DIAMETER OF RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS
|
|
- Rosalyn Harrell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Bolyai Society Springer-Verlag Combinatorica 1 20 DIAMETER OF RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS NASER T. SARDARI Received March 2, 2016 Revised September 2, 2017 We study the diameter of LPS Ramanujan graphs X p,q. We show that the diameter of the bipartite Ramanujan graphs is greater than (/3)log p (n)+o(1), where n is the number of vertices of X p,q. We also construct an infinite family of (p + 1)-regular LPS Ramanujan graphs X p,m such that the diameter of these graphs is greater than or equal to b(/3)log p (n)c. On the other hand, for any k-regular Ramanujan graph we show that the distance of only a tiny fraction of all pairs of vertices is greater than (1+ )log k 1 (n). We also have some numerical experiments for LPS Ramanujan graphs and random Cayley graphs which suggest that the diameters are asymptotically (/3)log k 1 (n) andlog k 1 (n), respectively. 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation The diameter of any k-regular graph with n vertices is bounded from below by log k 1 (n) and it could get as large as a scalar multiple of n. Itisknown that the diameter of any k-regular Ramanujan graph is bounded from above by 2(1 + )log k 1 (n) [6]. Lubotzky, Phillips and Sarnak constructed an explicit family of (p + 1) regular Ramanujan graphs X p,q [6], where p and q are prime numbers and q 1 mod. X p,q is a p+1-regular bipartite or nonbipartite graph depending on p being a non-quadratic or quadratic residue modulo q, respectively. Their construction can be modified for every integer q and prime p 3 mod ; see [3], [] or [7]. It was expected that the diameter of the LPS Ramanujan graphs to be bounded from above by (1+ )log k 1 (n); Mathematics Subject Classification (2010):... Fill in, please
2 2 NASER T. SARDARI see [10, Chapter 3]. However, we show that the diameter of an infinite family of p+1-regular LPS Ramanujan graphs is greater than or equal to (1.1) log 3 p (n). While there are points x and y whose distance is large in a LPS Ramanujan graph, we prove that the distance of a tiny fraction of vertices in any k-regular Ramanujan graph G is less than (1+ )log k 1 (n). In other words, the essential diameter is asymptotic to (1 + ) log k 1 (n), where the essential diameter of a graph is d if 99% of the distance of pairs of vertices is less than d. In fact, we prove a stronger result, we show that for every vertex x in a k-regular Ramanujan graph G the number of points which cannot be visited by exactly l steps, where l>(1+ )log k 1 (n), is less than n 1. So the density of them is O(n ). In particular, it also recovers 2(1+ )log k 1 (n) as an upper bound on the diameter of k-regular Ramanujan graph. Furthermore, we give some numerical results for two families of 6-regular graphs. The first family of graphs are the 6-regular LPS Ramanujan graphs and we denote them by X 5,q. The second family are the 6-regular random Cayley graphs PSL 2 (Z/qZ), i.e., the Cayley graphs that are constructed by 3 random generators of PSL 2 (Z/qZ) and their inverses {s ± 1,s± 2,s± 3 }. We denote these graphs by Zq. The numerical experiments suggest that the diameter of LPS Ramanujan graphs is asymptotic to (1.2) log 3 5 (n). This is consistent with our conjecture on the optimal strong approximation for quadratic forms in variables [8]. On the other hand, the numerical data suggests that the diameter of the random Cayley graph equals that of a random 6-regular graph [2], that is (1.3) log 5 (n). The archimedean analog of our question has been discussed in Sarnak s letter to Scott Aaronson and Andy Pollington; see [11]. In that context, the approximation of points on the sphere by words in LPS generators is considered. This question is related to the theory of quadratic Diophantine equations; see [8]. Sarnak defines the notion of the covering exponent and the almost all covering exponent [11, Page 3] that are the analogue of diameter and the essential diameter in our paper. Sarnak showed that the almost all
3 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS 3 covering exponent is 1; see [11, Page 28]. Our Theorem 1.5 is the p-adic analogue of Sarnak s theorem. In a recent paper [5], Lubetzky and Peres show the simple random walk exhibits cuto on Ramanujan graphs. As a result they give a more detailed version of our Theorem 1.5. In a similar work, for the family of LPS bipartite Ramanujan graphs, Biggs and Boshier determined the asymptotic behavior of the girth of these graphs; see [1]. They showed that the girth is asymptotic to 3 log k 1 (n) Statement of results We begin by a brief description of LPS Ramanujan graphs; see [6] for a comprehensive treatment of them. The idea of the construction is coming from number theory, i.e., generalized Ramanujan conjecture. More precisely, we consider the symmetric space PGL 2 (Q p )/PGL 2 (Z p ) which can be identified with a regular (p + 1)-infinite tree and form the double coset \PGL 2 (Q p )/PGL 2 (Z p ), where is a suitable arithmetic discrete subgroup of PGL 2 (Q p ). In LPS Ramanujan graphs, the authors take =H (Z[1/p]), where H is the unit group of Hamiltonian quaternion. We note that H splits at any prime p 6= 2 and therefore, H (Z[1/p]) acts from the left on PGL 2 (Q p )/PGL 2 (Z p ). The generalized Ramanujan conjecture, which is a theorem for Hamilton quaternion H, implies that the quotient of PGL 2 (Q p )/PGL 2 (Z p ) by any congruence subgroup of H (Z[1/p]) which is afinitep+1-regular graph is a Ramanujan graph. By considering an appropriate congruence subgroup of H (Z[1/p]) we can identify the quotient of this symmetric space with a Cayley graph. The Cayley graphs is associated to PSL 2 (Z/qZ) or PGL 2 (Z/qZ) depending on p being a quadratic residue or non-quadratic residue modulo q, whereq is a prime and q 1 mod. These are LPS Ramanujan graphs that are defined in section 3 of [6]. In what follows, we give an explicit description of the LPS Ramanujan graphs in terms of the Cayley graphs of PSL 2 (Z/mZ). Let p be a prime number such that p 1 mod and p is quadratic residue modulo m. We denote the representative of the square root of 1modmby i. We are looking at the integral solutions =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x 3 ) of the following diophantine equation (1.) x x x x 2 3 = p, where x 0 > 0 and is odd and x 1,x 2,x 3 are even numbers. There are exactly p + 1 integral solutions with such properties. To each such integral solution
4 NASER T. SARDARI, we associate the following matrix in PSL 2 (Z/mZ): apple x0 + ix (1.5) := 1 x 2 + ix 3. x 2 + ix 3 x 0 ix 1 apple x0 +ix If p is non-quadratic residue mod m, then := 1 x 2 +ix 3 /2 x 2 +ix 3 x 0 ix 1 PSL 2 (Z/mZ) and that s why the Cayley graph in this case is defined over PGL 2 (Z/mZ) and the associated Cayley graph is a bipartite graph. This gives us p+1 matrices in PSL 2 (Z/mZ). Lubotzky [7, Theorem 7..3] showed that they generate PSL 2 (Z/mZ) and the associated Cayley graph is a nonbipartite Ramanujan graph. The construction for the bipartite LPS Ramanujan graphs X p,q is similar. The only di erence is that p is non-quadratic residue modq, whereq is a prime power. Furthermore, Lubotzky showed that diamx p,m apple2log p (n)+2log p 2+1. girthx p,m 2 3 log p(n) 2log p 2. In the following theorem that is essentially due to Lubotzky, Phillips and Sarnak [6], we give a correspondence between non-backtracking path of length h from the identity vertex to vertex v h of LPS Ramanujan graph X p,m and the primitive elements of integral quaternion Hamiltonian (the gcd of the coordinates is one) of square norm p h up to units of H(Z). Theorem 1.1 (Due to Lubotzky, Phillips and Sarnak[6]). Let X p,m be LPS Ramanujan graph associated to prime number p and odd number m. Then there is a correspondence between non-backtracking paths (v 0,...,v h ) of length h from v 0 = id to v h in X p,m and the set of primitive integral solutions to the following diophantine equation (1.6) x x x x 2 = p h, x 1 v h,1 mod 2m,. x v h, mod 2m, where v h =(v h,1,...,v h, ) and the above congruence conditions hold for some modulo 2m, wheregcd(2m, )=1. In particular, finding the shortest path between v 0 and v h is reduced to finding the smallest exponent h such that diophantine equation (1.6) has an integral solution (x 1,x 2,x 3,x ). Note that solution (x 1,x 2,x 3,x ) to the minimal exponent h is necessarily primitive, otherwise by dividing by p 2 we find a smaller path of length (h 2).
5 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS 5 In the bipartite case where p is non-quadratic residue modulo prime number p 0 1 mod, we show that the diameter is greater than log 3 p ( X p,p 0 )+O(1). Moreappleprecisely, we show that the distance between the identity matrix I and 0 1 W := 10 in the bipartite Ramanujan graph X p,p 0 =PGL 2(Z/p 0 Z)where p is a non-quadratic residue mod p 0 is bigger than 8 log 3 p ( X p,p 0 ) log 3 p 2, where X p,p 0 =p 03 p 0 is the number of vertices of X p,p 0. In the non-bipartite case, our theorem is weaker. We take a composite number m such that p is a quadratic residue modulo m. The vertices of the graph X p,m are associated to PSL 2 (Z/mZ). We show that the diameter of the LPS Ramanujan graphs X p,m is greater than m log 3 p (n) log p + O(1), q where n is the number of vertices of X p,m, q m, q is a prime power and q 6=m. We note that Y n = m 3 /2 (1 1/r 2 ), r m,r prime and in the proof of this result, we only use the fact that n apple m 3 /2. Similarly, for non-bipartite graphs X p,m apple, we show that either the distance apple 1 q 0 1 between the identity matrix I and I 0 := 01 or between I and W := 10 in X p,m is larger than m log 3 p ( X p,m ) log p log q 3 p 2. As a result, (1.7) log 3 p ( X p,m ) log p m q log 3 p 2 apple diam(x p,m ).
6 6 NASER T. SARDARI Theorem 1.2. Let p, p 0 be primes where p 1 mod is a non-quadratic residue modulo p 0. Moreover, assume that m and q are integers where q is a prime power that divides m and p is quadratic residue modulo m. Let X p,p 0 and X p,m be the associated bipartite and non-bipartite Ramanujan graphs. Then the diameter of the bipartite LPS Ramanujan graph X p,p 0 is larger than 8 log 3 p ( X p,p 0 ) log 3 p 2. In the non-bipartite case, the diameter of the LPS graph X p,m is larger than m (1.8) log 3 p ( X p,m ) log p log q 3 p 2 apple diam(x p,m ). The following corollary is an immediate consequence of Theorem 1.2. Corollary 1.3. Let p and q be prime numbers that are congruent to 1 mod and p>1250. Then the diameter of the LPS Ramanujan graph X p,5qk for any integer k is greater than or equal to (1.9) 3 log p X p,5qk Remark 1.. We conjecture that the diameter of LPS Ramanujan graph X p,q where q is a prime number is asymptotic to (/3)log p X p,q.weexpect that a variate of our argument gives a sharp lower bound for the diameter of X p,q by choosing vertices with large distance from the identity (e.g. W and I 0 in our argument). We give our numerical results for the distance of W from the identity vertex in Table 3. Our data comes from our algorithm that we developed and implemented for navigation on LPS Ramanujan graphs [9]. We refer the reader to [9, Remark 1.10] for further discussion of the distribution of the distance of diagonal elements from the identity where the possible vertices with large distances from the identity matrix are listed. On the other hand, we use the Ramanujan bound on the nontrivial eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix to prove the distance of almost all pairs of vertices is less than (1+ )log k (n). The archimedean version of this problem has been discussed in Sarnak s letter to Scott Aaronson and Andy Pollington [11, Page 28]. More precisely, we prove the following stronger result in Section 3: Theorem 1.5. Let G be a k-regular Ramanujan graph and fix a vertex x2v (G). Let R be an integer such that R>(1+ )log k 1 (n). DefineM(x,R) to be the set of all vertices y 2G such that there is no path from x to y with length R (we allow backtracking paths). Then,. (1.10) M(x, R) applen 1 (1 + R) 2.
7 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS Outline of the paper In Section 2, we prove Theorem 1.2. The proof uses some elementary facts in Number Theory. In Section 3, we prove Theorem 1.5. As a corollary, we prove that the distance of almost all pairs of vertices is less than (1 + ) log k 1 (n). The proof is based on giving a sharp upper bound on the variance of the distance of vertices from a fixed vertex. We use the Ramanujan bound on the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of the graph to give an upper bound on the variance of the distance. Finally, in Section, we compute the diameter of two families of 6-regular graphs. From our numerical experiments, we expect that the diameter of the LPS Ramanujan graphs [6] is asymptotic to (1.11) log 3 p (n). We define a random 6 regular Cayley graph Z q, by considering the Cayley graph of PSL 2 (Z/qZ) relative to the generating set S = {s ± 1,s± 2,s± 3 }, where s 1,s 2,s 3 are random elements of PSL 2 (Z/qZ). From the numerical experiments, we show that in fact the random Cayley graph has a shorter diameter and break the /3log 5 n lower bound for the LPS Ramanujan graphs. For example, we obtained a sample from the random Cayley graph of PSL 2 (Z/229Z), such that (1.12) diam(z 229 ) < 1.23 log 5 n. We expect that the diameter of the random Cayley graph would be as small as possible. More precisely, for >0 (1.13) diam(z q ) apple (1 + ) log 5 (n), almost surely as q!1. Acknowledgments. I would like to thank my Ph. D. advisor, Peter Sarnak for suggesting this project to me and also his comments on the earlier versions of this work. I am also very grateful for several insightful and inspiring conversations with him during the course of this work. In addition, I would like to thank Ori Parzanchevski. Finally, I would like to thank the careful reading and comments of the anonymous referees.
8 8 NASER T. SARDARI 2. Lower bound for the diameter of the Ramanujan graphs In this section, we give the proofs of Theorem 1.1 and Theorem 1.2. Proof of Theorem (1.1). Let H(Z) denote the integral Hamiltonian quaternions H(Z) :={x 0 + x 1 i + x 2 j + x 3 k x t 2 Z, 0 apple t apple 3},i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = 1, where ij = ji=k etc. Let :=x 0 +x 1 i+x 2 j +x 3 k 2H(Z). Denote :=x 0 x 1 i x 2 j x 3 k and Norm( ):= =x 2 0 +x2 1 +x2 2 +x2 3. Let p be a prime number such that p 1 mod. We consider the set of :=x 0 +x 1 i+x 2 j+x 3 k 2H(Z) such that (2.1) Norm( ) :=x x x x 2 3 = p, and x 0 >0 is odd and x 1,x 2,x 3 are even numbers. There are exactly (p+1)/2 pairs, 2 H(Z) with such properties. We call this set LPS generator set associated to prime p and denote this set by Let S p := { 1, 1,..., (p+1)/2, (p+1)/2 }. 0 p := { 2 H: Norm( )=p k for some k 0 and 1mod2}. 0 p is closed under multiplication and if we identify 1 and 2 in 0 p whenever ±p t 1 1 =p t 2 2, t 1,t 2 2Z, then the classes so obtained form a group with [ 1][ 2] =[ 1 2] and [ ][ ] = [1]. By [6, Corollary 3.2], this group which we denote by p is free on [ 1 ],...,[ (p+1)/2 ]. The Cayley graph of p with respect to LPS generator set S p is therefore an infinite p+1-regular tree. LPS Ramanujan graphs are associated to the quotient of this infinite p + 1-regular tree by appropriate arithmetic subgroups that we describe in what follows. Let p (m) :={[ ] 2 p : = x 0 + x 1 i + x 2 j + x 3 k x 0 mod 2m}. p (m) is a normal subgroup of p.by[6, Proposition 3.3], if quadratic residues mod m, then 1 and p are p / p (m) =PSL 2 (Z/mZ).
9 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS 9 The above isomorphism is defined by sending [ ] 2 p, to the following matrix in PSL 2 (Z/mZ): apple x0 + ix (2.2) := 1 x 2 + ix 3, x 2 + ix 3 x 0 ix 1 where i is a representative of square roots of 1modm. Thisidentifiesthe finite p + 1-regular graph p / p (m) by the Cayley graph of PSL 2 (Z/mZ) with respect to S p (the image of S p under the above map) that are LPS Ramanujan graph X p,m. Let (v 0,...,v h ) be a non-backtracking path of length h from v 0 =id to v h on X p,m that means that for each 1appleiappleh s i v i 1 = v i, where s i 2 S p and s i 6= s i+1 1. We lift this path to a path on the infinite p+1-regular tree p, namely: (1,s 1,s 2 s 1,...,s h...s 1 ). Let s h...s 1 =a+bi+cj +dk 2H(Z), then (2.3) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = p h. and (2.) a + bi + cj + dk v h mod m. Therefore, finding a shortest path from v 0 to v h is equivalent to finding a lifting of v h on the infinite tree p that is closest to the root among all other lifts. In other words, we want to find the smallest h such that there exists an integral solution (a,b,c,d) to equation (2.3) subjected to the congruence condition (2.) mod m. This completes the proof of Theorem (1.1). In the rest of this section, we give a proof of Theorem 1.2. Proof. We begin by proving the first part of the theorem. apple We show that 0 1 the distance between the identity matrix I and W := in the bipartite 10 Ramanujan graph X p,p 0 =PGL 2 (Z/p 0 Z), where p is a non-quadratic residue mod p 0 is bigger than 8 log 3 p ( X p,p 0 ) log 3 p 2.
10 10 NASER T. SARDARI By using X p,p 0 = p 03 that is smaller than p 0 the above expression simplifies to 3 log p log p p 0. p 03 p 0 We proceed by assuming the contradiction that dist(i,i 0 ) < log p p 0.There is a correspondence between non-backtracking path of length k from the identity vertex to another vertex v k of LPS Ramanujan graph X p,p 0 and the primitive elements of integral quaternion Hamiltonian (the gcd of the coordinates is one) of square norm p k up to units of H(Z); see Theorem 1.1. As aresult,dist(i,i 0 p )<log 0 p gives us a solution to the following diophantine equation (2.5) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = p k, where k =dist(i,i 0 ), b c d 0mod2p 0 and a 1 mod 2. At least one of b,c,d is nonzero. From this we deduce that (2.6) a 2 p k mod p 02 and p 02 apple p k. Clarify, please: That is, k =2t.? Since p is non-quadratic residue mod p 0 the above congruence identity holds only for even k. If k is even and k =2t. From 2.6 we deduce that (2.7) a ±p t mod p 02. If p t p02 2, (2.8) dist(i,i 0 )=2t log p p 0, a contradiction. Consequently, p t < p02 2.Sincea6=±pt, we deduce that (2.9) a = ±p t + lp 02 for l 6= 0. Therefore (2.10) a Hence, (2.11) 1 2 p02. p 2t p 0, and so dist(i,i 0 p 0 )=2t log p,
11 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS 11 a contradiction. Hence, we conclude the first part of our theorem. Next apple we give the proof apple of the second part of our theorem. Recall that q W := 10 and I0 := and the number of vertices is 01 Y n = m 3 /2 (1 1/r 2 ) apple m 3 /2. The expression 3 log p(n) log m p q than We show that r m,r prime log p q. (2.12) max(dist(i,i 0 ), dist(i,w)) log p q. Assume the contrary that (2.13) max(dist(i,i 0 ), dist(i,w)) < log p q. 3 log p 2 simplifies and it is smaller Similarly, by using the correspondence between non-backtracking path of length k and the solutions to the associated diophantine equation for sums of four squares, dist(i,i 0 q ) < log p gives us a solution to the following diophantine equation (2.1) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = p k, where k =dist(i,i 0 ), b c d 0mod2q and a 1 mod 2. At least one of b,c,d is nonzero. From this we deduce that (2.15) a 2 p k mod q 2 and q 2 apple p k. We consider two cases: k even and k odd. If k is even and k =2t. Sinceq is a prime power, we deduce from 2.15 that (2.16) a ±p t mod q 2. If p t q2 2, (2.17) dist(i,i 0 )=2t log p q,
12 12 NASER T. SARDARI a contradiction. Consequently, p t < q2 2.Sincea6=±pt, we deduce that (2.18) a = ±p t + lq 2 for l 6= 0. Therefore (2.19) a Hence, (2.20) 1 2 q2. p 2t q, and so dist(i,i 0 q )=2t log p, a contradiction. Hence k is odd and k =2t+1. We want to use a similar argument to show that dist(i,w)=2t 0 +1 is an odd number. dist(i,w)</3log p (n) gives us a solution to the following diophantine equation (2.21) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = p k, where b a d 0modq and c 0 mod 2. Since a is odd, then q apple a. We deduce that (2.22) c 2 p k mod q 2 and q 2 apple p k. We consider two cases: k even and k odd. If k is even and k =2t. Sinceq is a prime power from 2.22 we deduce that (2.23) c ±p t mod q 2. If p t q2 2, (2.2) dist(i,w)=2t log p q, a contradiction. Consequently, p t < q2 2.Sincec is even, then c 6= ±pt.we deduce that (2.25) c = ±p t + lq 2 for l 6= 0. Therefore, (2.26) c 1 2 q2.
13 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS 13 Hence, (2.27) p 2t 1 q, dist(i,w)=2t log p q. This is a contradiction. Therefore k =2t 0 +1 for some t 0. We now investigate the case where and dist(i,i 0 )=2t +1< log p q dist(i,w)=2t 0 +1< log p q. dist(i,i 0 )=2t+1 gives us a solution to the following diophantine equation (2.28) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = p 2t+1 < q. Where b c d 0 mod2q and a 1 mod 2. At least one of b,c,d is nonzero. Hence (2.29) q 2 <p 2t+1 <q. q dist(i,w)=2t 0 +1<log p, gives us a solution to the following diophantine equation (2.30) a b c d 2 0 = p 2t 0+1 <q /, where b 0 a 0 d 0 0modq and a 0 1 mod 2. From 2.28 and 2.30 we deduce that (2.31) a 2 p 2t+1 mod q 2 and a is odd a<p t+1/2 <q 2 /2, c 2 p 2t 0+1 mod q 2 and c is even c<p t 0+1/2 <q 2 /2. If t 0 >t, then from 2.31 we deduce that (2.32) ± ap t 0 t = c. However, this is incompatible with the parities of a and c. The case t 0 applet is treated similarly. Hence, we conclude Theorem 1.2.
14 1 NASER T. SARDARI 3. Visiting almost all points after (1 + ) log k 1 (n) steps In this section, we show that if we pick two random points from a k-regular Ramanujan graph G, almost surely they have a distance less than (3.1) (1 + ) log k 1 (n). The idea is to use the spectral gap of the adjacency matrix of the Ramanujan graphs to prove an upper bound on the variance. A similar strategy has been implemented by Sarnak; see [11, Page 28]. Proof of Theorem 1.5. Let A(x,y) be the adjacency matrix of the Ramanujan graph G, i.e. ( 1ifx y (3.2) A(x, y) :=. 0 otherwise Since A(x,y) is a symmetric matrix, it is diagonalizable. We can write the spectral expansion of this matrix by the set of its eigenfunctions. Namely, (3.3) A(x, y) = k G + X j j j(x) j (y), where { j } is the orthonormal basis of the nontrivial eigenfunctions with eigenvalues { j } for the adjacency matrix A(x,y). Since we assumed that G is a Ramanujan graph, then j apple2 p k 1. We change the variables and write (3.) j =2 p k 1 cos j, where j is a real number. We define S(R):=(k 1) R 2 U A R 2 p,where k 1 U R (x) is the Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind, i.e. (3.5) U R (x) := sin((r + 1) arccos x). sin(arccos x) The following is the spectral expansion of S(R): (3.6) (k 1) R 2 U k R 2 p k 1 S(R)(x, y) := + X (k 1) R j 2 UR G 2 p k 1 j j(x) j (y).
15 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS 15 Remark 3.1. Note that if we lift the linear operator S(R) to the universal covering space of the k-regular graph G, (which is an infinite k-regular tree), then S(R) is the linear operator, which takes the sum of a function on the spheres with radius R 2k for 0applek applebr/2c; see[, Chapter 1]. Namely, X X (3.7) S(R)f(x) := f(y). 0applekapplebR/2c dist(x,y)=r 2k There is a path of length R (we allow backtracking paths) from x to y if dist(x,y)=r 2k. See[6, Remark 2] for more discussion of this operator. From the formula for the kernel of S(R) given in 3.6, we obtain (3.8) k(k 1)R 1 S(R)(x, y) = + X G j (k 1) R 2 sin((r + 1) j ) sin j j(x) j (y). We calculate the variance over y. For i 6= j, wehave P y2g i(y) j (y)=0 and P y2g i(y) 2 = 1. So only the diagonal terms remain in the following summation: (3.9) Var(x) := X y2g = X j S(R)(x, y) k(k 1) R 1 G (k 1) R (sin(r + 1) j) 2 (sin j ) 2 j(x) 2. Since { j } is an orthonormal basis, we have (3.10) 1 = 1 G + X j j(x) 2, for every x 2 G. We also have the following trivial trigonometric inequality, which is derived from the geometric series summation formula: 2 (3.11) sin(r + 1) sin = RX e i apple R +1. j=0 From 3.10 and 3.11, we obtain (3.12) Var(x) apple (R + 1) 2 (k 1) R. We define (3.13) M := {y : S(R)(x, y) =0}.
16 16 NASER T. SARDARI Note that M is the set of all vertices y 2G, such that there is no path from x to y with length R. Therefore, this is exactly the set M(x,R) as defined in the Theorem 1.5. By the definition of the Var given in 3.9, (3.1) M From 3.1 and 3.12, wehave k(k 1) R 1 G 2 apple Var(x). (3.15) M (k 1) R < G 2 (R + 1) 2. If we choose R>(1+ )log k 1 (n), then (3.16) M applen 1 (1 + R) 2. Therefore, we conclude the Theorem Numerical Results In this section, we present our numerical experiments for the diameter of the family of 6-regular LPS Ramanujan graphs X 5,q and compare it with the diameter of a family of 6-regular random Cayley graphs Z q.ournumerical experiments show that the ratio of the diameter by the logarithm diam of the number of vertices log 5 X 5,q converges to /3 as q!1 for the LPS diam log 5 Z q Ramanujan graphs X 5,q. On the other hand converges to 1 as q!1 for the random Cayley graphs Z q. We give the detailed construction of the LPS Ramanujan graphs X 5,29 in what follows. The construction of LPS Ramanujan graphs X 5,q requires that 5 and 1 to be quadratic residues mod q. From the reciprocity law we deduce that all the prime factors of q are congruent to 1 or 9 mod 20. The least q with such properties is 29. We take the integral solutions =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x 3 ) of the following diophantine equation (.1) x x x x 2 3 =5, where x 0 > 0 is odd and x 1,x 2,x 3 are even numbers. There are exactly 6 integral solutions with such properties which are listed below: {(1, ±2, 0, 0), (1, 0, ±2, 0), (1, 0, 0, ±2)}. To each such integral solution =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x 3 ), we associate the following matrix in PSL 2 Z 29Z : (.2) apple x0 + ix 1 x 2 + ix 3 x 2 + ix 3 x 0 ix 1,
17 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS 17 where i is the square root of Z 6 matrices in PSL 2 S := 29Z 1 mod 29 respectively. We obtain the following apple apple apple apple apple apple , 0 10, 13 8, 13 21, 11 21, 11 8 Z 29Z which generate PSL 2. The LPS Ramanujan graph X5,29 is the Cayley Z graph of PSL 2 29Z with the generator set S. The Ramanujan graph X5,29 has vertices with diameter 8. We note that d/3 log 5 (12180)e =8. apple 10 We show the level structure of X 5,29 with root in table 1 that is the 01 same at every other root since it is a Cayley graph. We note that the girth of this graph is 9 girth(x 5,29 )=9, and this means a ball of radius in the graph X 5,29 is a tree as illustrated in Figure 1. For the family of LPS bipartite Ramanujan graphs, Biggs and Boshier determined the asymptotic behavior of the girth of these graphs; see [1]. They showed that the girth is asymptotic to 3 log k 1 (n)., r N(r) (Number of vertices of X 5,29 with distance r from apple ) Table 1. Level structure of the LPS Ramanujan graphs X 5,29 We give our numerical results for the diameter of the LPS Ramanujan graphs X 5,q for 1 apple q apple 229 in Table 2. We note that diam log 5 n are close to /3. The range for our numerical experiment with the diameter of X 5,q is small
18 18 NASER T. SARDARI Figure 1. A ball of radius in the LPS Ramanujan graphs X 5,29 since the algorithm terminates in O(q 3 ) operations. In our very recent work [9], we developed and implemented a polynomial time algorithm in log(q) that finds the shortest possible path between diagonal vertices of Ramanujan graphs X p,q under a polynomial time algorithm for factoring and a Cramer type conjecture. An important feature of our algorithm is that it has been implemented and it runs and terminates quickly; see [9, Section 6]. We give strong numerical evidence that the distance of W from I is asymptotic to /3log 5 ( X 5,q ) in Table 3. These numerical experiments are consistent with our conjectures on optimal strong approximation for quadratic forms in variables [8]. The conjecture implies that for the LPS Ramanujan graphs X p,q where p is a fixed prime number, the ratio diam(xp,q) log p 1 X p,q converges to /3 as q!1. Finally, we give our numerical experiments for the diameter of the 6-regular random Cayley graphs PSL 2 (Z/qZ). To compare the diameter of the random Cayley graphs with that of the LPS Ramanujan graphs given above, we choose the same set of integers q. We generate 8 random samples for each q, and we give the averaged ratio diam log 5 n in the last column of Table. ( means that 6 of our random samples are 8 and 2 of them are 9). We note that the empirical mean of the ratio diam(zq) log 5 Z q is decreasing in q and one can easily show that diam(z q ) 1. log 5 Z q
19 RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS 19 q number of vertices of X 5,q Diameter diam log 5 n Table 2. LPS Ramanujan graphs X 5,q q d:= Distance between W and I d log 5 n Table 3. LPS Ramanujan graphs X 5,q q number of vertices of Z q Diameter diam log 5 n Table. Random Cayley graphs PSL 2 Z qz with 6 generators Based on our numerical experiments, we expect that diam(zq) log 5 Z q 1 in probability as q!1 for random Cayley graphs Z q. converges to
20 20 N. T. SARDARI: RAMANUJAN GRAPHS AND RANDOM CAYLEY GRAPHS References [1] N. L. Biggs and A. G. Boshier, Note on the girth of Ramanujan graphs, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 9 (1990), [2] B. Bollobás and W. Fernandez de la Vega: The diameter of random regular graphs, Combinatorica 2 (1982), [3] P. Chiu: Cubic ramanujan graphs, Combinatorica 12 (1992), [] G. Davidoff, P. Sarnak and A. Valette: Elementary number theory, group theory, and Ramanujan graphs, volume 55 of London Mathematical Society Student Texts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [5] E. Lubetzky and Y. Peres: Cuto on all Ramanujan graphs, ArXiv e-prints, July [6] A. Lubotzky, R. Phillips and P. Sarnak: Ramanujan graphs, Combinatorica 8 (1988), [7] A. Lubotzky: Discrete groups, expanding graphs and invariant measures, Modern Birkhäuser Classics. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2010, with an appendix by Jonathan D. Rogawski, Reprint of the 199 edition. [8] N. T Sardari: Optimal strong approximation for quadratic forms, ArXiv e-prints, October [9] N. T Sardari: Complexity of strong approximation on the sphere, ArXiv e-prints, March [10] P. Sarnak: Some applications of modular forms, volume99ofcambridge Tracts in Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [11] P. Sarnak: Letter to Scott Aaronson and Andy Pollington on the Solovay-Kitaev Theorem, February 2015, Naser T. Sardari A liation (fill in, please)
Eigenvalues, random walks and Ramanujan graphs
Eigenvalues, random walks and Ramanujan graphs David Ellis 1 The Expander Mixing lemma We have seen that a bounded-degree graph is a good edge-expander if and only if if has large spectral gap If G = (V,
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.nt] 12 Nov 2018
THE DIOPHANTINE EXPONENT OF THE Z/qZ POINTS OF S d S d arxiv:1811.06831v1 [math.nt] 1 Nov 018 M. W. HASSAN, Y. MAO, N. T. SARDARI, R. SMITH, X. ZHU Abstract. Assume a polynomial-time algorithm for factoring
More informationGRAPHS WITH LARGE GIRTH AND LARGE CHROMATIC NUMBER
GRAPHS WITH LARGE GIRTH AND LARGE CHROMATIC NUMBER CHEUK TO TSUI Abstract. This paper investigates graphs that have large girth and large chromatic number. We first give a construction of a family of graphs
More informationM381 Number Theory 2004 Page 1
M81 Number Theory 2004 Page 1 [[ Comments are written like this. Please send me (dave@wildd.freeserve.co.uk) details of any errors you find or suggestions for improvements. ]] Question 1 20 = 2 * 10 +
More informationSemiregular automorphisms of vertex-transitive cubic graphs
Semiregular automorphisms of vertex-transitive cubic graphs Peter Cameron a,1 John Sheehan b Pablo Spiga a a School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1
More informationAlgebraic Constructions of Graphs
Spectral Graph Theory Lecture 15 Algebraic Constructions of Graphs Daniel A. Spielman October 17, 2012 15.1 Overview In this lecture, I will explain how to make graphs from linear error-correcting codes.
More informationMathematics for Cryptography
Mathematics for Cryptography Douglas R. Stinson David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada March 15, 2016 1 Groups and Modular Arithmetic 1.1
More informationNEW UPPER BOUNDS ON THE ORDER OF CAGES 1
NEW UPPER BOUNDS ON THE ORDER OF CAGES 1 F. LAZEBNIK Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; fellaz@math.udel.edu V. A. USTIMENKO Department of Mathematics and
More informationA New Series of Dense Graphs of High Girth 1
A New Series of Dense Graphs of High Girth 1 F. LAZEBNIK Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA V. A. USTIMENKO Department of Mathematics and Mechanics University
More informationPrimitive Digraphs with Smallest Large Exponent
Primitive Digraphs with Smallest Large Exponent by Shahla Nasserasr B.Sc., University of Tabriz, Iran 1999 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE
More informationA MOORE BOUND FOR SIMPLICIAL COMPLEXES
Bull. London Math. Soc. 39 (2007) 353 358 C 2007 London Mathematical Society doi:10.1112/blms/bdm003 A MOORE BOUND FOR SIMPLICIAL COMPLEXES ALEXANDER LUBOTZKY and ROY MESHULAM Abstract Let X be a d-dimensional
More informationZERO-SUM ANALOGUES OF VAN DER WAERDEN S THEOREM ON ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
ZERO-SUM ANALOGUES OF VAN DER WAERDEN S THEOREM ON ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS Aaron Robertson Department of Mathematics, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York arobertson@colgate.edu Abstract Let r and k
More informationDefinitions. Notations. Injective, Surjective and Bijective. Divides. Cartesian Product. Relations. Equivalence Relations
Page 1 Definitions Tuesday, May 8, 2018 12:23 AM Notations " " means "equals, by definition" the set of all real numbers the set of integers Denote a function from a set to a set by Denote the image of
More information1 Adeles over Q. 1.1 Absolute values
1 Adeles over Q 1.1 Absolute values Definition 1.1.1 (Absolute value) An absolute value on a field F is a nonnegative real valued function on F which satisfies the conditions: (i) x = 0 if and only if
More informationANALYSIS OF SMALL GROUPS
ANALYSIS OF SMALL GROUPS 1. Big Enough Subgroups are Normal Proposition 1.1. Let G be a finite group, and let q be the smallest prime divisor of G. Let N G be a subgroup of index q. Then N is a normal
More informationQuaternions and Arithmetic. Colloquium, UCSD, October 27, 2005
Quaternions and Arithmetic Colloquium, UCSD, October 27, 2005 This talk is available from www.math.mcgill.ca/goren Quaternions came from Hamilton after his really good work had been done; and, though beautifully
More informationNOTES ON FINITE FIELDS
NOTES ON FINITE FIELDS AARON LANDESMAN CONTENTS 1. Introduction to finite fields 2 2. Definition and constructions of fields 3 2.1. The definition of a field 3 2.2. Constructing field extensions by adjoining
More informationChapter 8. P-adic numbers. 8.1 Absolute values
Chapter 8 P-adic numbers Literature: N. Koblitz, p-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions, 2nd edition, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 58, Springer Verlag 1984, corrected 2nd printing 1996, Chap.
More informationLECTURE 2 FRANZ LEMMERMEYER
LECTURE 2 FRANZ LEMMERMEYER Last time we have seen that the proof of Fermat s Last Theorem for the exponent 4 provides us with two elliptic curves (y 2 = x 3 + x and y 2 = x 3 4x) in the guise of the quartic
More informationOpen Research Online The Open University s repository of research publications and other research outputs
Open Research Online The Open University s repository of research publications and other research outputs A note on the Weiss conjecture Journal Item How to cite: Gill, Nick (2013). A note on the Weiss
More informationJean Bourgain Institute for Advanced Study Princeton, NJ 08540
Jean Bourgain Institute for Advanced Study Princeton, NJ 08540 1 ADDITIVE COMBINATORICS SUM-PRODUCT PHENOMENA Applications to: Exponential sums Expanders and spectral gaps Invariant measures Pseudo-randomness
More informationOn the expansion rate of Margulis expanders
On the expansion rate of Margulis expanders Nathan Linial Eran London Institute of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Hebrew University Hadassah Academic College Jerusalem 9904 Jerusalem 900
More informationLaplacian Integral Graphs with Maximum Degree 3
Laplacian Integral Graphs with Maximum Degree Steve Kirkland Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Regina Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A kirkland@math.uregina.ca Submitted: Nov 5,
More informationOn some congruence properties of elliptic curves
arxiv:0803.2809v5 [math.nt] 19 Jun 2009 On some congruence properties of elliptic curves Derong Qiu (School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Science, Capital Normal
More informationPart II. Number Theory. Year
Part II Year 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2017 Paper 3, Section I 1G 70 Explain what is meant by an Euler pseudoprime and a strong pseudoprime. Show that 65 is an Euler
More informationGENERALIZED QUATERNIONS
GENERALIZED QUATERNIONS KEITH CONRAD 1. introduction The quaternion group Q 8 is one of the two non-abelian groups of size 8 (up to isomorphism). The other one, D 4, can be constructed as a semi-direct
More informationOblivious and Adaptive Strategies for the Majority and Plurality Problems
Oblivious and Adaptive Strategies for the Majority and Plurality Problems Fan Chung 1, Ron Graham 1, Jia Mao 1, and Andrew Yao 2 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California,
More informationCycle lengths in sparse graphs
Cycle lengths in sparse graphs Benny Sudakov Jacques Verstraëte Abstract Let C(G) denote the set of lengths of cycles in a graph G. In the first part of this paper, we study the minimum possible value
More informationEigenvalues, Expanders and Gaps between Primes
Eigenvalues, Expanders and Gaps between Primes by Sebastian M. Cioabă A thesis submitted to the Department of Mathematics and Statistics in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
More informationMA257: INTRODUCTION TO NUMBER THEORY LECTURE NOTES
MA257: INTRODUCTION TO NUMBER THEORY LECTURE NOTES 2018 57 5. p-adic Numbers 5.1. Motivating examples. We all know that 2 is irrational, so that 2 is not a square in the rational field Q, but that we can
More information1: Introduction to Lattices
CSE 206A: Lattice Algorithms and Applications Winter 2012 Instructor: Daniele Micciancio 1: Introduction to Lattices UCSD CSE Lattices are regular arrangements of points in Euclidean space. The simplest
More informationPILLAI S CONJECTURE REVISITED
PILLAI S COJECTURE REVISITED MICHAEL A. BEETT Abstract. We prove a generalization of an old conjecture of Pillai now a theorem of Stroeker and Tijdeman) to the effect that the Diophantine equation 3 x
More information= 1 2x. x 2 a ) 0 (mod p n ), (x 2 + 2a + a2. x a ) 2
8. p-adic numbers 8.1. Motivation: Solving x 2 a (mod p n ). Take an odd prime p, and ( an) integer a coprime to p. Then, as we know, x 2 a (mod p) has a solution x Z iff = 1. In this case we can suppose
More informationGRE Subject test preparation Spring 2016 Topic: Abstract Algebra, Linear Algebra, Number Theory.
GRE Subject test preparation Spring 2016 Topic: Abstract Algebra, Linear Algebra, Number Theory. Linear Algebra Standard matrix manipulation to compute the kernel, intersection of subspaces, column spaces,
More informationOn a problem of Bermond and Bollobás
On a problem of Bermond and Bollobás arxiv:1803.07501v1 [math.co] 20 Mar 2018 Slobodan Filipovski University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia slobodan.filipovski@famnit.upr.si Robert Jajcay Comenius University,
More informationLEGENDRE S THEOREM, LEGRANGE S DESCENT
LEGENDRE S THEOREM, LEGRANGE S DESCENT SUPPLEMENT FOR MATH 370: NUMBER THEORY Abstract. Legendre gave simple necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvablility of the diophantine equation ax 2 +
More informationCMSC Discrete Mathematics FINAL EXAM Tuesday, December 5, 2017, 10:30-12:30
CMSC-37110 Discrete Mathematics FINAL EXAM Tuesday, December 5, 2017, 10:30-12:30 Name (print): Email: This exam contributes 40% to your course grade. Do not use book, notes, scrap paper. NO ELECTRONIC
More informationCullen Numbers in Binary Recurrent Sequences
Cullen Numbers in Binary Recurrent Sequences Florian Luca 1 and Pantelimon Stănică 2 1 IMATE-UNAM, Ap. Postal 61-3 (Xangari), CP 58 089 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; e-mail: fluca@matmor.unam.mx 2 Auburn
More informationAlgebra Review. Instructor: Laszlo Babai Notes by Vincent Lucarelli and the instructor. June 15, 2001
Algebra Review Instructor: Laszlo Babai Notes by Vincent Lucarelli and the instructor June 15, 2001 1 Groups Definition 1.1 A semigroup (G, ) is a set G with a binary operation such that: Axiom 1 ( a,
More informationHypergraph expanders of all uniformities from Cayley graphs
Hypergraph expanders of all uniformities from Cayley graphs David Conlon Jonathan Tidor Yufei Zhao Abstract Hypergraph expanders are hypergraphs with surprising, non-intuitive expansion properties. In
More informationCONTINUED FRACTIONS, PELL S EQUATION, AND TRANSCENDENTAL NUMBERS
CONTINUED FRACTIONS, PELL S EQUATION, AND TRANSCENDENTAL NUMBERS JEREMY BOOHER Continued fractions usually get short-changed at PROMYS, but they are interesting in their own right and useful in other areas
More informationMath 451, 01, Exam #2 Answer Key
Math 451, 01, Exam #2 Answer Key 1. (25 points): If the statement is always true, circle True and prove it. If the statement is never true, circle False and prove that it can never be true. If the statement
More informationEXPLICIT CONSTRUCTION OF GRAPHS WITH AN ARBITRARY LARGE GIRTH AND OF LARGE SIZE 1. Felix Lazebnik and Vasiliy A. Ustimenko
EXPLICIT CONSTRUCTION OF GRAPHS WITH AN ARBITRARY LARGE GIRTH AND OF LARGE SIZE 1 Felix Lazebnik and Vasiliy A. Ustimenko Dedicated to the memory of Professor Lev Arkad evich Kalužnin. Abstract: Let k
More informationarxiv:math/ v1 [math.nt] 21 Sep 2004
arxiv:math/0409377v1 [math.nt] 21 Sep 2004 ON THE GCD OF AN INFINITE NUMBER OF INTEGERS T. N. VENKATARAMANA Introduction In this paper, we consider the greatest common divisor (to be abbreviated gcd in
More information2x 1 7. A linear congruence in modular arithmetic is an equation of the form. Why is the solution a set of integers rather than a unique integer?
Chapter 3: Theory of Modular Arithmetic 25 SECTION C Solving Linear Congruences By the end of this section you will be able to solve congruence equations determine the number of solutions find the multiplicative
More informationRandom Lifts of Graphs
27th Brazilian Math Colloquium, July 09 Plan of this talk A brief introduction to the probabilistic method. A quick review of expander graphs and their spectrum. Lifts, random lifts and their properties.
More informationCourse 2316 Sample Paper 1
Course 2316 Sample Paper 1 Timothy Murphy April 19, 2015 Attempt 5 questions. All carry the same mark. 1. State and prove the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (for N). Prove that there are an infinity
More informationx #{ p=prime p x }, as x logx
1 The Riemann zeta function for Re(s) > 1 ζ s -s ( ) -1 2 duality between primes & complex zeros of zeta using Hadamard product over zeros prime number theorem x #{ p=prime p x }, as x logx statistics
More informationMINIMAL NUMBER OF GENERATORS AND MINIMUM ORDER OF A NON-ABELIAN GROUP WHOSE ELEMENTS COMMUTE WITH THEIR ENDOMORPHIC IMAGES
Communications in Algebra, 36: 1976 1987, 2008 Copyright Taylor & Francis roup, LLC ISSN: 0092-7872 print/1532-4125 online DOI: 10.1080/00927870801941903 MINIMAL NUMBER OF ENERATORS AND MINIMUM ORDER OF
More informationA combinatorial problem related to Mahler s measure
A combinatorial problem related to Mahler s measure W. Duke ABSTRACT. We give a generalization of a result of Myerson on the asymptotic behavior of norms of certain Gaussian periods. The proof exploits
More informationDiscrete Logarithms. Let s begin by recalling the definitions and a theorem. Let m be a given modulus. Then the finite set
Discrete Logarithms Let s begin by recalling the definitions and a theorem. Let m be a given modulus. Then the finite set Z/mZ = {[0], [1],..., [m 1]} = {0, 1,..., m 1} of residue classes modulo m is called
More informationCOUNTING NUMERICAL SEMIGROUPS BY GENUS AND SOME CASES OF A QUESTION OF WILF
COUNTING NUMERICAL SEMIGROUPS BY GENUS AND SOME CASES OF A QUESTION OF WILF NATHAN KAPLAN Abstract. The genus of a numerical semigroup is the size of its complement. In this paper we will prove some results
More informationRamanujan Graphs, Ramanujan Complexes and Zeta Functions. Emerging Applications of Finite Fields Linz, Dec. 13, 2013
Ramanujan Graphs, Ramanujan Complexes and Zeta Functions Emerging Applications of Finite Fields Linz, Dec. 13, 2013 Winnie Li Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A. and National Center for Theoretical Sciences,
More informationDONG QUAN NGOC NGUYEN
REPRESENTATION OF UNITS IN CYCLOTOMIC FUNCTION FIELDS DONG QUAN NGOC NGUYEN Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Some basic notions 3 21 The Galois group Gal(K /k) 3 22 Representation of integers in O, and the
More informationNONABELIAN GROUPS WITH PERFECT ORDER SUBSETS
NONABELIAN GROUPS WITH PERFECT ORDER SUBSETS CARRIE E. FINCH AND LENNY JONES Abstract. Let G be a finite group and let x G. Define the order subset of G determined by x to be the set of all elements in
More informationarxiv: v2 [math.nt] 5 Sep 2018
COMPLEXITY OF STRONG APPROXIMATION ON THE SPHERE arxiv:1703.02709v2 [math.nt] 5 Sep 2018 NASER T. SARDARI Abstract. By assuming some widely-believed arithmetic conjectures, we show that the task of accepting
More informationOn the generation of the coefficient field of a newform by a single Hecke eigenvalue
On the generation of the coefficient field of a newform by a single Hecke eigenvalue Koopa Tak-Lun Koo and William Stein and Gabor Wiese November 2, 27 Abstract Let f be a non-cm newform of weight k 2
More informationON THE SEMIPRIMITIVITY OF CYCLIC CODES
ON THE SEMIPRIMITIVITY OF CYCLIC CODES YVES AUBRY AND PHILIPPE LANGEVIN Abstract. We prove, without assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, but with at most one exception, that an irreducible cyclic
More informationAPPENDIX A. Background Mathematics. A.1 Linear Algebra. Vector algebra. Let x denote the n-dimensional column vector with components x 1 x 2.
APPENDIX A Background Mathematics A. Linear Algebra A.. Vector algebra Let x denote the n-dimensional column vector with components 0 x x 2 B C @. A x n Definition 6 (scalar product). The scalar product
More informationOn the equality case of the Ramanujan Conjecture for Hilbert modular forms
On the equality case of the Ramanujan Conjecture for Hilbert modular forms Liubomir Chiriac Abstract The generalized Ramanujan Conjecture for unitary cuspidal automorphic representations π on GL 2 posits
More informationRelative Densities of Ramified Primes 1 in Q( pq)
International Mathematical Forum, 3, 2008, no. 8, 375-384 Relative Densities of Ramified Primes 1 in Q( pq) Michele Elia Politecnico di Torino, Italy elia@polito.it Abstract The relative densities of rational
More informationDIHEDRAL GROUPS II KEITH CONRAD
DIHEDRAL GROUPS II KEITH CONRAD We will characterize dihedral groups in terms of generators and relations, and describe the subgroups of D n, including the normal subgroups. We will also introduce an infinite
More informationOn non-hamiltonian circulant digraphs of outdegree three
On non-hamiltonian circulant digraphs of outdegree three Stephen C. Locke DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 Dave Witte DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, OKLAHOMA
More informationTOPOLOGY FOR GLOBAL AVERAGE CONSENSUS. Soummya Kar and José M. F. Moura
TOPOLOGY FOR GLOBAL AVERAGE CONSENSUS Soummya Kar and José M. F. Moura Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA (e-mail:{moura}@ece.cmu.edu)
More informationLocal Fields. Chapter Absolute Values and Discrete Valuations Definitions and Comments
Chapter 9 Local Fields The definition of global field varies in the literature, but all definitions include our primary source of examples, number fields. The other fields that are of interest in algebraic
More informationQUADRATIC RINGS PETE L. CLARK
QUADRATIC RINGS PETE L. CLARK 1. Quadratic fields and quadratic rings Let D be a squarefree integer not equal to 0 or 1. Then D is irrational, and Q[ D], the subring of C obtained by adjoining D to Q,
More informationTHESIS. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University
The Hasse-Minkowski Theorem in Two and Three Variables THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By
More informationEigenvalue comparisons in graph theory
Eigenvalue comparisons in graph theory Gregory T. Quenell July 1994 1 Introduction A standard technique for estimating the eigenvalues of the Laplacian on a compact Riemannian manifold M with bounded curvature
More information1 First Theme: Sums of Squares
I will try to organize the work of this semester around several classical questions. The first is, When is a prime p the sum of two squares? The question was raised by Fermat who gave the correct answer
More informationAlgebra SEP Solutions
Algebra SEP Solutions 17 July 2017 1. (January 2017 problem 1) For example: (a) G = Z/4Z, N = Z/2Z. More generally, G = Z/p n Z, N = Z/pZ, p any prime number, n 2. Also G = Z, N = nz for any n 2, since
More informationLinear Algebra. Workbook
Linear Algebra Workbook Paul Yiu Department of Mathematics Florida Atlantic University Last Update: November 21 Student: Fall 2011 Checklist Name: A B C D E F F G H I J 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 xxx xxx xxx
More informationCompression on the digital unit sphere
16th Conference on Applied Mathematics, Univ. of Central Oklahoma, Electronic Journal of Differential Equations, Conf. 07, 001, pp. 1 4. ISSN: 107-6691. URL: http://ejde.math.swt.edu or http://ejde.math.unt.edu
More informationRamsey Unsaturated and Saturated Graphs
Ramsey Unsaturated and Saturated Graphs P Balister J Lehel RH Schelp March 20, 2005 Abstract A graph is Ramsey unsaturated if there exists a proper supergraph of the same order with the same Ramsey number,
More informationDecomposition of Pascal s Kernels Mod p s
San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Faculty Publications Mathematics January 2002 Decomposition of Pascal s Kernels Mod p s Richard P. Kubelka San Jose State University, richard.kubelka@ssu.edu
More informationELEMENTARY PROOFS OF PARITY RESULTS FOR 5-REGULAR PARTITIONS
Bull Aust Math Soc 81 (2010), 58 63 doi:101017/s0004972709000525 ELEMENTARY PROOFS OF PARITY RESULTS FOR 5-REGULAR PARTITIONS MICHAEL D HIRSCHHORN and JAMES A SELLERS (Received 11 February 2009) Abstract
More informationSpectral diameter estimates for k-regular graphs
Spectral diameter estimates for k-regular graphs Gregory Quenell May 1992 An undirected graph is called k-regular if exactly k edges meet at each vertex. The eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of a finite,
More informationIntroduction to Arithmetic Geometry Fall 2013 Lecture #5 09/19/2013
18.782 Introduction to Arithmetic Geometry Fall 2013 Lecture #5 09/19/2013 5.1 The field of p-adic numbers Definition 5.1. The field of p-adic numbers Q p is the fraction field of Z p. As a fraction field,
More informationApollonian Circle Packings: Number Theory II. Spherical and Hyperbolic Packings
Apollonian Circle Packings: Number Theory II. Spherical and Hyperbolic Packings Nicholas Eriksson University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA 942 Jeffrey C. Lagarias University of Michigan Ann Arbor,
More informationProblem 1. Let I and J be ideals in a ring commutative ring R with 1 R. Recall
I. Take-Home Portion: Math 350 Final Exam Due by 5:00pm on Tues. 5/12/15 No resources/devices other than our class textbook and class notes/handouts may be used. You must work alone. Choose any 5 problems
More informationOn Polynomial Pairs of Integers
1 2 3 47 6 23 11 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 18 (2015), Article 15.3.5 On Polynomial Pairs of Integers Martianus Frederic Ezerman Division of Mathematical Sciences School of Physical and Mathematical
More informationPERFECT POLYNOMIALS OVER F p WITH p + 1 IRREDUCIBLE DIVISORS. 1. Introduction. Let p be a prime number. For a monic polynomial A F p [x] let d
PERFECT POLYNOMIALS OVER F p WITH p + 1 IRREDUCIBLE DIVISORS L. H. GALLARDO and O. RAHAVANDRAINY Abstract. We consider, for a fixed prime number p, monic polynomials in one variable over the finite field
More informationHOMEWORK 11 MATH 4753
HOMEWORK 11 MATH 4753 Recall that R = Z[x]/(x N 1) where N > 1. For p > 1 any modulus (not necessarily prime), R p = (Z/pZ)[x]/(x N 1). We do not assume p, q are prime below unless otherwise stated. Question
More informationThe primitive root theorem
The primitive root theorem Mar Steinberger First recall that if R is a ring, then a R is a unit if there exists b R with ab = ba = 1. The collection of all units in R is denoted R and forms a group under
More informationCommensurability between once-punctured torus groups and once-punctured Klein bottle groups
Hiroshima Math. J. 00 (0000), 1 34 Commensurability between once-punctured torus groups and once-punctured Klein bottle groups Mikio Furokawa (Received Xxx 00, 0000) Abstract. The once-punctured torus
More informationAbstracts of papers. Amod Agashe
Abstracts of papers Amod Agashe In this document, I have assembled the abstracts of my work so far. All of the papers mentioned below are available at http://www.math.fsu.edu/~agashe/math.html 1) On invisible
More informationProperties of Ramanujan Graphs
Properties of Ramanujan Graphs Andrew Droll 1, 1 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Jeffery Hall, Queen s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada Student Number: 5638101 Defense: 27 August, 2008, Wed.
More informationVery few Moore Graphs
Very few Moore Graphs Anurag Bishnoi June 7, 0 Abstract We prove here a well known result in graph theory, originally proved by Hoffman and Singleton, that any non-trivial Moore graph of diameter is regular
More informationIrreducible Polynomials over Finite Fields
Chapter 4 Irreducible Polynomials over Finite Fields 4.1 Construction of Finite Fields As we will see, modular arithmetic aids in testing the irreducibility of polynomials and even in completely factoring
More informationWhat is the Riemann Hypothesis for Zeta Functions of Irregular Graphs?
What is the Riemann Hypothesis for Zeta Functions of Irregular Graphs? UCLA, IPAM February, 2008 Joint work with H. M. Stark, M. D. Horton, etc. What is an expander graph X? X finite connected (irregular)
More informationLinear algebra and applications to graphs Part 1
Linear algebra and applications to graphs Part 1 Written up by Mikhail Belkin and Moon Duchin Instructor: Laszlo Babai June 17, 2001 1 Basic Linear Algebra Exercise 1.1 Let V and W be linear subspaces
More informationA proof of Freiman s Theorem, continued. An analogue of Freiman s Theorem in a bounded torsion group
A proof of Freiman s Theorem, continued Brad Hannigan-Daley University of Waterloo Freiman s Theorem Recall that a d-dimensional generalized arithmetic progression (GAP) in an abelian group G is a subset
More informationNecessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Central Norm to Equal 2 h in the Simple Continued Fraction Expansion of 2 h c for Any Odd Non-Square c > 1
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Central Norm to Equal 2 h in the Simple Continued Fraction Expansion of 2 h c for Any Odd Non-Square c > 1 R.A. Mollin Abstract We look at the simple continued
More informationNOTES ON DIOPHANTINE APPROXIMATION
NOTES ON DIOPHANTINE APPROXIMATION Jan-Hendrik Evertse January 29, 200 9 p-adic Numbers Literature: N. Koblitz, p-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions, 2nd edition, Graduate Texts in Mathematics
More informationRoot systems and optimal block designs
Root systems and optimal block designs Peter J. Cameron School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary, University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS, UK p.j.cameron@qmul.ac.uk Abstract Motivated by a question
More informationCycles with consecutive odd lengths
Cycles with consecutive odd lengths arxiv:1410.0430v1 [math.co] 2 Oct 2014 Jie Ma Department of Mathematical Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Abstract It is proved that there
More informationAlgebraic structures I
MTH5100 Assignment 1-10 Algebraic structures I For handing in on various dates January March 2011 1 FUNCTIONS. Say which of the following rules successfully define functions, giving reasons. For each one
More information#A34 INTEGERS 13 (2013) A NOTE ON THE MULTIPLICATIVE STRUCTURE OF AN ADDITIVELY SHIFTED PRODUCT SET AA + 1
#A34 INTEGERS 13 (2013) A NOTE ON THE MULTIPLICATIVE STRUCTURE OF AN ADDITIVELY SHIFTED PRODUCT SET AA + 1 Steven Senger Department of Mathematics, University of Delaware, Newark, Deleware senger@math.udel.edu
More informationA Generalization of Wilson s Theorem
A Generalization of Wilson s Theorem R. Andrew Ohana June 3, 2009 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Background Algebra 2 2.1 Groups................................. 2 2.2 Rings.................................
More informationTewodros Amdeberhan, Dante Manna and Victor H. Moll Department of Mathematics, Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118
The -adic valuation of Stirling numbers Tewodros Amdeberhan, Dante Manna and Victor H. Moll Department of Mathematics, Tulane University New Orleans, LA 7011 Abstract We analyze properties of the -adic
More informationMa/CS 6b Class 23: Eigenvalues in Regular Graphs
Ma/CS 6b Class 3: Eigenvalues in Regular Graphs By Adam Sheffer Recall: The Spectrum of a Graph Consider a graph G = V, E and let A be the adjacency matrix of G. The eigenvalues of G are the eigenvalues
More information