Vladimir Volenec, Mea Bombardelli

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1 ARCHIVUM MATHEMATICUM (BRNO) Tomus 43 (2007), SYMMETRIES IN HEXAGONAL QUASIGROUPS Vladimir Volenec, Mea Bombardelli Abstract. Heagonal quasigroup is idempotent, medial and semisymmetric quasigroup. In this article we define and study symmetries about a point, segment and ordered triple of points in heagonal quasigroups. The main results are the theorems on composition of two and three symmetries. 1. Introduction Heagonal quasigroups are defined in [3]. Definition. A quasigroup (Q, ) is said to be heagonal if it is idempotent, medial and semisymmetric, i.e. if its elements a, b, c satisfy: (id) (med) (ss) a a = a (a b) (c d) = (a c) (b d) a (b a) = (a b) a = b. (ds) From (id) and (med) easily follows distributivity a (b c) = (a b) (a c), (a b) c = (a c) (b c) When it doesn t cause confusion, we can omit the sign, e.g. instead of (a b) (c d) we may write ab cd. In this article, Q will always be a heagonal quasigroup. The basic eample of heagonal quasigroup is formed by the points of Euclidean plane, with the operation such that the points a, b and a b form a positively oriented regular triangle. This structure was used for all the illustrations in this article. Motivated by this eample, Volenec in [3] and [4] introduced some geometric terms to any heagonal quasigroup. Some of these terms can be defined in any idempotent medial quasigroup (see [2]) or even medial quasigroup (see [1]). The elements of heagonal quasigroup are called points, and pairs of points are called segments Mathematics Subject Classification : 20N05. Key words and phrases : quasigroup, heagonal quasigroup, symmetry. Received June 12, 2006, revised November 2006.

2 124 V. VOLENEC, M. BOMBARDELLI Definition. We say that the points a, b, c and d form a parallelogram, and we write Par(a, b, c, d) if bc ab = d holds. (Fig. 1) DE EF G EFÂDE F D E Figure 1. Parallelogram (definition) Accordingly to [3], the structure (Q, Par) is a parallelogram space. In other words, Par is a quaternary relation on Q (instead of (a, b, c, d) Par we write Par(a, b, c, d)) such that: 1. Any three of the four points a, b, c, d uniquely determine the fourth, such that Par(a, b, c, d). 2. If (e, f, g, h) is any cyclic permutation of (a, b, c, d) or (d, c, b, a), then Par(a, b, c, d) implies Par(e, f, g, h). 3. From Par(a, b, c, d) and Par(c, d, e, f) it follows Par(a, b, f, e). (Fig. 2) H I G F D E Accordingly to [3]: Figure 2. Property 3 of the relation Par Theorem 1. From Par(a 1, b 1, c 1, d 1 ) and Par(a 2, b 2, c 2, d 2 ) it follows Par(a 1 a 2, b 1 b 2, c 1 c 2, d 1 d 2 ). In the rest of this section we present some definitions and results from [5]. Definition. The point m is a midpoint of the segment {a, b}, if Par(a, m, b, m) holds. This is denoted by M (a, m, b). Remark. For given a, b such m can eist or not; and it can be unique or not. Theorem 2. Let M (a, m, c). Then M (b, m, d) and Par(a, b, c, d) are equivalent. Definition. The point m is called a center of a parallelogram Par(a, b, c, d) if M (a, m, c) and M (b, m, d).

3 SYMMETRIES IN HEXAGONAL QUASIGROUPS 125 Definition. The function T a,b : Q Q, T a,b () = ab a is called transfer by the vector [a, b]. (Fig. 3) a a ab ab a b Figure 3. Transfer by the vector [a, b] Lemma 1. For any a, b, Q, Par (, a, b, T a,b () ). The equality T a,b = T c,d is equivalent to Par(a, b, d, c). Theorem 3. The set of all transfers is a commutative group. Specially, the composition of two transfers is a transfer. The inverse of T a,b is T b,a. 2. Symmetries in heagonal quasigroup Lemma 2. For any points a, b, c, Q, the following equalities hold (a a)a = a(a a) = a a (a b)a = a(b a) = a b = b a = b(a b) = (b a)b (a b)c = a(b c) = ( ac) b = b (ac ) Proof. Since Q is semisymmetric quasigroup, pq = r is equivalent to qr = p. First, we prove the last set of equalities. From (b c) (a b)c (med) = b(a b) (c c) (ss) = a (ss) = a, it follows a(b c) = (a b)c. From (ac ) ((ac) b) (med) = (ac (ac))( b) (ss) = b, it follows ( ac) b = b (ac ). From ( ( ac) b ) (a b) (med) = ( ( ac) a ) (b b) (med) = ( () (ac)a ) (b b) (id,ss) = (c) (ss) = c, it follows (a b)c = ( ac) b. Now putting a = b = c we obtain the first line of equalities, and putting a = c the second line. Definition. Symmetry with respect to the point a is the function σ a : Q Q defined by (see Fig. 4) σ a () = a(a a) = (a a)a = a a.

4 126 V. VOLENEC, M. BOMBARDELLI DÂD[ D[ DDÂD[ [DÂD[ [DÂDD D [ [DÂD [D Figure 4. Symmetry with respect to the point a From σ a () = a a it follows Par ( a,, a, σ a () ), so we have: Corollary 1. The equality σ m (a) = b is equivalent to M (a, m, b). [EÂD [E [DÂE [D E [DÂED [EÂD[ [EÂDE [ D D[ Figure 5. Symmetry with respect to the line segment {a, b} The function σ a () = a a can be generalised this way: Definition. The function σ a,b : Q Q defined by σ a,b () = a b, is called symmetry with respect to the segment {a, b}. (Fig. 5) It follows immediately: Corollary 2. For any a, b, Q σ a,a = σ a, σ a,b = σ b,a, Par ( a,, b, σ a,b () ). Theorem 4. The equality σ a,b = σ m is equivalent to M (a, m, b).

5 SYMMETRIES IN HEXAGONAL QUASIGROUPS 127 Proof. Let M (a, m, b) and let Q. From Par ( a,, b, σ a,b () ) and M (a, m, b) and Theorem 2 we obtain M (, m, σ a,b () ), and now from Corollary 1 σ m () = σ a,b (). Inversely, from σ a,b = σ m it follows σ m (a) = σ a,b (a) = aa ba = b, and now Corollary 1 implies M (a, m, b). The function σ a () = a(a a) can be generalised in another way: Definition. The function σ a,b,c () = (a b)c is called symmetry with respect to the ordered triple of points (a, b, c). (Fig. 6) EÂF[ F[ DEÂF[ [DÂEF F E [ [DÂE D [D Figure 6. Symmetry with respect to the ordered triple of points (a, b, c) Lemma 2 implies σ a,b,c () = (a b)c = a(b c) = ( ac) b = b (ac ). It immediately follows: Corollary 3. For any a, b, c, Q σ a = σ a,a,a, σ a,b = σ a,b,a = σ b,a,b, σ a,b,c = σ ac,b, Par ( ac,, b, σ a,b,c () ). Note that different order of points (e.g. (b, a, c)) produces different symmetry. Theorem 5. The symmetry σ a,b,c is an involutory automorphism of the heagonal quasigroup (Q, ). Proof. We first show that σ a,b,c σ a,b,c is identity: σ a,b,c ( σa,b,c () ) = σ a,b,c ( (a b)c ) = a b ( c (a b)c ) (ss) = a b(a b) (ss) = a a (ss) =.

6 128 V. VOLENEC, M. BOMBARDELLI It follows that σ a,b,c is a bijection. Further: σ a,b,c (y) = (y a)b c (ds) = (a ya)b c (ds) = (a b)(ya b) c (ds) = (a b)c (ya b)c = σ a,b,c () σ a,b,c (y), so σ a,b,c is an automorphism. From Theorem 5 and Corollary 3, it follows: Corollary 4. Symmetries σ a and σ a,b are involutory automorphisms of the heagonal quasigroup (Q, ). b c c c a(b c)=s m () m b ac m m a m Figure 7. Theorem 6 Theorem 6. The equality σ a,b,c = σ m is equivalent to M (ac, m, b). (Fig. 7) Proof. The statement follows immediately from σ a,b,c = σ ac,b (Corollary 3) and Theorem 4. The following two theorems are about the compositions of two and three symmetries. Theorem 7. The composition of two symmetries is a transfer (Fig. 8). More precisely, for any a 1, a 2, a 3, b 1, b 2, b 3 σ b1,b 2,b 3 σ a1,a 2,a 3 = T a1a 3,b 1b 3 T a2,b 2. Proof. Since composition of two transfers is a transfer (Theorem 3), it s enough to prove the above equality. Let Q be any point, and let y = σ a1,a 2,a 3 (), z = σ b1,b 2,b 3 (y), and w = T a2,b 2 (). We need to prove that T a1a 3,b 1b 3 (w) = z. Lemma 1 implies Par(, a 2, b 2, w), and from Corollary 3 it follows Par(a 1 a 3,, a 2, y) and Par(b 1 b 3, y, b 2, z).

7 SYMMETRIES IN HEXAGONAL QUASIGROUPS 129 b 13 s b1,b 2,b 3 s a1,a 2,a 3 () T a1 a 3,b 1 b 3 T a2,b 2 () b 3 b1 b 2 s a1,a 2,a 3 () T a2,b 2 () a 13 a 3 a 1 a 2 Figure 8. Theorem 7 Property 2 of Par implies Par(b 2, w,, a 2 ) and Par(, a 2, y, a 1 a 3 ), and now from Property 3 it follows Par(b 2, w, a 1 a 3, y). Similarly, Property 2 implies Par(w, a 1 a 3, y, b 2 ) and Par(y, b 2, z, b 1 b 3 ), and because of Property 3 it follows Par(w, a 1 a 3, b 1 b 3, z). From this relation and Lemma 1 it finally follows z = T a1a 3,b 1b 3 (w). s a () a b s b s a () b 2 a 2 s b1,b 2 s a1,a 2 () s a1,a 2 () a 1 b 1 Figure 9. Corollary 5 Using Corollary 3 we obtain (see Fig. 9): Corollary 5. For a, b Q, σ b σ a = T a,b T a,b. For a 1, a 2, b 1, b 2 Q, σ b1,b 2 σ a1,a 2 = T a1,b 1 T a2,b 2.

8 130 V. VOLENEC, M. BOMBARDELLI Corollary 6. The equation σ a1,a 2,a 3 = σ b1,b 2,b 3 is equivalent to Par(a 1 a 3, b 1 b 3, a 2, b 2 ). Proof. By Theorem 5, σ a1,a 2,a 3 = σ b1,b 2,b 3 is equivalent to σ b1,b 2,b 3 σ a1,a 2,a 3 = identity. From Theorem 7 we know σ b1,b 2,b 3 σ a1,a 2,a 3 = T a1a 3,b 1b 3 T a2,b 2, so the initial equality is equivalent to T a1a 3,b 1b 3 T a2,b 2 = identity. Because of Theorem 3 this is equivalent to T a1a 3,b 1b 3 = T b2,a 2, and further because of Lemma 1 to Par(a 1 a 3, b 1 b 3, a 2, b 2 ). Theorem 8. The composition of three symmetries is a symmetry. More precisely, for any a 1, a 2, a 3, b 1, b 2, b 3, c 1, c 2, c 3, and for d 1, d 2, d 3 such that Par(a i, b i, c i, d i ), for i = 1, 2, 3, σ c1,c 2,c 3 σ b1,b 2,b 3 σ a1,a 2,a 3 = σ d1,d 2,d 3. s B s A () b 3 s C () s B s C () b 1 b 2 s A () c 1 c 3 a 3 a 1 c 2 a 2 d 1 d 3 s A = s a1,a 2,a 3 s B = s b1,b 2,b 3 s C = s c1,c 2,c 3 s C s B s A ()=s A s B s C () s D = s d1,d 2,d 3 d 2 Figure 10. Corollary 7 Proof. Let Q be any point, and let y, z, t Q be such that y = σ a1,a 2,a 3 () i.e. Par(a 1 a 3,, a 2, y) z = σ b1,b 2,b 3 (y) i.e. Par(b 1 b 3, y, b 2, z) t = σ c1,c 2,c 3 (z) i.e. Par(c 1 c 3, z, c 2, t) and let w Q be such that Par(d 2, a 2, y, w). We need to prove that σ d1,d 2,d 3 () = t, i.e. Par(d 1 d 3,, d 2, t). From Par(a 1, b 1, c 1, d 1 ) and Par(a 3, b 3, c 3, d 3 ), because of Theorem 1 we get Par(a 1 a 3, b 1 b 3, c 1 c 3, d 1 d 3 ).

9 SYMMETRIES IN HEXAGONAL QUASIGROUPS 131 Now we use Property 3 of the relation Par to conclude: Par(b 2, c 2, d 2, a 2 ), Par(d 2, a 2, y, w) Par(b 2, c 2, w, y), Par(z, b 1 b 3, y, b 2 ), Par(y, b 2, c 2, w) Par(z, b 1 b 3, w, c 2 ), Par(b 1 b 3, w, c 2, z), Par(c 2, z, c 1 c 3, t) Par(b 1 b 3, w, t, c 1 c 3 ), Par(d 1 d 3, a 1 a 3, b 1 b 3, c 1 c 3 ), Par(b 1 b 3, c 1 c 3, t, w) Par(d 1 d 3, a 1 a 3, w, t), Par(a 1 a 3,, a 2, y), Par(a 2, y, w, d 2 ) Par(a 1 a 3,, d 2, w), Par(, d 2, w, a 1 a 3 ), Par(w, a 1 a 3, d 1 d 3, t) Par(, d 2, t, d 1 d 3 ). The relations on the left hand side are valid because of the assumptions, previous conclusions and Property 2 of Par. The last obtained relation is equivalent to Par(d 1 d 3,, d 2, t). Corollary 7. For any a i, b i, c i Q, i = 1, 2, 3 (see Fig. 10) σ a1,a 2,a 3 σ b1,b 2,b 3 σ c1,c 2,c 3 = σ c1,c 2,c 3 σ b1,b 2,b 3 σ a1,a 2,a 3. Corollary 8. For any a, b, c Q, σ a σ b σ c = σ c σ b σ a. s c s b s a () c s b s a () d b a s a () Figure 11. Corollary 9 Corollary 9. For a, b, c, d Q, if Par(a, b, c, d) then σ c σ b σ a = σ d. (Fig. 11) It is known (in Euclidean geometry) that midpoints of sides of any quadrilateral form a parallelogram. We can state the same fact in terms of heagonal quasigroup in the following way: Theorem 9. From M(, a, y), M (y, b, z), M (z, c, t) and Par(a, b, c, d) it follows M (, d, t). Proof. M (, a, y), M (y, b, z) and M (z, c, t) are equivalent to σ a () = y, σ b (y) = z and σ c (z) = t respectively. Therefore, the three assumptions can be written as: σ c ( σb (σ a ()) ) = t. From the preceding corollary it follows σ d () = t, i.e. M (, d, t). Theorem 10. Let a i, b i, c i, d i, i = 1, 2, 3 be points such that Par(a i, b i, c i, d i ), for i = 1, 2, 3, and a, b, c, d points satisfying Par(a, b, c, d). Then Par ( σ a1,a 2,a 3 (a), σ b1,b 2,b 3 (b), σ c1,c 2,c 3 (c), σ d1,d 2,d 3 (d) ).

10 132 V. VOLENEC, M. BOMBARDELLI Proof. From Par(a 1, b 1, c 1, d 1 ) and Par(a 3, b 3, c 3, d 3 ) and Theorem 1 it follows Par(a 1 a 3, b 1 b 3, c 1 c 3, d 1 d 3 ), and from Par(a, b, c, d) and Par(a 2, b 2, c 2, d 2 ) it follows Par(a 2 a, b 2 b, c 2 c, d 2 d). Similarly we obtain Par(a a 1 a 3, b b 1 b 3, c c 1 c 3, d d 1 d 3 ), and finally Par ( (a a 1 a 3 ) a 2 a, (b b 1 b 3 ) b 2 b, (c c 1 c 3 ) c 2 c, (d d 1 d 3 ) d 2 d ), which proves the Theorem. We immediately have: Corollary 10. From Par(a, b, c, d) and Par(p, q, r, s) it follows Par(σ p (a), σ q (b), σ r (c), σ s (d)). Corollary 11. For p, q, r Q, from Par(a, b, c, d) it follows Par(σ p,q,r (a), σ p,q,r (b), σ p,q,r (c), σ p,q,r (d)). Corollary 12. For p Q, from Par(a, b, c, d) it follows Par ( σ p (a), σ p (b), σ p (c), σ p (d) ). Corollary 13. For p, q, r Q, from M (a, b, c) it follows M ( σ p,q,r (a), σ p,q,r (b), σ p,q,r (c) ). Corollary 14. For p Q, from M (a, b, c) it follows M ( σ p (a), σ p (b), σ p (c) ). References [1] Volenec, V., Geometry of medial quasigroups, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. Znan. Umjet. [421] 5 (1986), [2] Volenec, V., Geometry of IM quasigroups, Rad Hrvat. Akad. Znan. Umjet. Mat. Znan. [456] 10 (1991), [3] Volenec, V., Heagonal quasigroups, Arch. Math. (Brno), 27a (1991), [4] Volenec, V., Regular triangles in heagonal quasigroups, Rad Hrvat. Akad. Znan. Umjet. Mat. Znan. [467] 11 (1994), [5] Bombardelli, M., Volenec, V., Vectors and transfers in heagonal quasigroups, to be published in Glas. Mat. Ser. III. Department of Mathematics Bijenička 30, Zagreb, Croatia volenec@math.hr Mea.Bombardelli@math.hr

NAPOLEON S QUASIGROUPS

NAPOLEON S QUASIGROUPS VEDRAN KRČADINAC Abstract. Napoleon s quasigroups are idempotent medial quasigroups satisfying the identity (ab b)(b ba) = b. In works by V.Volenec geometric terminology has been