LIQUID CRYSTALS Introduction
|
|
- Emerald Manning
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 LIQUID CRYSTALS Introduction LC mesophases LCs in the bulk and in confined geometries optical properties of LCs fluctuations and light scattering applications of LCs
2 AGGREGATION GREGATION STATES TES OF MATTER heating cooling Example: H O molekule Solid phase (crystal) Liquid phase
3 THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS heating cooling Solid phase (crystal) Liquid crytalline phase Liquid phase Rod-like molecules (calamatic LCs) example: alkhyl-cianobiphenyls Texture of the LC phase observed by polarization optical microscopy Disc-shape molecules (discotic LCs) example: triphenylene derivatives Synthetic materials
4 LIOTROPIC IC LIQUID CRYSTALS decreasing concentration increasing concentration Molecular solutions Solid phase (crystal) Liquid phase Liquid crystalline phase Examples: soaps, lipids, viruses, DNA nm TM virus Natural materials
5 POLYMER LIQUID CRYSTALS main chain polymer LCs side chain polymer LCs Examples: Kevlar (du Pont), solutions of biopolymers Kevlar
6 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LC-MESOPHASES 1) They flow and form surface level (similar to liquids) ) They exhibit anisotropic material properties (similar to crystals) Example: optical birefringence n 1 3) In some cases they can transmitt mechanical stress (similar to crystals) n Example: bend strain
7 THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES of achiral molecules Parameters describing the liquid crystalline phase: Orientational order Positional order Bond orientational order nematic phase (N) smectic A phase (SmA) smectic C phase (SmC) columnar phase (D lattice)
8 NEMATIC LC PHASE theoretical description Basic thermodynamic argument for the I-N phase transition: Although orientational alignment of the molecules results in the loss of the entropy S, this loss is compensated by a decrease of the interaction energy U (because van der Waals attractive forces are increased, molecular packing is optimized,...) F = U TS Microscopic description: f(θ) angular distribution function f(θ)dω = fraction of the molecules pointing into a solid angle Ω head to tail invariance of the nematic phase requires f(θ)=f(π-θ)!! nematic order paramer S N = <((3cos θ)-1)/> = 1 ((3cos θ ) 1) f ( θ ) dω Isotropic phase: S N = 0, totally aligned N phase S N = 1. n=director ˆ Maier-Saupe theory: U= u S N, F I N = us N + kt ( ln f ( ) S = k f ( θ ) θ ) dω [( ( ) ) ] f ( θ ) ln f ( θ ) dω + ln 4π
9 NEMATIC - ISOTROPIC PHASE TRANSITION z S N can be measured via anisotropy of the material properties. example: diamagnetic susceptibility y x χ z = n(η II <cos θ>+ η <sin θ>) = n(η+(/3)η a S N ) S N =(χ z χ x )/(nη a ) χ x = χ y = n(η (1/3)η a S N ) where molecular parameters η=(η II +η )/3, η a = (η II -η ), n=n/v should be known from other measurements.
10 ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS IN NEMATICS F Nematic phase can transmit forces in cases in which the corresponding deformation perturbs the long-range orientational order. F For example: shear stress will produce usual viscous liquid flow, while splay, twist and bend deformations will produce elastic response. Elastic energy density of distortion (continuum theory): F d = K ˆ 1( nˆ) + K( nˆ nˆ) + K3 ( nˆ n ( ) Frank elastic constants: K i 10-1 N
11 EFFECT OF INTERFACE INTERACTIONS Nematic phase between two planar surfaces. Surface forces generally induce bulk aligment in some preferential direction (easy axis). F surface =f 0 +Bsin Φ Φ= angle between n^ and the easy axis Rapini-Papoular approximation Surface anchoring energy coefficients: B θ B ϕ 10-5 N/m n^ ϕ easyaxis Nematic phase cofined to spherical droplets. F=F surface +F d =MIN Approximation of infinitely strong anchoring (B = ) is often reasonable.
12 STANDARD TECHNIQUE TO ACHIEVE PLANAR SURFACE ANCHORING Polyimide LC glass Unidirectional rubbing glass Polymer surface is melted due to applied force and melted polymer molecules align in the direction of the rubbing.
13 ALIGNMENT OF LIQUID CRYSTALS ON RUBBED POLYMER SURFACE Anisotropic interaction between the polymer substrate and the rod-shape liquid crystal molecules induces orientational ordering of the LC layer. 1 mm Nematic LC texture in a cell without and with the alignment layer.
14 EFFECT OF EXTERNAL FIELDS Due to head-tail invariance of the molecular arrangement, the nematic phase has no spontaneous macroscopic electric polarization P and magnetization M. External electric and magnetic fields produce induced polarization/magnetization (P=ε 0 χ e E, M=χ m H). z For dielectric polarization local field corrections are quite important!! y x Dielectric tensor in case of ziin: ^ ε = P z = ε o n(α+(/3) α a S N )fhe z =ε o (ε II -1) E z P x = ε o n(α (1/3) α a S N ) fhe x =ε o (ε -1) E x ε, 0, 0 0, ε, 0 0, 0, ε II h=3 ε/( ε +1) cavity field factor f reaction field factor in general: ε = ε 1+ ε a (n n), ^ ^ where ε a =(ε II -ε ) is dielectric anisotropy. D= ε o (ε E+ε a (n E)n) ^ ^
15 DIELECTRIC ANISOTROPY ε(t) DSC Temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and the DSC response of the liquid crystal 5CB.
16 FREEDERICKSZ EFFECT Electrostatic free energy density: F e = ED = ε E a (nˆ 0ε ε 0ε E) For ε a >0 electric field tends to align the LC director n^ along the field direction. In confined geometries this tendency is opposed by surface anchoring. Competition results in the threshold behaviour. Example: nematic cell with planar anchoring: z x + + U U d 0 E<E th E>E th Reorientation: ^n=n 0 +δn(z), n 0 =e x,, δniie z, approximation: δn(z)= (δn)sin(πz/d) Total free energy density: F t =F e +F d = F dz t = K π 4 ε ε E a d ( δn) < 0 1 d δ n( z) 1 K1 ε 0ε a E ( δn( z)) z E th π = d C ε K 0 1 ε critical field ~ 1V/µm a
17 THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES of chiral molecules Via intramolecular interactions chirality is transmitted from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale. Chiral nematic phase (N*), known also as cholesteric phase (Ch) Spontaneously twisted Chiral smectic A phase (SmA*) Similar to achiral SmA, but exhibits optical activity p/ Chiral smectic C phase (SmC*) Tilted and spontaneously twisted (exhibits ferroelectricity)
18 Example: LC phases of DNA A in aqueous solutions hexagonal LC phase spherulite of the cholesteric phase c>10 wt % segment of DNA
19 OPTICAL PROPERTIES
20 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NEMATIC PHASE ε= ε 1+ε a (n n), ε a =(ε ε )=ns N (α α )fh Dielectric tensor at optical frequencies (~10 15 Hz), refractive index n=(ε) 1/ LC phases have very large birefringence: n -n = n 0. Optical axis is parallel to the nematic director ^n. n^ θ s E n^ birefringent medium (k/k) ordinary polarization extraordinary polarization E ( r, t ) k=(ω/c)n = Ordinary beam: n o = n Extraordinary beam: 1 n e sin = n II A s θ cos + n e ikr iωt E θ
21 OPTICAL BIREFRINGENCE N I are strongly birefringent liquids!!! Nematic liquid crystals (n e -n o ) S N Phase retardation between ordinary and extraordinary ray in d=4λ thick LC layer is π!!! Φ=(π( n)d)/λ Phase retardation can be mediated by relatively low external voltages (Freedericksz effect). Liquid crystal have large electrooptic response!!!
22 COLORFULL NEMATIC TEXTURES observed between crossed polarizers Phase retardation between ordinary and extraordinary ray Φ=(π( n)d)/λ depends on local orientation of the director field n(r) ^ Optical polarization microscopy: Polariser Analyser Transmittance Τ = Τ (Φ)
23 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CHOLESTERIC PHASE / x z Spatial periodicity (pitch p) of the director field n(r) is typically in the range of optical wavelengths. n(z)=(cos(qz), ^ sin(qz), 0) q=π/p Dielectric tensor in x,y plane: ε = ε 1+ε a (n n)= ^ ^ a+bcos(qz), bsin(qz) bsin(qz), a-bcos(qz) a=(ε +ε )/, b=(ε -ε )/ Spiralling index ellipsoid. (Analytical solutions of WE for kiiz and d= ) ImK means strong selective reflection for λ~p. Cholesteric LCs are natural 1D photonic band-gap media!!
24 SELECTIVE REFLECTION and MAUGUINM LIMIT For λ~p circularly polarized beam which matches the chirality of the structure is totally reflected. The width of the reflection (forbidden) band λ ~ n p. Theory versus practice. For λ<< p the polarization plane of the linearly polarized light is rotated synchronously with the spontaneous twist of the structure (Mauguin limit). The material acts as a strongly optically active medium.
25 LIGHT SCATTERING
26 LIGHT SCATTERING IN THE NEMATIC PHASE One of the most profound optical manifestations of the thermal fluctuations. δn(r)= )= δn(q)e iqr n(r)=n 0 (r)+δn(r) d Fluctuations of the director field n(r) produce increase of the elastic energy F d F d =(V/) [ δn 1 (q) (K 1 q +K 3 q )+ δn (q) (K q +K 3 q ) ] Overdamped relaxation: q df d /dn i =-γ i n i / t, i=1, kt δn(q,t)=δn(q,0)e -t/ t/τ Relaxation rate: (1/τ ) (K/γ)q K i 10-1 N δn kt n 0 1 q s 10-5 cm /s
27 EKSPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS Photon correlation spectroscopy (known as PCS or DLS): probing range s Laser H sample θ transmitted light k i Largest scattering cross section for δn(q= q s ). scattered light V k f qˆ S = k f k we measure g () (t)=<i(t )I(t +t)>/<i> Detector (I(t) E s (t) ) g () (t) = 1+ α (g (1) (t)) g < Es(t')Es(t' + t) > < E (t') >< E (t' + t) > (t) = (1) C e ( t / τ l ) l s s l DLS provides information on τ of different fluctuation modes δn(q,t). This gives the values of (K i /γ) for different types of deformations. Sl
28 LIGHT SCATTERING FROM CONFINED LC STRUCTURES A) Spherical LC droplets of radius R q min π/r, (1/τ ) min (K/γ)R - q min π/d, (1/τ ) min (K/γ)D - B) Thin LC film of thickness D ~ λ. 1/τ q s =(q x,0,0) 1/τ qr s? 1/τ q s =(0,0,q z ) DLS gives information on cavity size (R or D) and surface anchoring koefficient B q s D
29 APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS Most important comercial products based on LCs are LCDs. Present top LCD: WUXGA (wide ultra extended graphics array) 190 x 100 pixels. Other applications: optical switching devices, optical filters, temperature and stress sensors, special paints and colorants, cosmetics, etc.
30 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) PRINCIPLE Polariser Polariser Electrodes Voltage ON Analyser Analyser No output light Polarized output light Picture element is white Picture element is black
31 FROM PICTURE ELEMENT to THE DISPLAY Segment-type display Active matrix display colours composition of TFT LCD colour filter (RGB) polariser liquid crystal material common electrode backlight skupna segment skupna elektroda electrode elektroda semiconductor platform
32 SWITCHABLE WINDOWS voltage off voltage on Switchable windows are made from polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC)
33 OTHER APPLICATIONS Car paint from chiral LCs. Temperature sensor from cholesteric LCs LCs in ART: Art-painting made by use of the polysiloxane LC paint. left: in reflected light right: in transmitted light
34 Olenik 001
Liquid Crystals IAM-CHOON 1(1100 .,4 WILEY 2007 WILEY-INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION. 'i; Second Edition. n z
Liquid Crystals Second Edition IAM-CHOON 1(1100.,4 z 'i; BICENTCNNIAL 1 8 0 7 WILEY 2007 DICENTENNIAL n z z r WILEY-INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Contents Preface xiii Chapter 1.
More information5. Liquid Crystal Display
5. Liquid Crystal Display Twisted Nematic(TN) LC : Director is twisted by 90 o o o o Supertwisted Nematic(STN) LC : Director is twisted by 180, 40 or 70 Better contrast and viewing angle. Yeh; 5-1 5.1
More informationSelf-Assembly. Self-Assembly of Colloids.
Self-Assembly Lecture 5-6 Self-Assembly of Colloids. Liquid crystallinity Colloidal Stability and Phases The range of forces attractive and repelling forces exists between the colloidal particles van der
More informationMP5: Soft Matter: Physics of Liquid Crystals
MP5: Soft Matter: Physics of Liquid Crystals 1 Objective In this experiment a liquid crystal display (LCD) is built and its functionality is tested. The light transmission as function of the applied voltage
More information07. Liquid Crystals I
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Soft Matter Physics Physics Course Materials 217 7. Liquid Crystals I Gerhard Müller University of Rhode Island, gmuller@uri.edu Creative Commons License This
More informationCHM 6365 Chimie supramoléculaire Partie 8
CHM 6365 Chimie supramoléculaire Partie 8 Liquid crystals: Fourth state of matter Discovered in 1888 by Reinitzer, who observed two melting points for a series of cholesterol derivatives Subsequent studies
More informationFrom the theory of liquid crystals to LCD-displays
From the theory of liquid crystals to LCD-displays Nobel Price in Physics 1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Alexander Kleinsorge FHI Berlin, Dec. 7th 2004 Outline Survey of Liquid Crystals Anisotropy properties
More informationOptics of Liquid Crystal Displays
Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays Second Edition POCHIYEH CLAIRE GU WILEY A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Contents Preface Preface to the First Edition xiii xv Chapter 1. Preliminaries 1 1.1. Basic
More informationA B. What s a Liquid Crystal? G = H - TS K = [B]/[A] K = e - G/RT
What s a Liquid Crystal? Phases (supramolecular equilibrium configurations) and molecules (equilibrium conformations) are basically the same thing. Phases are superamolecules; a large collection of atoms
More informationIntroduction to Liquid Crystals
http://www.google.com/intl/ar/ http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/textbook.htm Introduction to Liquid Crystals Definition: Liquid crystals are substances that exhibit a phase of matter that has
More informationFast-Response Infrared Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Phase Modulators
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol. 453, pp. 343 354, 2006 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1542-1406 print=1563-5287 online DOI: 10.1080/15421400600653886 Fast-Response Infrared Ferroelectric Liquid
More informationDirect measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite
Direct measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite Jin Yan, Meizi Jiao, Linghui Rao, and Shin-Tson Wu* College of Optics and Photonics,
More informationECE185 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS
ECE185 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS Objective: To study characteristics of liquid crystal modulators and to construct a simple liquid crystal modulator in lab and measure its characteristics. References: B.
More informationGeometry and Anchoring Effects on Elliptic Cylinder Domains of Nematic Phases
Geometry and Anchoring Effects on Elliptic Cylinder Domains of Nematic Phases by Pouya Khayyatzadeh A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree
More informationOptimizing the Nematic Liquid Crystal Relaxation Speed by Magnetic Field
Kent State University Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries Chemical Physics Publications Department of Chemical Physics 2004 Optimizing the Nematic Liquid Crystal Relaxation Speed by Magnetic
More informationOrder Parameters and Defects in Liquid Crystals
Order Parameters and Defects in Liquid Crystals Ferroelectric phenomena in liquid crystals June, 2007 Liquid Crystal-substance with a degree of electronic-liquid Crystal Crystal Presentations crystalline
More informationAn Overview of the Oseen-Frank Elastic Model plus Some Symmetry Aspects of the Straley Mean-Field Model for Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals
An Overview of the Oseen-Frank Elastic Model plus Some Symmetry Aspects of the Straley Mean-Field Model for Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals Chuck Gartland Department of Mathematical Sciences Kent State
More informationAnchoring Energy And Pretilt Angle Effects On Liquid Crystal Response Time
University of Central Florida Electronic Theses and Dissertations Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) Anchoring Energy And Pretilt Angle Effects On Liquid Crystal Response Time 007 Xiangyi Nie University
More informationphases of liquid crystals and their transitions
phases of liquid crystals and their transitions Term paper for PHYS 569 Xiaoxiao Wang Abstract A brief introduction of liquid crystals and their phases is provided in this paper. Liquid crystal is a state
More informationMechanical effects of light spin and orbital angular momentum in liquid crystals
Mechanical effects of light spin and orbital angular momentum in liquid crystals E.Santamato Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Complesso di Monte S. Angelo via
More informationNumerical Simulation of Nonlinear Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells
Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells N.C. Papanicolaou 1 M.A. Christou 1 A.C. Polycarpou 2 1 Department of Mathematics, University of Nicosia
More informationThree Dimensional Finite Element Modelling of Liquid Crystal Electro-Hydrodynamics
Three Dimensional Finite Element Modelling of Liquid Crystal Electro-Hydrodynamics by Eero Johannes Willman A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London Faculty
More informationALCT Measurement Principles
Current-based Measurements At a basic electronics level, a liquid crystal sample cell may be modeled as a combination dynamic capacitor and resistor in parallel. As such, the majority of ALCT measurements
More informationECE 185 ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATION OF LIGHT
ECE 185 ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATION OF LIGHT I. Objective: To study the Pockels electro-optic (EO) effect, and the property of light propagation in anisotropic medium, especially polarization-rotation effects.
More informationPhysical mechanism for in-plane molecular orientation in polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystals
Physical mechanism for in-plane molecular orientation in polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystals Min Young Jin, 1 You-Jin Lee, 1 Kyehun Lee, 2 Sin-Doo Lee, 3 and Jae-Hoon Kim 1 1 Department of
More informationLecture 4: Anisotropic Media. Dichroism. Optical Activity. Faraday Effect in Transparent Media. Stress Birefringence. Form Birefringence
Lecture 4: Anisotropic Media Outline Dichroism Optical Activity 3 Faraday Effect in Transparent Media 4 Stress Birefringence 5 Form Birefringence 6 Electro-Optics Dichroism some materials exhibit different
More informationChapter 1 Introduction
Since application of thermotropic liquid crystals has always been of wide interest, discovery of bent-shaped (banana, boomerang, bow) liquid crystals [1] opened a very promising field concerning new mesophases.
More informationChapter 1. Introduction
1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Liquid Crystals Liquid crystals are states of condensed matter whose symmetries lie between those of 3-dimensionally ordered crystals and completely disordered isotropic liquids.
More informationAlignment of Liquid Crystals by Ion Etched Grooved Glass Surfaces. Yea-Feng Lin, Ming-Chao Tsou, and Ru-Pin Pan
CHINESE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS VOL. 43, NO. 6 DECEMBER 2005 Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Ion Etched Grooved Glass Surfaces Yea-Feng Lin, Ming-Chao Tsou, and Ru-Pin Pan Department of Electrophysics, National
More informationChapter 5. Liquid crystal cell alignment
Chapter 5. Liquid crystal cell alignment The static LC cell alignment is determined by the boundary conditions (on the glass surfaces) and the elastic deformation energy of the LC molecules. 5.1 LC director
More informationME 210 MATERIAL SCIENCE LIQUID CRYSTALS
BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY ME 210 MATERIAL SCIENCE LIQUID CRYSTALS BY AHMET GÖKHAN YALÇIN Submitted to: Ercan BALIKÇI FALL 2005 A NEW PHASE OF MATTER: LIQUID CRYSTALS ABSTRACT: Liquid crystals have different
More informationA Fast-Response A-Film-Enhanced Fringe Field Switching LCD
A Fast-Response A-Film-Enhanced Fringe Field Switching LCD Haiwei Chen, 1 Zhenyue Luo, 1 Daming Xu, 1 Fenglin Peng, 1 Shin-Tson Wu, 1 Ming-Chun Li, 2 Seok-Lyul Lee, 2 and Wen-Ching Tsai 2 1 College of
More informationOptics and Optical Design. Chapter 6: Polarization Optics. Lectures 11 13
Optics and Optical Design Chapter 6: Polarization Optics Lectures 11 13 Cord Arnold / Anne L Huillier Polarization of Light Arbitrary wave vs. paraxial wave One component in x direction y x z Components
More informationTransient Electro-Optic Properties of Liquid Crystal Gels
137 Appendix A Transient Electro-Optic Properties of Liquid Crystal Gels The dynamics of the electro-optic response has significance for the use of our gels in display devices and also reveals important
More informationLiquid crystal in confined environment
Liquid crystal in confined environment Adviser: Prof. Rudi Podgornik Supervisor: Prof. Igor Muševič By Maryam Nikkhou September 2011 Contents Abstract.................................................................
More informationSimulation-based Design of In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystalline Display Pixels
Simulation-based Design of In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystalline Display Pixels by Anindya Mitra A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree
More informationFerro-electric SmC* elastomers Mark Warner Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.
Ferro-electric SmC* elastomers Mark Warner Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. Rubber, Liquid Crystal Elastomers what is unusual about solid liquid crystals? Nematic: thermal and optical elongation (I to
More informationModeling 3-D chiral nematic texture evolution under electric switching. Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
Modeling 3-D chiral nematic texture evolution under electric switching Vianney Gimenez-Pinto * and Robin L. B. Selinger Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 Corresponding author:
More informationConfigurations of confined nematic polymers
SEMINAR 1 1 st YEAR, SECOND CYCLE DEGREE Configurations of confined nematic polymers Author: Danijel Vidaković Mentor: Daniel Svenšek Ljubljana, March 2018 Abstract In this seminar, I present the construction
More informationFAST-RESPONSE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS
FAST-RESPONSE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS by MEIZI JIAO B.S. in Optical Engineering Department, Zhejiang University, P. R. China, 006 M.S. in College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida,
More informationSimulations of liquid-crystal Fabry Perot etalons by an improved 4Ã4 matrix method
JOURNAL OF APPLID PHYSICS VOLUM 93, NUMBR 5 MARCH 23 Simulations of liquid-crystal Fabry Perot etalons by an improved 4Ã4 matrix method Yuhua Huang School of Optics/CROL, University of Central Florida,
More informationLecture 4: Polarisation of light, introduction
Lecture 4: Polarisation of light, introduction Lecture aims to explain: 1. Light as a transverse electro-magnetic wave 2. Importance of polarisation of light 3. Linearly polarised light 4. Natural light
More informationLiquid Crystals. Martin Oettel. Some aspects. May 2014
Liquid Crystals Some aspects Martin Oettel May 14 1 The phases in Physics I gas / vapor change in density (scalar order parameter) no change in continuous translation liquid change in density change from
More informationAlignment of Liquid Crystal Director Fields Using Monolayers. Angel Martinez, Cal Poly Pomona, REU Dr. Ivan I. Smalyukh
Alignment of Liquid Crystal Director Fields Using Monolayers Angel Martinez, Cal Poly Pomona, REU Dr. Ivan I. Smalyukh 5CB Liquid Crystals (LCs) CN Flow like liquids; Anisotropic like solid crystals; Crystal
More informationAn Introduction to Polymer Physics
An Introduction to Polymer Physics David I. Bower Formerly at the University of Leeds (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface Acknowledgements xii xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymers and the scope of the book
More informationANCHORING OF LIQUID CRYSTAL AND DYNAMICS OF MOLECULAR EXCHANGE BETWEEN ADSORBED LC FILM AND THE BULK
ANCHORING OF LIQUID CRYSTAL AND DYNAMICS OF MOLECULAR EXCHANGE BETWEEN ADSORBED LC FILM AND THE BULK A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
More informationELECTRO-OPTIC RESPONSE OF HOMEOTROPIC, HOLE PATTERNED, NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL CELLS UNDER AC AND DC VOLTAGE. A dissertation submitted
ELECTRO-OPTIC RESPONSE OF HOMEOTROPIC, HOLE PATTERNED, NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL CELLS UNDER AC AND DC VOLTAGE A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationIntroduction to Polarization
Phone: Ext 659, E-mail: hcchui@mail.ncku.edu.tw Fall/007 Introduction to Polarization Text Book: A Yariv and P Yeh, Photonics, Oxford (007) 1.6 Polarization States and Representations (Stokes Parameters
More information*blood and bones contain colloids. *milk is a good example of a colloidal dispersion.
Chap. 3. Colloids 3.1. Introduction - Simple definition of a colloid: a macroscopically heterogeneous system where one component has dimensions in between molecules and macroscopic particles like sand
More informationChapter 5. Effects of Photonic Crystal Band Gap on Rotation and Deformation of Hollow Te Rods in Triangular Lattice
Chapter 5 Effects of Photonic Crystal Band Gap on Rotation and Deformation of Hollow Te Rods in Triangular Lattice In chapter 3 and 4, we have demonstrated that the deformed rods, rotational rods and perturbation
More informationPoled Thick-film Polymer Electro-optic Modulation Using Rotational Deformation Configuration
PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 5, NO., 29 4 Poled Thick-film Polymer Electro-optic Modulation Using Rotational Deformation Configuration Wen-Kai Kuo and Yu-Chuan Tung Institute of Electro-Optical and Material Science,
More informationAnchoring Energy Measurements: a Practical Approach
Anchoring Energy Measurements: a Practical Approach a C. J. P. NEWTON, b M. IOVANE, c O. DUHEM, b R. BARBERI, d G. LOMBARDO and a T.P. SPILLER a Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Bristol, Filton Road, Stoke
More information7 Optical modulators. 7.1 Electro-optic modulators Electro-optic media
7.1 Electro-optic modulators 7.1.1 Electro-optic media In a linear anisotropic medium, the electric displacement field D and the electric field strength E are related to each other through the electric
More informationNaturally occurring reverse tilt domains in high-pretilt alignment nematic liquid crystal
Naturally occurring reverse tilt domains in high-pretilt alignment nematic liquid crystal Ruiting Wang, Timothy J. Atherton, Minhua Zhu a, Rolfe G. Petschek, and Charles Rosenblatt Department of Physics,
More informationSupporting Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. This journal is the Owner Societies 2016 Supporting Information to True ferroelectric switching in thin films of trialkylbenzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide
More information16. More About Polarization
16. More About Polarization Polarization control Wave plates Circular polarizers Reflection & polarization Scattering & polarization Birefringent materials have more than one refractive index A special
More informationE-KPol Temperature Calibration
E-KPol Temperature Calibration Capobianco G., Crudelini F., Zangrilli L., Buscemi C., Fineschi S. Report nr. 111 Date: 19/12/2008 1 Index 1. Introduction...3 1.1. E-KPol...3 1.2. LCVR...5 2. Setup...7
More informationLow Voltage Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Displays
University of Central Florida Electronic Theses and Dissertations Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) Low Voltage Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Displays 2012 Linghui Rao University of Central Florida Find
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF HULL
THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL The Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystals with Bulky Terminal Groups for Bookshelf Geometry Ferroelectric Mixtures being a Thesis submitted for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
More informationDual Structure of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Device for High Reflectance
Electron. Mater. Lett., Vol. 9, No. 6 (2013), pp. 735-740 DOI: 10.1007/s13391-013-3122-2 Dual Structure of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Device for High Reflectance Byung Seong Bae, 1 Seungoh Han, 2 Sung
More informationX-RAY MICRODIFFRACTION STUDY OF THE HALF-V SHAPED SWITCHING LIQUID CRYSTAL
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2004, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 47. 321 X-RAY MICRODIFFRACTION STUDY OF THE HALF-V SHAPED SWITCHING LIQUID CRYSTAL Kazuhiro Takada 1,
More informationTEXTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SHEAR FLOW OF NEMATIC SOLUTIONS OF RODLIKE POLYMERS. Guy C. Berry
TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SHEAR FLOW OF NEMATIC SOLUTIONS OF RODLIKE POLYMERS Guy C. Berry www.chem.cmu.edu/berry Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Zhanjie Tan Sudha Vijaykumar 1 Beibei
More informationNONLINEAR OPTICAL STUDIES OF DYE-DOPED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS. Prapong Klysubun
NONLINEAR OPTICAL STUDIES OF DYE-DOPED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS by Prapong Klysubun Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment
More informationLiquid crystal-directed polymer nanostructure for vertically-aligned nematic cells
Liquid crystal-directed polymer nanostructure for vertically-aligned nematic cells Voolodymy Borshch, Jeoung-Yeon Hwang and Liang-Chy Chien Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary
More informationChapter 5: Molecular Scale Models for Macroscopic Dynamic Response. Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem:
G. R. Strobl, Chapter 6 "The Physics of Polymers, 2'nd Ed." Springer, NY, (1997). R. B. Bird, R. C. Armstrong, O. Hassager, "Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids", Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons (1977). M. Doi,
More informationPOLARISATION. We have not really discussed the direction of the Electric field other that that it is perpendicular to the direction of motion.
POLARISATION Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. We have not really discussed the direction of the Electric field other that that it is perpendicular to the direction of motion. If the E field
More informationliquid crystal films*
Optical effects based on dye-doped liquid crystal films* Andy Y. - G. Fuh ( 傅永貴 ) Department of Physics, and Institute of Electro-optical Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan,
More informationModeling liquid-crystal devices with the three-dimensional full-vector beam propagation method
214 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/ Vol. 23, No. 8/ August 26 Wang et al. Modeling liquid-crystal devices with the three-dimensional full-vector beam propagation method Qian Wang, Gerald Farrell, and Yuliya Semenova
More informationChapter 2 Liquid Crystal Theory
Chapter 2 Liquid Crystal Theory The basic theoretical approaches concerning liquid crystals and liquid crystal flows are presented in this chapter. The first half briefly reviews the concepts of order
More informationColloidal micromotor in smectic A liquid crystal driven by DC electric field
Supplementary Information Colloidal micromotor in smectic A liquid crystal driven by DC electric field Antal Jákli,* Bohdan Senyuk, Guangxun Liao and Oleg D. Lavrentovich Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical
More informationLiquid Crystal. Liquid Crystal. Liquid Crystal Polymers. Liquid Crystal. Orientation of molecules in the mesophase
Liquid Crystal - Liquid crystals (LCs) are a state of matter that have properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal. (Fourth state of matter) Liquid Crystal Orientation
More informationMechanically and Light Induced Anchoring of Liquid Crystal on Polyimide Film
Mechanically and Light Induced Anchoring of Liquid Crystal on Polyimide Film M.NISHIKAWA a, J.L.WEST a, D.ANDRIENKO b, YU.KURIOZ b, YU.REZNIKOV b, D.S.KANG c, J.H.KIM c, C.ROSENBLATT c a Liquid Crystal
More informationTips and warming up words
FIRST TRANSISTOR Tips and warming up words 1) Band theory of solids (Eg) Eg = 0 Eg 1eV Eg > 6eV 2) Resistivity of : Metals 10-2 to 10-8 Ωm Semiconductors 10 5 to 10 0 Ωm Insulators 10 8 Ωm 3) There are
More informationSubmillisecond-response Blue Phase Liquid Crystals For Display Applications
University of Central Florida Electronic Theses and Dissertations Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) Submillisecond-response Blue Phase Liquid Crystals For Display Applications 2012 Kuan Ming Chen University
More informationPROBING SOFT MATTER WITH OPTICAL TECHNIQUES
PROBING SOFT MATTER WITH OPTICAL TECHNIQUES Irena Drevenšek Olenik Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana and J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia OUTLINE 1) Introduction 2) Some
More informationLecture 5: Polarization. Polarized Light in the Universe. Descriptions of Polarized Light. Polarizers. Retarders. Outline
Lecture 5: Polarization Outline 1 Polarized Light in the Universe 2 Descriptions of Polarized Light 3 Polarizers 4 Retarders Christoph U. Keller, Leiden University, keller@strw.leidenuniv.nl ATI 2016,
More informationMolecular Organisation in de Vries Smectic Liquid Crystals: Characterisation and Theory
Molecular Organisation in de Vries Smectic Liquid Crystals: Characterisation and Theory by Vigneshwaran Swaminathan A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Laboratory of Advanced Electronic
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF SCHEMES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii ABSTRAK iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xviii LIST OF SCHEMES xx CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
More informationThe Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Engineering ALL-OPTICAL IMAGE PROCESSING WITH NONLINEAR LIQUID CRYSTALS
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Engineering ALL-OPTICAL IMAGE PROCESSING WITH NONLINEAR LIQUID CRYSTALS A Dissertation in Electrical Engineering by KUAN-LUN HONG 2013 KUAN-LUN
More informationLiquid State S.Y.B.Sc Characteristics of the liquid state Properties exhibited by liquid state.
Liquid State S.Y.B.Sc 2016-2017 1 haracteristics of the liquid state. a) A liquid is made up of tiny particles called molecules or atoms (inert gas elements). b) A liquid has a definite volume but no definite
More informationINFORMATION TO USERS
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter
More informationChapter 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces 11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids Gases are highly compressible and assume the shape and volume of their container. Gas molecules are
More informationOptical and Photonic Glasses. Lecture 18. Rayleigh and Mie Scattering, Colloidal Metals and Photo-elastic Properties. Professor Rui Almeida
Optical and Photonic Glasses : Rayleigh and Mie Scattering, Colloidal Metals and Photo-elastic Properties Professor Rui Almeida International Materials Institute For New Functionality in Glass Lehigh University
More informationDYE DOPED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL REORIENTATION IN A LINEAR POLARIZED LASER FIELD: THRESHOLD EFFECT
DYE DOPED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL REORIENTATION IN A LINEAR POLARIZED LASER FIELD: THRESHOLD EFFECT NICOLETA ESEANU* 1, CORNELIA UNCHESELU 2, I. PALARIE 3, B. UMANSKI 4 1 Department of Physics, ''Politehnica''
More informationHigh-speed infrared phase modulators using short helical pitch ferroelectric liquid crystals
High-speed infrared phase modulators using short helical pitch ferroelectric liquid crystals Ju-Hyun Lee 1, Dong-Woo Kim 2, Yung-Hsun Wu 1, Chang-Jae Yu 2, Sin-Doo Lee 2, and Shin-Tson Wu 1 1 College of
More informationEvolution of Disclinations in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
Kent State University Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries Chemical Physics Publications Department of Chemical Physics 10-4-2002 Evolution of Disclinations in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
More informationProgrammable agile beam steering based on a liquid crystal prism
Programmable agile beam steering based on a liquid crystal prism Xu Lin( ), Huang Zi-Qiang( ), and Yang Ruo-Fu( ) School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of
More informationCollective Effects. Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Physics
Collective Effects in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Physics: Lecture 3, 3 March 2006 Collective Effects in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Physics Website: http://cncs.bnu.edu.cn/mccross/course/ Caltech
More informationDirect measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite
Direct measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite Jin Yan, Meizi Jiao, Linghui Rao, and Shin-Tson Wu* College of Optics and Photonics,
More informationSTUDY OF ANCHORING BEHAVIOR OF NEMATIC FLUIDS AT THE INTERFACE OF POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALS. A Dissertation. Presented to
STUDY OF ANCHORING BEHAVIOR OF NEMATIC FLUIDS AT THE INTERFACE OF POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALS A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Jian Zhou In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements
More informationPhysics 313: Laboratory 8 - Polarization of Light Electric Fields
Physics 313: Laboratory 8 - Polarization of Light Electric Fields Introduction: The electric fields that compose light have a magnitude, phase, and direction. The oscillating phase of the field and the
More informationPolymer-Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystals for Photonic Applications
www.materialsviews.com www.advmattechnol.de Polymer-Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystals for Photonic Applications Yan Li,* Shuaijia Huang, Pengcheng Zhou, Shuxin Liu, Jiangang Lu, Xiao Li, and Yikai
More informationPhysics of Inhomogeneous Nematic Liquid Crystals: Colloidal Dispersions and Multiple Scattering of Light
Physics of Inhomogeneous Nematic Liquid Crystals: Colloidal Dispersions and Multiple Scattering of Light Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der Lehrbefugnis für das Fach Theoretische Physik an der Universität
More informationViewing angle controllable displays with a blue-phase liquid crystal cell
Viewing angle controllable displays with a blue-phase liquid crystal cell Linghui Rao, Zhibing Ge, and Shin-Tson Wu* College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
More informationOptics and Optical Design. Chapter 6: Polarization Optics. Lectures 11-13
Optics and Optical Design Chapter 6: Polarization Optics Lectures 11-13 Cord Arnold / Anne L Huillier Polarization of Light Arbitrary wave vs. paraxial wave One component in x-direction y x z Components
More informationChapter 6. Polarization Optics
Chapter 6. Polarization Optics 6.1 Polarization of light 6. Reflection and refraction 6.3 Optics of anisotropic media 6.4 Optical activity and magneto-optics 6.5 Optics of liquid crystals 6.6 Polarization
More informationZigzag Electrodes for Suppressing the Color Shift of Kerr Effect-Based Liquid Crystal Displays Linghui Rao, Zhibing Ge, and Shin-Tson Wu, Fellow, IEEE
JOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, NO. 4, APRIL 2010 115 Zigzag Electrodes for Suppressing the Color Shift of Kerr Effect-Based Liquid Crystal Displays Linghui Rao, Zhibing Ge, and Shin-Tson Wu, Fellow,
More informationSYNCHROTRON X-RAY MICROBEAM CHARACTERIZATION OF SMECTIC A LIQUID CRYSTALS UNDER ELECTRIC FIELD
73 SYNCHROTRON X-RAY MICROBEAM CHARACTERIZATION OF SMECTIC A LIQUID CRYSTALS UNDER ELECTRIC FIELD Atsuo Iida 1), Yoichi Takanishi 2) 1)Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy
More informationPHASE TRANSITIONS IN SOFT MATTER SYSTEMS
OUTLINE: Topic D. PHASE TRANSITIONS IN SOFT MATTER SYSTEMS Definition of a phase Classification of phase transitions Thermodynamics of mixing (gases, polymers, etc.) Mean-field approaches in the spirit
More informationPOLARIZATION FUNDAMENTAL OPTICS POLARIZATION STATES 1. CARTESIAN REPRESENTATION 2. CIRCULAR REPRESENTATION. Polarization. marketplace.idexop.
POLARIZATION POLARIZATION STATS Four numbers are required to describe a single plane wave Fourier component traveling in the + z direction. These can be thought of as the amplitude and phase shift of the
More information