On the Merkulov construction of A -(co)algebras

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1 On the Merkulov construction of A -(co)algebras Estanislao Herscovich Abstract The aim of this short note is to complete some aspects of a theorem proved by S. Merkulov in [7], Thm. 3.4, as well as to provide a complete proof of the dual result for dg coalgebras. Mathematics subject classification 2010: 16E45, 16T15. Keywords: homological algebra, dg (co)algebras, A -(co)algebras. 1 Introduction The objective of this short note is twofold: (i) omplete some aspects of a theorem of S. Merkulov which in principle produces an A -algebra from a certain dg submodule of a dg algebra, showing that the construction also gives a morphism of A -algebras and that both are strictly unitary under some further assumptions (see Theorem 3.1). These last extra components were not considered in the original statement by Merkulov, but the existence of the morphism of A -algebras appears in a particular case in [6], Prop (ii) Provide a precise statement together with a complete proof of a dual version of the previous theorem for dg coalgebras. This is done in Theorem 4.5. e are mainly interested in (ii), because we need such a result in [1] for our study of the A -coalgebra structure on the group Tor A (K, K) of a nonnegatively graded algebra A and some of their associated A -comodules (e.g. in Thm and Prop of that article). It was used in particular to compute the A -module structure of Ext A(M, k) over the Yoneda algebra of a generalized Koszul algebra A, where M is a generalized Koszul module over A. Incidentally, we find more convenient to work with the formulation in [7], for in [1] we need to deal with the slightly greater generality of (nonsymmetric) bimodules over a (noncommutative) algebra. The proof of the statements added to the result of Merkulov follows the usual philosophy of specific manipulations of equations. However, these new results, which appear in Theorem 3.1, cannot be directly deduced from [7], Thm In particular, the construction of the morphism of A -algebras added to the result by Merkulov allows to compare the dg algebra one starts with and the constructed A -algebra, which seems relevant to us, and it was indeed needed in in [6]. Finally, let us add that the proof of Theorem 4.5 is parallel to the one for dg algebras, This work was also partially supported by UBAYT BA, UBAYT BA, PIP-ONIET , MathAmSud-GR2HOPF, PIT and PIT

2 and, as in the case of dg algebras, the result obtained for dg coalgebras is slightly more general than those obtained in homological perturbation theory, since our assumptions are in general weaker than those of a SDR (cf. [3], or the nice exposition in [4], Section 6). 2 Preliminaries on basic algebraic structures In what follows, k will denote a field and K will be a noncommutative unitary k- algebra. By module (sometimes decorated by adjectives such as graded, or dg) we mean a (not necessarily symmetric) bimodule over K (correspondingly decorated), such that the induced bimodule structure over k is symmetric. For dg algebras, dg coalgebras and A -algebras, we follow the sign conventions of [5], whereas for A -coalgebras we shall use the ones given in [2], Subsection 2.1. e also recall that, if V = n Z V n is a (cohomological) graded K-module, V [m] is the graded module over K whose n-th homogeneous component V [m] n is given by V m+n, for all n, m Z, and it is called the shift of V. e are not going to consider any shift on other gradings, such as the Adams grading. All morphisms between modules will be K-linear on both sides (satisfying further requirements if the modules are decorated as before). One trivially sees that all the standard definitions of graded or dg (co)algebra, or even A -(co)algebra, eventually provided with an Adams grading, and (co)modules over them make perfect sense in the monoidal category of graded K-bimodules, correspondingly provided with an Adams grading. All unadorned tensor products would be over K. Finally, N will denote the set of (strictly) positive integers, whereas N 0 will be the set of nonnegative integers. Similarly, for N N, we denote by N N the set of positive integers greater than or equal to N. 3 On the theorem of Merkulov Let (A, µ A, d A ) be a dg algebra provided with an Adams grading and let A be a dg submodule of A respecting the Adams degree. e assume that there is a linear map Q : A A[ 1] of total degree zero, where A[ 1] denotes the shift of the cohomological degree, satisfying that the image of id A [d A, Q] lies in, where [d A, Q] = d A Q + Q d A is the graded commutator. For all n 2, construct λ n : A n A as follows. Setting formally λ 1 = Q 1, define λ n = ( 1) i+1 µ A ( (Q λ i ) (Q λ n i ) ), (3.1) for n 2. e have the following result, whose first part is [7], Thm. 3.4, whereas the rest is a slightly more general version of [6], Prop. 2.3 and Lemma 2.5. Theorem 3.1. Let (A, µ A, d A ) be a dg algebra provided with an Adams grading and let ι : (, d ) (A, d A ) be a dg submodule of A (respecting the Adams degree). Suppose there is a linear map Q : A A[ 1] of total degree zero, where A[ 1] denotes the shift of the cohomological degree, satisfying that the image of id A [d A, Q] lies in ι( ). For all n N, define m n : n as follows. Set m 1 = d = d A ι and m n = (id A [d A, Q]) λ n ι n, for n 2. Then, (, m ) is an Adams graded A - algebra. Define the collection f : A, where f n : n A is the linear map of total degree (1 n, 0) given by f n = Q λ n ι n, for n N. Then f is a morphism of Adams graded A -algebras, and it is a quasi-isomorphism if and only if ι is so. Furthermore, assume A has a unit 1 A, there is an element 1 such that ι(1 ) = 1 A, Q Q = 0 and Q ι = 0. Then, 1 is a strict unit of the Adams graded A -algebra (, m ), and f : A is a morphism of strictly unitary Adams graded A -algebras. 2

3 Proof. For the first part, the proof given in [7], based on that of the corresponding Lemmas 3.2 and 3.3, applies verbatim in this context. e also note that the sign convention of that article agrees with the one we follow here. To prove the second assertion we proceed as follows. It suffices to prove that f is a morphism of A -algebras, for the quasi-isomorphism property is immediate. e have thus to show the following reduced form of the Stasheff identities on morphisms MI(n) (see [5], Def. 4.1) ( 1) r+st f r+1+t (id r (r,s,t) I n m s id t ) = d A f n + ( 1) p 1 µ A ( (Q λ p ι p ) (Q λ n p ι (n p) ) ), (3.2) p=1 for all n N, where I n = {(r, s, t) N 0 N N 0 : r + s + t = n}. The case n = 1 is trivial since ι is a morphism of complexes. Moreover, the case n = 2 is also clear, since the left member of (3.2) gives f 1 m 2 f 2 (id m 1 + m 1 id ) = (id A [d A, Q]) µ A ι 2 + Q µ A ι 2 (id d + d id ) = µ A ι 2 d A Q µ A ι 2, (3.3) where we have used the Leibniz property for the derivation d A. The right member of (3.2) gives d A f 2 + µ A ( (Q λ 1 ι) (Q λ 1 ι) ) = d A Q µ A ι 2 + µ A ι 2, which clearly coincides with (3.3). e shall now consider n > 2. Using the same notation as in [7], by the definition of the tensors Φ n and Θ n given in Lemmas 3.2 and 3.3, respectively, we see that Q (Φ n +Θ n ) ι n = Q d A λ n ι n ( 1) r+st f r+1+t (id r m s id t ), for all n N, where In = {(r, s, t) N 0 N N 0 : r+s+t = n, r+t > 0}. Moreover, by the previously mentioned lemmas, the tensor Φ n and Θ n vanish, which implies that ( 1) r+st f r+1+t (id r (r,s,t) I n On the other hand, m s id t ) = f 1 m n + Q d A λ n ι n. f 1 m n + Q d A λ n ι n = λ n ι n d A Q λ n ι n = ( 1) i+1 µ A ( (Q λ i ι i ) (Q λ n i ι (n i) ) ) d A Q λ n ι n, where we have used the definition of m n in the first equality and equation (3.1) in the last one. It is clear that the last member of the previous chain of identities coincides with the right member of (3.2), as was to be shown. The proof of the third assertion follows the same pattern as the one given in [6], Lemma 2.5, but since we are assuming a weaker assumption on Q (called G in that article), we describe roughly how it is done. By the definition of f 2, we see 3

4 that the condition Q ι = 0 implies that f 2 (1 w) = f 2 (w 1 ) = 0. The fact ι is a morphism of dg modules and d A (1 A ) = 0 imply that m 1 (1 ) = 0. Suppose now that we have proved that, for 2 i n 1, f i (w 1,..., w i ) vanishes if there exists j {1,..., i} such that w j = 1. By (3.1) and the inductive hypothesis, we see that λ n (w 1,..., w n ) vanishes if there exists j {2,..., n 1} such that w j = 1, λ n (1, w 2,..., w n ) = f (w 2,..., w n ), and λ n (w 1,..., w, 1 ) = ( 1) n f (w 1,..., w ), for all w 1,..., w n. From the definition of f n and the assumption that Q Q = 0 we conclude that f n (w 1,..., w n ) vanishes if there exists j {1,..., n} such that w j = 1. Moreover, since the image of (id A [d A, Q]) lies in ι( ) and Q ι = 0, we see that 0 = Q (id A [d A, Q]) = Q Q d A Q = (id A [d A, Q]) Q, (3.4) where we have used in the last two equalities that Q Q vanishes. Using our previous description of λ n in terms of f = Q λ ι () for n 3 (if it does not vanish already) and (3.4), we get that m n (w 1,..., w n ) vanishes if there exists j {1,..., n} such that w j = 1. 4 The dual result e shall briefly present the dual procedure to the one introduced by S. Merkulov in [7] to produce an A -algebra structure from a particular data on a dg submodule of a dg algebra. In our case, we produce an A -coalgebra structure on a quotient dg module of a dg coalgebra. e also note that, even though the results of the article of Merkulov are stated for vector spaces, they are clearly seen to be true (by exactly the same arguments) in our more general situation of bimodules over the k-algebra K. Let (,, d ) be a dg coalgebra provided with an Adams grading and let (, d ) (, d ) be a dg module quotient of respecting the Adams degree. Denote by K the kernel of the previous quotient and assume that there is a linear map Q : [ 1] of total degree zero, where [ 1] denotes the shift of the cohomological degree whereas the Adams degree remains unchanged, satisfying that id [d, Q] vanishes on K, where [d, Q] = d Q + Q d is the graded commutator. For all n 2, define γ n : n as follows. Setting formally γ 1 = Q 1, define γ n = ( 1) i+1( (γ n i Q) (γ i Q) ), (4.1) for n 2. e shall say that Q is admissible if the family {γ n } n N 2 is locally finite, i.e. it satisfies that the induced map n 2 n factors through the canonical inclusion n 2 n n 2 n. Fact 4.1. The following identity holds. ( γp (γ n p Q) ) γ 2 + ( 1) p( ) (γ n p Q) γ p γ2 = 0 p=2 p=2 Proof. The identity just follows by replacing the two occurrences of γ p by the recurrent expression given by (4.1) and simplifying the corresponding terms. Fact 4.2. Let e be an endomorphism of of degree zero and define E n (e) = (γ s e) id t ) γ r+1+t, 4

5 where I n = {(r, s, t) N 0 N 2 N 0 : r + s + t = n and r + t > 0}. Then E n(e) = + r=1 + t=1 r (r,s,t) În i=r+1 + t ( 1) i (γ n te id t )(γ iq γ t i+1q) ( 1) r(n r)+r i (id r r+t r (r,s,t) În ( 1) rs+r i( ( (id r γ n re)(γ iq γ 1+r iq) ( 1) rs+r+s i(s+1)( γ iq ( (id (r i) γ se id (i r 1) )γ ) ) iq γ r+1+t iq γ se id t )γ r+1+t iq )), (4.2) where În = {(r, s, t) N N 2 N : r + s + t = n}, and we have omitted the composition symbol to economize space. Proof. The statement follows from the following chain of identities, which uses the definition (4.1), E n(e) = ( 1) t (γ n te id t t=1 + (r,s,t) În = t=1 + r=1 + )γ 1+t + r=1 γ se id t )γ r+1+t t ( 1) i (γ n te id t )(γ iq γ t i+1q) r (r,s,t) În i=r+1 + ( 1) r(n r)+r i (id r r+t r (r,s,t) În ( 1) rs+r i( ( (id r ( 1) r(n r) (id r γ n re)γ r+1 γ n re)(γ iq γ 1+r iq) ( 1) rs+r+s i(s+1)( γ iq ( (id (r i) γ se id (i r 1) )γ ) ) iq γ r+1+t iq γ se id t )γ r+1+t iq )), where we have omitted the composition symbol to reduce space. Lemma 4.3. For n N 3, define Γ n = γ s id t ) γ r+1+t, where I n = {(r, s, t) N 0 N 2 N 0 : r + s + t = n and r + t > 0}. Then Γ n 0, for all n 3. Proof. First note that Γ 3 = (id id ), so the coassociativity of implies that Γ 3 vanishes. Let us now consider n > 3. e note that Γ n = E n (id ), so it can be written as indicated in equation (4.2). Moreover, the terms corresponding to i = 1 in the first sum and to i = r in the second sum in that latter expression of Γ n cancel due to Fact 4.1. Using the definition of Γ m for 3 m n 1 in the remaining terms of the new expression of Γ n we get that n 3 Γ n = ( 1) n i( (γ i Q) (Γ n i Q) ) n 3 ( (Γn j Q) (γ j Q) ). j=1 The lemma thus follows from an inductive argument. 5

6 Lemma 4.4. For n N 2, define H n = γ n d + ( 1) (id r r=0 d id (n r 1) ) γ n ( 1) rs+t( id r (γ s [d, Q]) id t ) γr+1+t, where I n = {(r, s, t) N 0 N 2 N 0 : r + s + t = n and r + t > 0}. Then H n 0, for all n 2. Proof. Note that H 2 = d (id d + d id ), so it vanishes by the Leibniz identity for. Assume now that n > 2. Note that H n = γ n d ( 1) n (id r r=0 Using the definition (4.1), we can write ( H n = (γi Q d ) (γ n i Q) ) ( 1) n i( (γ i Q) (γ n i Q d ) ) i 1 + ( 1) i( ( (id r i=0 r=0 i=0 n i 1 r=0 ( (γ i Q) ( (id r E n (d Q) E n (Q d ). d id (n r 1) ) γ n E n ([d, Q]). d id (i r 1) ) (γ i Q) ) ) (γ n i Q) d id (n i r 1) ) (γ n i Q) )) (4.3) Fact 4.2 expresses E n (Q d ) as a linear combination of sums satisfying that the terms corresponding to i = 1 of its first sum and the terms corresponding to i = r of its second sum cancel the first two sums in (4.3). ombining the remaining terms of (4.3) and using the definition of H m, for 3 m n 1, we get that H n = ( 1) n i( (γ i Q) (H n i Q) ) ( (Hn j Q) (γ j Q) ). j=1 The lemma thus follows from an inductive argument. Theorem 4.5. Let (,, d ) be a dg coalgebra provided with an Adams grading and let ρ : (, d ) (, d ) be a quotient dg module of (respecting the Adams degree) with kernel K. Suppose there is an admissible linear map Q : [ 1] of total degree zero, where [ 1] denotes the shift of the cohomological degree, satisfying that id [d, Q] vanishes on K. For all n N, define n : n as follows. Set 1 = d and n to be the unique map satisfying that n ρ = ρ n γ n (id [d, Q]), for n 2. Then, (, ) is an Adams graded A -coalgebra. Define the collection f :, where f n : n is the linear map of homological degree n 1 and zero Adams degree given by f n = ρ n γ n Q, for n N. Then f is a morphism of Adams graded A -coalgebras. 6

7 Furthermore, assume has a counit ɛ, there a linear map ɛ : K such that ɛ ρ = ɛ, Q Q = 0 and ρ Q = 0. Then, ɛ is a strict counit of the Adams graded A -coalgebra (, ), and f : is a morphism of strictly counitary Adams graded A -coalgebras. Proof. The first part follows from the fact that the Stasheff identity SI(n) for n 3 for the operations is by definition given by ρ n (Γ n + H n ) (id [d, Q]), so it vanishes. The two first Stasheff identities SI(1) and SI(2) are trivial, for is a quotient of. To prove the second assertion we proceed as follows. e have thus to prove the following reduced form of the Stasheff identities on morphisms MI(n) (see [2], eq. (2.2)) (r,s,t) I n s id t ) f r+1+t = f n d + ( 1) n p 1( (ρ p γ p Q) (ρ (n p) γ n p Q) ), (4.4) p=1 for all n N, where I n = {(r, s, t) N 0 N N 0 : r + s + t = n}. The case n = 1 is trivial since ρ is a morphism of complexes. Moreover, the case n = 2 is also clear, since the left member of (4.4) gives 2 f 1 (id id ) f 2 = ρ 2 (id A [d, Q]) + ρ 2 (id d + d id ) Q = ρ 2 ρ 2 Q d, (4.5) where we have used the Leibniz property for the coderivation d. The right member of (4.4) gives f 2 d + ( (ρ γ 1 Q) (ρ γ 1 Q) ) = ρ 2 Q d + ρ 2, which clearly coincides with (4.5). e shall now consider n > 2. By the definition of the tensors Γ n and H n given in Lemmas 4.3 and 4.4, respectively, we see that ρ n (Γ n +H n ) Q = ρ n γ n d Q+ s id t ) f r+1+t, for all n N, where we recall that In = {(r, s, t) N 0 N N 0 : r+s+t = n, r+t > 0}. Moreover, by the previously mentioned lemmas, the tensor Γ n and H n vanish, which implies that (r,s,t) I n On the other hand, s id t ) f r+1+t = n f 1 ρ n γ n d Q. n f 1 ρ n γ n d Q = ρ n γ n ρ n γ n Q d = ( 1) n i 1( (ρ i γ i Q) (ρ (n i) γ n i Q) ) ρ n γ n Q d, where we have used the definition of n in the first equality, and equation (4.1) in the last one. It is clear that the last member of the previous chain of identities coincides with the right member of (4.4), as was to be shown. 7

8 The proof of the third assertion is parallel to the one given to Theorem 3.1. Using the definition of f 2, we see that the condition ρ Q = 0 implies that (ɛ id ) f 2 = (id ɛ ) f 2 = 0. The fact ρ is a morphism of dg modules and ɛ d = 0 imply that ɛ 1 = 0. Suppose now that we have proved that, for 2 i n 1, (id j ɛ id (i j 1) ) f i vanishes for all j {0,..., i 1}. By (4.1) and the inductive hypothesis, we see that (id j ɛ id (n j 1) ) ρ n γ n vanishes for all j {1,..., n 2}, (ɛ id () ) ρ n γ n = ( 1) f, and (id () ɛ ) ρ n γ n = f. By the definition of f n and the assumption that Q Q = 0 we conclude that (id j ɛ id (n j) ) f n vanishes for all j {0,..., n 1}. Moreover, since the image of (id [d, Q]) vanishes on the kernel of ρ and ρ Q = 0, we see that 0 = (id [d, Q]) Q = Q Q d Q = Q (id [d, Q]), (4.6) where we have used in the last two equalities that Q Q vanishes. Using our previous description of (id j ɛ id (n j 1) ) ρ n γ n in terms of f = ρ () γ Q for n 3 (if it does not vanish already) and (4.6), we get that (id j ɛ id (n j) ) n vanishes for all j {0,..., n 1}. The structure of A -coalgebra on given by the previous theorem is called a Merkulov model on, or simply a model. As in the case of dg algebras, note that the result stated in the first two paragraphs of the previous theorem is slightly more general than those obtained in homological perturbation theory, since the conditions of a SDR are not necessarily satisfied (cf. [3], or [4], Section 6). References [1] Estanislao Herscovich, Applications of one-point extensions to compute the A -(co)module structure of several Ext (resp., Tor) groups, available at ~eherscov/articles/applications-of-one-point-extensions.pdf. Preprint. 1 [2], Using torsion theory to compute the algebraic structure of Hochschild (co)homology, available at Using-torsion-theory. Preprint. 2, 7 [3] V. K. A. M. Gugenheim, On a perturbation theory for the homology of the loop-space, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 25 (1982), no. 2, , 8 [4] Johannes Huebschmann, On the construction of A -structures, Georgian Math. J. 17 (2010), no. 1, , 8 [5] D. M. Lu, J. H. Palmieri, Q. S. u, and J. J. Zhang, A -algebras for ring theorists, Proceedings of the International onference on Algebra, 2004, pp , 3 [6] D.-M. Lu, J. H. Palmieri, Q.-S. u, and J. J. Zhang, A-infinity structure on Ext-algebras, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 213 (2009), no. 11, , 2, 3 [7] S. A. Merkulov, Strong homotopy algebras of a Kähler manifold, Internat. Math. Res. Notices 3 (1999), , 2, 3, 4 Estanislao HERSOVIH Institut Joseph Fourier, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, FRANE, Estanislao.Herscovich@ujf-grenoble.fr, Departamento de Matemática, FEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA, eherscov@dm.uba.ar, and ONIET (ARGENTINA). 8