Predicting α-amylase yield and malt quality of some sprouting cereals using 2 nd order polynomial model

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1 frca Jural f Bchemstry Research Vl (8), pp 88-9, ugust, 9 valable le at ISSN cademc Jurals Full Legth Research Paper Predctg α-amylase yeld ad malt qualty f sme sprutg cereals usg d rder plymal mdel C Egwm Evas ad O dem Mday Bchemstry Departmet, Federal Uversty f Techlgy, P M B 65, Ma, Nger State, Ngera Departmet f Mathematcs, Statstcs ad Cmputer Studes, Federal Plytechc, Bda, Nger State, Ngera ccepted 7 July, 9 lpha amylase yeld sprutg Maze, cha, Rce ad Srghum were studed fr 8 h The result was aalyzed usg d rder plymal mdel The result shwed that the rate f - amylase secret wth grwth perd s sgfcatly hgh (p < 5) ad the R fr each raged frm 67-9%, whle the R fr sprutg vgur raged wth 99% fr all the cereals studed The predct fr amylase actvty frm sprutg vgur was sgfcat (p < 5) fr all the cereals studed, the R fr all the cereals raged betwee 6-9% The results cclude that α-amylase ad malt qualty ca be predcted sprutg cereals frm the grwth vgur Key wrds: Cereals, amylase, grwth vgur, mdel INTRODUCTION lpha amylase s sytheszed durg cereal develpmet ad stred matured edsperms (Evas, et al, ) lpha-amylase, as ther amylases crease markedly durg germat It has bee shw that alpha amylase yeld wll peak wth - days f cereal germat (Egwm ad Olyede, 6) Gerge-Kraemer et al () have shw that amylase actvty s a gd predctr f Dastatc Pwer (DP) whch s requred brewg prcesses ad a mprtat characterstc fr estmatg the qualty f malt fr beer prduct (Evas, et al, 995) Maltg frms a crtcal stage the prduct f cereal-based-beverages whch amylase ad prteases heretly embedded the cereal gra are actvated fr the purpse f hydrlyss f starch ad prte t sugars ad am acds respectvely (Okafr, 987) The determat f alpha-amylase yeld sprutg cereals s a rgrus e vlvg several stages f chemcal reacts ad calculats quck methd f predctg alpha-amylase yeld frm sprutg cereals s vestgated usg d rder plymal mdel The gal f predct s t determe ether the value f a ew bservat f the respse varable, r the values f a specfed prprt f all future bservats f the respse varable (wwwtstgv/dv898/hadbk) *Crrespdg authr E-mal: evaschd@gmalcm I ths paper, ths gal wll be acheved usg plymal mdel Plymals are partcularly mprtat the expermetal sceces sce they fte gve a smple theretcal descrpt f expermetal results (Eas et al, 989) MTERILS ND METHODS Cereals (Maze, cha, Rce ad Srghum) used were btaed frm Natal Cereal Research Isttute (NCRI) Badegg, Nger State, Ngera The cereals were spruted fr 8 h Cereal ascrspre was measured wth a meter rule whle alpha amylase actvty was assayed as reprted earler (Egwm ad Olyede, 6) Brefly, a alqut (ml) f crude ezyme was ppetted t clea test tube, ad 9ml f % starch slut was added ad cubated a shakg water bath at 5 C fr m The react was stpped by addg ml f DNS reaget ad bled fr m fr clur develpmet bsrbace was read at 55 M agast reaget blak Ezyme actvty was thereafter cmputed frm a stadard glucse curve ( mm glucse ml - ) The data mea was aalyzed usg the d rder plymal regress mdel MODEL SPECIFICTION The plymal respse mdel y β + β x + β x + β x + s ather example f lear mdel despte the fact that y s descrbed by lear fuct f the explaatry varable x (Evertt ad Du,

2 Egwm ad dem 89 99) plymal mdel may be a,,,, etc rder, ths preset study; a d rder plymal mdel was adpted gve by y β + β x + β x, where β The methd f least squares s used t estmate the mdel ceffcets The devats arud the regress le (- errr term) are assumed t be rmally ad depedetly dstrbuted wth mea f ad a stadard devat sgma whch des t deped x (wwwtstgv/dv 898/hadbk) The estmate f the mdel ceffcet s btaed frm the rmal equats: Y ˆ β + Y Y + + matrx was the frmed + ˆ + β + l et ˆ β () () () Y Y The determat methd ca be used t estmate the mdel parameters Y Y Y Y, Y Y The crrelat ceffcet ca be btaed usg the frmular belw r Y Y ( ( ) ) Y ( Y ) ( ) Whle the ceffcet f determat s gve as R (r) x % ad the k djusted ( ) x % R R The t statstc ca be used t test whether r t the ceffcet s sgfcatly dfferet frm The t-statstc s gve as: t c βˆ S ( ˆ ) β β The hypthess f terest H : Ceffcet equal verses H : Ceffcet t equal t c > t k We reject H f α Lastly, the F-test s used t test hw sutable s the mdel btaed It s gve as R /( k ) F c, F > F c 5,( k )( T k) where T s ( R ) /( T k) the umber f bservat, k s the umber f parameter estmated The mdel btaed s sutable fr frecastg f F > F (Omtsh, ) Fr ths study SPSS c 5,( k )( T k ) sftware, vers was emplyed fr plymal regress aalyss RESULTS ND DISCUSSION The summary f cereal acrspre vgur relat wth tme s shw Table The result shwed that tme was sgfcat t the acrspre vgur; ths mples that the grwth f acrspre creases sgfcatly wth tme The relatshp betwee vgur ad tme s lear as shw Fgure The degree f relatshp betwee acrspre vgur ad tme s very strg (crrelat (r) s wth 998) The R fr the relatshp s wth 99% fr all the cereals studes, whch further reveals that the mdels ca be used t predct future value f acrspre vgur fr ay kw tme The summary f alpha amylase yeld relat wth tme s shw Table The result shws that tme was sgfcat t alpha amylase yeld fr all cereals studed, that s, as tme creases, alpha-amylase yeld als crease It further shws that amylase yeld ca be predcted usg d rder plymal mdel sce all (t * * ) were sgfcat the mdels fr all the cereals studed, ths fdg s further expressed Fgure The

3 9 fr J Bchem Res Table Summary f Results the crspre Vgur wth Respect t Tme (Plymal Regress Mdel, ) Cereal crspre (mm) Rate f Icrease t Rate f Chage t** R R (djusted) r Maze cha Rce Srghum Table Summary f Results the mylase ctvty sprutg Cereal wth Respect t Tme (Plymal Regres-s Mdel, ) Surce f mylase Rate f Icrease t Rate f Chage t** R R (djusted) Maze-amy x cha-amy 5-6 x Rce-amy x Srghum-amy 7-86 x r CROSPIRE LENGTH (mm) MIZE CH RICE SORGHUM 5 5 TIME (Hrs) Fgure crspre vgur wth tme Mdel: Maze-6986* + 69t** - (75t**)* cha -685** + 99t** + (95t**)* Rce 68879* t** + (t**)* Srghum -78** + 55t** + (t**)* Remark: ** - Sgfcat, * - Nt Sgfcat at 5% level f Sgfcace MYLSE CTIVITY TIME(Hrs) Maze - my cha- my Rce- my Srghum- my Fgure mylase actvty sprutg cereals wth tme Mdel Maze-amy -6* + 9t** - (5667 x -5 t**)** cha-amy -65** + 5t** - (6 x -5 t**)** Rce-amy 95* + t** - (7578 x -6 t**)** Srghum-amy 76* + 7t** - (868 x - 5 t**)** Remark: ** - Sgfcat, * - Nt Sgfcat at 5% level f Sgfcace result als reveals that the degree f relatshp betwee amylase yeld ad tme s very strg (crrelat (r) rages frm 8-97) The R fr each cereal rages frm 67-9%, whch further reveals that the mdels ca be used t predct future value f amylase yeld fr ay kw tme The mplcat f ths fdg s qute terestg because t gve predctve frmat f the yeld f alpha amylase wth tme sprutg cereal The summary f alpha amylase yeld relat wth acrspre vgur s shw Table The result shws that amylase yeld s sgfcat wth acrspre vgur fr all the cereals studed, that s, as acrspre vgur creases, amylase yeld als crease The result further reveals that the degree f relatshp betwee amylase

4 Egwm ad dem 9 Table Summary Results the mylase ctvty Sprutg Wth Respect t crspre Vgur f the Cereals (Plymal Regress Mdel, ) Surce f amylase Rate f crease t Rate f chage t** R R (djusted) r Maze-amy x cha-amy x Rce-amy 9-67 x Srghum-amy x MYLSE CTVITY Maze-my cha-my Rce-my Srghum-my SCROSPIRE LENGTH (mm) Fgure mylase actvty wth acrspre legth Mdel Maze-amy -668* + 75Maze** - (958 x - 5 Maze**)** cha-amy 956** + 755cha** - (886 x - 5 cha**)** Rce-amy 869** + 9Rce** - (668 x - 5 Rce**)** Srghum-amy 56** + 59Srghum** - (985 x -6 Srghum**)** Remark: ** - Sgfcat, * - Nt Sgfcat at 5% level f Sgfcace yeld ad acrspre vgur s very strg (crrelat (r) rages frm 87 t 96) The predcts mdel fr amylase yeld frm acrspre vgur was sgfcat (p < 5) fr all the cereals studed, ad the result further reveals that d plymal mdel s very sutable fr mdelg amylase yeld frm acrspre vgur because the mdel relatg alpha amylase yeld wth acrspre vgur was sgfcat (p < 5) fr bth st ad d rder plymal mdels The d rder plymal mdel therefre wuld be a gd predctve mdel The R fr all the cereal studed rages betwee 6-9% whch reveal that the mdels btaed ca be used t predct future value f amylase yeld frm ay kw acrspre vgur the cereal studed (Fgure ) The preset fdg suggests that the d rder plymal mdel s sutable fr predctg amylase yeld sprutg cereals The mplcat f ths fdg s that the yeld f alpha-amylase s a gd dcatr f maltg qualty Ths fdg agrees wth the reprt f J- et al (6) wh have shw a strg relatshp betwee amylase actvty ad maltg qualty The preset wrk therefre cclude that t s pssble t predct alpha-amylase yeld as well as maltg qualty f sprutg cereals by measurg the acrspre vgur usg a d rder plymal mdel REFERENCES Eas G, Cles CW, Gettby G (989) Mathematcs ad Statstcs fr the B-Sc New Yrk: Jh Wley & Ss Egwm EC, Olyede OB (6) Cmpars f -mylase Yeld Sprutg Ngera Cereals Bchem 8(): 5- Evas DE, Va Weger B, Ma YF, Eght J () The Impact f the Thermstablty f -amylase, -amylase ad lmt Dextrase Ptetal wrk Fermetablty J m Scety f Brewg Chem 6: -8 Evas DE, Lace RCM, Elgt JK (995) The Ifluece f -mylase Isfrm Patter -mylase ctvty Barley ad Malt Prc 5 th ustr Cer Chem Cf delad pp 57-6 Evertt BS, Du G (99) ppled Multvarate Data alyss Great Brta: Edward rld Gerge-Kraemer JE, Mudstck EC, Cawall-Mha S () Develpmetal Express f mylase durg Barley Maltg J Cereal Sc : J- C, Fe D, Kag W, Gu-pg Z (6) Relatshp Betwee Malt Qualtes ad -amylase ctvtes ad Prte Ctet as ffected by Tmg f Ntrge fertlzer pplcat J Zhejag Uversty Sc B 7(): 79-8 Okafr N (987) Prcessg f Ngera Idgegeus Fds: Chace f Ivat, Ng Fd J : - Omtsh MY () Ecmetrcs Practcal pprach Ibada: Ysde Bk publshers

5 9 fr J Bchem Res ppedx: mylase actvty sprutg cereals (M glucse m - ) Tme(h) Maze-my cha-my Rce-my Srghum-my crspre vgur Tme(hrs) Maze cha Rce Srghum