quot of prty It wll be consdered tht vlues, = n re ordered n decresng > > > > n 70 Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr 89 04

2 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS prdoxurlor Albm, l Populţe ş l Noulu stt, defntă în cele ce urmeză Defnţe Prdoxul Albm nu re loc, dcă l, n = + g, unde g este un număr nturl întreg, m mre c zero, u loc relţle x x, n 4 Afrmţ În problem -4 este sufcent de demonstrt czul g =, dcă = + 5 Într-devăr, dcă u loc relţle {, 4, 5}, tunc uşor se demonstreză ş czul generl g > l probleme -4, plcând consecutv: = +, = +, etc Consecnţ Problem -4 se reduce l ce {, 4, 5}, cre ş se v cercet în cele ce urmeză Defnţe Prdoxul Populţe re loc, dcă l, =,,n\k 6 k k 7 = 8 re loc relţ xk x k 9 Defnţe Prdoxul Noulu stt nu re loc, dcă l ş n+ = 0, n 0 0 = x n, u loc relţle x x, n, unde vlore mărm x în se determnă în n rezulttul plcăr metode D foloste l determnre x, = n, ţnând cont de vlorle mărmlor ş, = n Este cunoscut, de semene, că metodele d Hondt, Snte-Lguë ş Huntngton-Hll sunt mune l ceste tre prdoxur [] Afrmţ Pentru problem {, 4, 5}u loc relţle, n Într-devăr, u loc = / > = / +, 4 dec u loc ş 5 A răms de demonstrt că, n 6 Într-devăr, relţ 6 pote f prezenttă în In vrous stutons, t s useful to formlze the Albm, of Populton nd of New Stte prdoxes, defned below Defnton The Albm prdox do not occurs f,,, n = + g, where g s nturl number nteger, greter thn zero, tke plce the reltons x x,,, n 4 Proposton In problem -4 t s suffcent to prove only the cse g =, e = + 5 Indeed, f reltons {, 4, 5} occur, then t s esy to prove the generl cse g > of the problem -4, pplyng consecutvely: = +, = +, etc Consequence Problem -4 reduces to the {,,,4,,5} one, whch s exmned below Defnton The prdox of Populton occurs, f t, =,,n\k 6 k k 7 = 8 tkes plce the relton xk x k 9 Defnton The New Stte Prdox do not occurs, f t nd n+ = 0, n 0 0 = x n, tke plce the reltons x x,,, n, where the vlue of x n s determned s n result of pplyng the D method, used when determnng x, =,,n, tkng nto ccount the vlues of nd, =,,n It s known lso tht the dhondt, Snte-Lguë nd Huntngton-Hll methods re mmune to the three prdoxes n queston [] Proposton For problem {, 4, 5} occur the reltons, n Indeed, we hve = / > = / +, 4 so tke plce lso 5 It remned to be proved tht, n 6 Relly, the relton 6 cn be trnsformed to the Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr

3 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS form 7 Totodtă, dn 4 vem = / + 8 Astfel, ţnând cont că =, obţnem 9 Înlocund 9 în 7, obţnem 0 Dr, deorece n ş > 0, = n, re loc / < Astfel, negltte 0 re loc, dec re loc ş 6 Îmbnând 5 ş 6, obţnem onoton metode Dvzor lnr generl Prezntă nteres monoton metode Dvzor lnr generl DLG propuse în [6] Afrmţ etod Dvzor lnr generl este mună l prdoxurle Albm, l Populţe ş l Noulu stt Într-devăr, metod DLG locă următorul mndt prtdulu cu ce m mre vlore rportulu /cx + rport ce nu depnde de, dec metod este mună l prdoxul Albm vez problem {, 4, 5} Totodtă, creştere numărulu de votur dor pentru prtdul k vez problem {6, 8-0} conduce l creştere rportulu /cx +, pe când rporturle refertore l celellte prtde rămân ntcte, dec nu pote f 9 Astfel, metod DLG este mună l prdoxul Populţe În ce prveşte prdoxul Noulu stt, l plcre metode DLG, vlore mărm x n se determnă dn condţle evdente /[cx + + ] < n / cx n +, = n ş /[ c + + ] < mx{ /[cx + n x n + ], = n } Acest nu fecteză în vreun mod relţle dntre rporturle /[cx + + ], = n, dec se păstreză ntcte vlorle mărmlor x, = n Astfel u loc ş metod DLG este mună l prdoxul Noulu stt vez problem {, 0- } Consecnţ etodele d Hondt ş Snte-Lgue sunt mune l prdoxurle Albm, l Populţe ş l Noulu stt Într-devăr, ceste metode sunt czur prtculre le metode DLG: metod d Hondt l c =, r ce Snte-Lgue l c =, metod DLG fnd, conform frmţe mună l prdoxurle în cuză 4 onoton metodelor Hmlton ş xtă l n = etod Hmlton este consdertă nemonotonă [] Totuş, l n =, după cum se v demonstr în form 7 At the sme tme, from 4 we hve = / + 8 Thus, gven tht =, we obtn 9 Substtutng 9 nto 7, we obtn 0 But, snce n nd > 0, =,,n, occurs relton / < Thus, nequlty 0 tkes plce, therefore occurs 6, too Combnng 5 nd 6, we obtn onotony of Generl Lner Dvsor method Of nterest s the monotony of Generl Lner Dvder method GLD proposed n [6] Proposton Generl Lner Dvder method s mmune to Albm, of Populton nd of New Stte prdoxes Indeed, DLG method lloctes the next set to prty wth the hghest vlue of the rto /cx + rto tht does not depend on, so the method s mmune to Albm prdox see problem {, 4, 5} At the sme tme, ncresng the number of votes only for prty k see problem {6, 8-0} leds to the ncrese of rto /cx +, whle rtos for the other prtes remn ntct, so cn not occur 9 Therefore the DLG method s mmune to the prdox of Populton th refer to the New Stte prdox, when pplyng DLG method, the vlue of x n s determned from the obvous condtons /[cx + + ] / cx +, = n ş /[ c + + ] < < n n n x n mx{ /[cx + + ], = n } Ths does not ffect n ny wy the reltons between rtos /[cx + + ], = n, thus re preserved ntct the vlues of x, =,,n Therefore, occurs nd DLG method s mmune to the New Stte prdox see problem {, 0 - } Consequence The d Hondt nd Snte-Lguë methods re mmune to Albm, of Populton nd of New Stte prdoxes Relly, these methods re prtculr cses of DLG method: dhondt method t c =, nd the Snte- Lguë one t c =, the DLG method beng, ccordng to proposton, mmune to the three mentoned prdoxes 4 onotony of Hmlton nd xed methods t n = 7 Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr 89 04

4 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS cestă secţune, e este mună l prdoxurle Albm ş cel l Populţe Afrmţ 4 L n =, metodele Hmlton ş xtă sunt mune l prdoxurle Albm ş cel l Populţe; m mult c tât, metod xtă este mună ş l prdoxul Noulu stt Într-devăr, conform [6] l n = soluţle probleme {, 4, 5}, obţnute l folosre metodelor Hmlton, xtă ş Dvzor lnr generl concd Astfel, în bz frmţe, odtă cu metod DLG sunt mune l prdoxurle Albm ş cel l Populţe ş metodele cercette, metod xtă fnd mună ş l prdoxul Noulu stt Fptul pote f demonstrt ş nemjloct, de exemplu, pentru prdoxul Albm L n =, deorece 0 Δ n, mărme Δ pote prm dor un dn vlorle 0 su Dcă Δ = 0, tunc x =, = n, dcă Δx = Δx = 0 Totodtă, în bz 5 ş 5, re loc x x, de unde 0 x, Dec re loc ş 4 Dcă Δ =, tunc mărme Δ pote prm dor un dn vlorle 0 su În czul că Δ = 0, în bz, vem: dcă x = + ş x =, tunc x ş x ş re loc 4; b dcă x = ş x = +, tunc x ş x ş re loc 4 Dcă însă Δ =, tunc în bz pot f dor două czur: c ş ; d ş Fe re loc czul c ş Dcă Δx = 0, tunc re loc 4 Dcă însă Δx =, tunc pentru c să bă loc 4 trebue să bă loc ş x, dcă: l metod Hmlton, trebue să fe Deorece Δx =, re loc Δ > Δ Totodtă, deorece Δ =, re loc Δ + Δ =, dec Δ > / Pentru stsfcere 4, este sufcent de demonstrt că re loc ş / Într-devăr, vem / / Astfel re loc ş 4 ; l metod xtă, trebue să fe / c = c + > / c = /[c + + ] Deorece Δx =, re loc c + > c + ş obţnem c + > c + > /[c + + ] Dec re loc ş 4 Hmlton method s consdered one no monotone [] However, t n =, s wll be proved n ths secton, t s mmune to Albm nd of Populton prdoxes Proposton 4 At n =, Hmlton nd xed methods re mmune to Albm nd of Populton prdoxes; moreover, xed method s mmune to the New Stte prdox, too Indeed, ccordng to [6], t n = the solutons of problem {, 4, 5}, obtned when pplyng the Hmlton, xed nd Generl Lner Dvsor methods, concde So, bsng on proposton, wth the DLG method, re mmune to Albm nd of Populton prdoxes the nvestgted methods, too, the xed method beng mmune lso to the New Stte prdox Tht cn be proved drectly Below n exmple s gven for Albm prdox At n =, becuse 0 Δ n, prmeter Δ cn receve only one of the vlues 0 or If Δ = 0, then x =, =,,n, e Δx = Δx = 0 At the sme tme, bsng on 5 nd 5, occurs x x, from where 0 x, So lso tkes plce 4 If Δ =, then prmeter Δ cn receve only one of the vlues 0 or In cse of Δ = 0, bsng on, we hve: e f x = + nd x =, then x nd x nd tkes plce 4; f f x = nd x = +, then x nd x nd tkes plce 4 But f Δ =, thn bsng on only two cses cn be: g nd ; h nd Let occurs cse c: nd If Δx = 0, then tkes plce 4 But f Δx =, then n order to occur,4 t must lso tke plce x, e: when pplyng Hmlton method, t must be Becuse of Δx =, occurs Δ > Δ At the sme tme, becuse of Δ =, tkes plce Δ + Δ =, so Δ > / To stsfy 4, t suffces to prove tht / lso occurs Relly, we hve / / So, lso occurs 4 ; when pplyng xed method, t must be / c = c + > / c = /[c + + ] Becuse of Δx =, occurs c + > c + nd we obtn c + > c + > /[c + + ] So, lso occurs 4 Let occurs cse d: nd If Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr

5 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS Fe re loc czul d ş Dcă Δx = 0, tunc re loc 4 Dcă însă Δx =, tunc pentru c să se stsfcă 4 trebue să bă loc ş x, dcă: l metod Hmlton, trebue să fe Deorece Δx =, re loc Δ > Δ Totodtă, deorece Δ =, re loc Δ + Δ =, dec Δ > / Pentru stsfcere 4, este sufcent de demonstrt că re loc ş / Într-devăr, vem / / Astfel re loc ş 4 ; l metod xtă, trebue să fe / c = c + > / c = /[c + + ] Deorece Δx =, re loc c + > c + ş obţnem c + > c + > /[c + + ] Dec re loc ş 4 Astfel, l n =, pentru metodele Hmlton ş xtă re loc 4 În ce prveşte prdoxul Noulu stt, metod Hmlton nu este mună nc l n = exstă stuţ, când dăugre celu de l trele stt conduce l prdoxul în cuză vez exemplul 4 Afrmţ 4 L n = ndferent > su <, prdoxul Noulu stt nu v ve loc nc în unul dn următorele două czur: dc l Δ < Δ, =, = ş Δ < Δ v ve loc mx{ / +, / +, / } < < mn{ /, / } ; dc l Δ < Δ ş = + v ve loc / + < < / + Într-devăr, l Δ < Δ, u loc x =, x = + ş, deorece Δ =, Δ =, obţnem > / În semene condţ, prdoxul Noulu stt nu re loc în fecre dn czurle: =, =, Δ < Δ ; = + Prmul, dn ceste două czur, re loc dcă < < +, < < +, su / + < < / ş / + < < /, ş > / Dec mx{ / +, / +, / } < < mn{ /, / } Totodtă, = + + / + x = + / + x = + / Înlocund, obţnem Un exemplu cu cest cz este prezentt în tbelul 4 czul Al dole, dn ceste două czur, re loc dcă + < < +, de unde / + < < / +, su, ţnând cont că = + / + x, vem / + < + / + x < / +, de unde obţnem Un exemplu cu cest cz este prezentt în tbelul 4 czul Δx = 0, then tkes plce 4 But f Δx =, then to stsfy 4 must lso occur x, e: when pplyng Hmlton method, t must be Becuse of Δx =, occurs Δ > Δ At the sme tme, becuse of Δ =, tkes plce Δ + Δ =, so Δ > / To stsfy 4, t suffces to prove tht / Relly, we hve / / So, lso occurs 4 ; when pplyng xed method, t must be / c = c + > / c = /[c + + ] Becuse of Δx =, occurs c + > c + nd we obtn c + > c + > /[c + + ] So, lso occurs 4 Thus, t n =, for Hmlton nd xed methods tkes plce 4 th refer to New Stte prdox, Hmlton method s not mmune ether t n = there re stutons when ddng the thrd stte leds to the prdox n queston see exmple 4 Proposton 4 At n = regrdless of > or <, the New Stte prdox does not occur ether n one of two cses: f t Δ < Δ, =, = nd Δ < Δ wll tke plce mx{ / +, / +, / } < < mn{ /, / } ; f t Δ < Δ nd = + wll tke plce / + < < / + Indeed, t Δ < Δ, occur x =, x = + nd, becuse of Δ =, Δ =, we obtn > / In such stutons, the New Stte prdox does not occur ether n one of two cses: =, =, Δ < Δ ; = + The frst of these two cses occurs f < < +, < < +, or / + < < / nd / + < < /, nd > / So mx{ / +, / +, / } < < mn{ /, / } At the sme tme, = + + / + x = + / + x = + / Substtutng, we get An exmple of ths cse s shown n tble 4 cse The second of these two cses occurs f + < < +, from where / + < < / +, or, tkng nto ccount tht = + / + x, we hve / + < + / + x < / +, from where we obtn An exmple of ths cse s shown n tble 4 cse Exmple 4 For n =, =, = 000; n =, =, fve cses re shown n tble 4 74 Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr 89 04

6 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS Tbelul 4 / Tble 4 Czul/ Cse 4 5 Cnc czur de plcre metode Hmlton, prdoxul Noulu stt / Fve cses of pplyng Hmlton method, New Stte prdox Δ x , , , , , , , , 00 9, , , Δ x După cum se pote observ dn tbelul 4, l plcre metode Hmlton, în czurle - prdoxul Noulu stt nu re loc, r în cele 4 ş 5 re loc 5 Nonmonoton metode Hmlton l n După cum s- văzut în s 4, dej l n = metod Hmlton pote să nu fe mună l prdoxul Noulu stt n, unele exemple fnd prezentte în tbelul 4 Cu tât m mult metod Hmlton nu este mună l prdoxul Noulu stt l n Să cercetăm stuţ cu muntte metode Hmlton l prdoxul Albm l n Afrmţ 5 L n, metod Hmlton pote să nu stsfcă cernţele 4 de monotone l prdoxul Albm Czul n = Într-devăr, l n =, tât Δ cât ş Δ pot ve dor un dn vlorle 0, su Dcă Δ = 0, tunc în bz 5 re loc ş 4 Dcă Δ =, tunc evdent cel m convenbl cz, pentru nestsfcere condţlor 4, este cel, pentru cre în condţle u loc negltăţle Δ < Δ < Δ, 5 cee ce conduce l Δx = Δx = 0, Δx =, 5 ş noul mndt să- revnă prmulu su celu de l dole prtd, r un mndt de l l trele prtd să fe prelut de cel de l dole su de prmul prtd În czul Δ = 0, în bz 5 re loc ş 4 În czul Δ = su cel Δ =, pentru c să nu se îndeplnescă 4, trebue să bă loc 5 ş, de semene, următorele două condţ As cn be seen from tble 4, when pplyng Hmlton method, the New Stte prdox does not occur n cses -, nd tkes plce n cses 4 nd 5 5 No monotony of Hmlton method t n As seen n s 4, lredy t n = Hmlton method my not be mmune to New Stte prdox n, some exmples beng shown n tble 4 oreover, Hmlton method s not mmune to New Stte prdox t n Lets exmne the stuton wth mmunty of Hmlton method to Albm prdox t n Proposton 5 At n, Hmlton method my not stsfy requrements 4 of monotony to Albm prdox Cse n = Indeed, t n =, both Δ nd Δ cn hve only one of the vlues 0, or If Δ = 0, then bsng on 5 lso tkes plce 4 If Δ =, then obvously the most convenent cse for flure to stsfy the condtons 4, s tht, for whch n condtons occurs the nequltes Δ < Δ < Δ, 5 whch leds to Δx = Δx = 0, Δx =, 5 nd the new set to go to the frst or to the second prty, nd set from the thrd prty to be tken over by the second or by the frst prty In cse of Δ = 0, bsng on 5 lso tkes plce 4 In cse of Δ = or tht of Δ =, for flure to stsfy 4, must tke plce 5 nd lso the followng two condtons Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr

7 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr ,, 54 unde, Dn 5 vem 55 su 56 Totodtă, dn 54 obţnem su, ţnând cont de 8,,, 54 where, From 5 we hve 55 or 56 At the sme tme, from 54 we obtn or, tkng nto ccount of 8, / / 57 Îmbnând 54 ş 55, obţnem condţle neîndeplnr 4 l n = ş Δ = 58 su 59 Dcă Δ =, dcă Δ + Δ + Δ =, tunc evdent cel m convenbl cz, pentru nestsfcere cernţelor 4, este cel, pentru cre u loc negltăţle Δ < Δ < Δ, Δ > /, Δ > /, 50 cee ce conduce l Δx = Δx =, Δx = 0 5 ş noul mndt să- revnă prmulu su celu de l dole prtd, r un mndt de l l trele prtd să fe prelut de cel de l dole su de prmul prtd Totodtă, nestsfcere cernţelor 4 pote f dor dcă re loc 5 ş, ţnând cont de ş 50 nclusv în sensul că Δ + Δ > 7/6 >, Δ < Δ < Δ ş >, de semene, dcă 5 Dcă Δ = 0, tunc ţnând cont de 5 re loc ş 4 În czul Δ =, dcă, nu pote f nc Combnng 54 nd 55, we obtn the condtons for the flure of stsfyng 4 t n = nd Δ = 58 or 59 If Δ =, e Δ + Δ + Δ =, then obvously the most convenent cse, for the flure of stsfyng requrements 4, s tht, for whch occur the nequltes Δ < Δ < Δ, Δ > /, Δ > /, 50 tht leds to Δx = Δx =, Δx = 0 5 nd the new set to go to the frst or to the second prty, nd set from the thrd prty to be tken over by the second or by the frst prty However, the flure of stsfyng the requrements 4 cn tke plce only f 5 nd, n vew of nd 50 ncludng the menng of Δ + Δ > 7/6 >, Δ < Δ < Δ nd >, lso f 5 If Δ = 0, then tkng nto ccount 5 lso tkes plce 4 In cse of Δ =, e, there cnnot be both ether

8 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS ş nc, deorece vez 50 Δ > / ş, dec / Astfel, chr dcă, orcum x ş re loc 4 În czul Δ =, dcă, re loc 5 Într-devăr, l, r f = = = = + =, cee ce contrvne czulu Δ =, căru î corespunde Astfel, în condţle 50-5, pentru c să nu se îndeplnescă 4, trebue să bă loc 5 ş următorele două condţ, 54 Dn 50 vem su 55 Totodtă, dn 54, luând în consderţe 5 ş 5, obţnem su, ţnând cont de 8, nor, becuse see 50 Δ > / nd, so / Thus, even f there s, nywy x nd occurs 4 In cse of Δ =, e, tkes plce 5 Relly, t, t would be = = = = + =, whch s contrry to the cse Δ =, to whch corresponds Thus, n condtons 50-5, for not to fulfl 4 must occur 5 nd the followng two condtons, 54 From 50 we hve or 55 oreover, from 54, tkng nto ccount 5 nd 5, we obtn or, tkng nto ccount 8, / / 56 Îmbnând 55 ş 56, obţnem Combnng 55 nd 56, we obtn mx, / 57 În celş tmp, vem + / + = / + + / + > / + + / + = Astfel, condţle 57 de neîndeplnre cernţelor 4 l n = ş Δ = se reduc l At the sme tme, we hve + / + = / + + / + > / + + / + = Thus, condtons 57 of the flure of requrements 4 t n = nd Δ = re reducng to Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr

9 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS / su 58 Îmbnând 59 ş 58, obţnem condţle de neîndeplnre cernţelor 4 l n =, l, l 59 Tote cele tre condţ dn 59 pot ve loc Czul n > L n >, se extnde, fţă de czul n =, gm de stuţ, în cre, l creştere numărulu de mndte, se stsfc cernţele, nclusv smlre celor 59, de prelure de către unele prtde de mndte de l lte prtde Exemplul 5 Fe: n =, = 0, = 50, = 5066, = 506, = 68 De verfct dcă re loc prdoxul Albm l = 04 Ţnând cont că = /, vem: = 0, = 00 ş = ; Δ = De semene, = = 050 ş, deorece vez = /+ = 50 0/04 = 5075/0, vem: / = 0, / = 00 ş / = ; Δ = Condţle 59 obţn form , , ş se stsfc, dec nu r trebu să se îndeplnescă cernţele 4 Să verfcăm îndeplnre cernţelor 4 Avem: Δ = = = 6; Δ = = = 6; Δ = = = 8 Dec Δx = Δx = 0, Δx = ş x = + Δx = 0, x = + Δx = 00, x = 50 + Δx = / or 58 Combnng 59 nd 58, we obtn the condtons of flure of requrements 4 t n =, t, t 59 All three terms n 59 cn tke plce Cse n > At n >, extends, s gnst the cse n =, the rnge of stutons n whch, to the ncrese of the number of sets, re stsfed the requrements, ncludng smlr to the 59 ones, of tkeover by some prtes of sets from other prtes Exmple 5 Let: n =, = 0, = 50, = 5066, = 506, = 68 To verfy f Albm prdox occurs t = 04 Tkng nto ccount tht = /, we hve: = 0, = 00 nd = ; Δ = Also, = = 050 nd, becuse see = /+ = 50 0/04 = 5075/0, we hve: / = 0, / = 00 ş / = ; Δ = Condtons 59 obtn the form , , nd re stsfed, so t should not stsfy the requrements 4 Lets check the requrements 4 e hve: Δ = = = 6; Δ = = = 6; Δ = = = 8 So Δx = Δx = 0, Δx = ş x = + Δx = 0, x = + Δx = 00, x = + Δx = Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr 89 04

10 INFORATICĂ / INFORATICS De semene: /0 = /0 40,75; = = /0 40,5; = = /0 8,5 Dec x =, = 0 ş x x x x = 0, x x 0, x x = = 5 Comprând 50 ş 5, se consttă neîndeplnre cernţelor 4 ş nume x < x =, dec re loc prdoxul Albm 6 Concluz L creştere numărulu totl de mndte cu o untte, cot de jos pote creşte cu cel mult o untte etod Dvzor lnr generl este mună l prdoxurle Albm, l Populţe ş l Noulu stt De semene, l n = metodele Hmlton ş xtă sunt mune l prdoxurle Albm ş cel l Populţe; m mult c tât, metod xtă este mună ş l prdoxul Noulu stt L n, metod Hmlton pote să nu stsfcă cernţele 4 de monotone l prdoxul Albm Also: /0 = /0 40,75; = = /0 40,5; = = /0 8,5 So x =, = 0 nd x x x x = 0, x x x x = = 0, 5 Comprng 50 nd 5, one cn found noncomplnce wth requrements 4, nmely x < x =, so the Albm prdox occurs 6 Conclusons hen ncresng the totl number of sets by one unt, the lower quot cn ncrese by t most one Generl Lner Dvsor method s mmune to Albm, of New Stte nd of Populton prdoxes Also, t n = Hmlton nd xed methods re mmune to Albm nd of Populton prdoxes; moreover, the xed method s mmune to New Stte prdox, too At n, Hmlton method my not stsfy the requrements 4 of monotony to Albm prdox Refernţe / References: BOLUN, I Sets llocton n prty-lst electon// Economc, nr76/0 Chşnău: Edtur ASE GALLAGHER, Proportonlty, Dsproportonlty nd Electorl Systems// Electorl Studes 99, 0:, pp -5 TANNENBAU, P Excursons n odern themtcs, Seventh Edton Person, 008, 704 p 4 ROBINSON, F The Albm Prdox Techng themtcs nd ts Applctons, 98, vol, Issue, pp BOLUN, I Dsproporţonltte deczlor multopţonle cu reprezentre proporţonlă În: Compettvtte ş novre în econom cunoşter, confer şt ntern, 8-9 sept 0 ol I Chşnău: Edtur ASE, 0 p 0-4 ISBN ,5 c 6 BOLUN, I Dsproporţonltte unor regul votur-decze în ssteme RP // ASE: 0 de n de scensune Chşnău: Edtur ASE, 0 7 BOLUN, I otes-decson monotone method n PR systems In: Economc, nr478/0 Chşnău: Edtur ASE p ,5 c Revst / Journl ECONOICA nr

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