PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
|
|
- Rosamund Horn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This article was downloaded by: [National Taiwan University] On: 16 September 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number ] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: Registered office: Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Aerosol Science and Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: Experimental Study on the Effect of Fiber Orientation on Filter Quality Sheng-Hsiu Huang a ; Yu-Mei Kuo b ; Kuang-Nan Chang a ; Yu-Kang Chen c ; Wen-Yinn Lin d ; Wane-Yun Lin a ; Chih-Chieh Chen a a College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan b Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan c Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan d Graduate Institute of Environmental Planning and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan First published on: 23 August 2010 To cite this Article Huang, Sheng-Hsiu, Kuo, Yu-Mei, Chang, Kuang-Nan, Chen, Yu-Kang, Lin, Wen-Yinn, Lin, Wane- Yun and Chen, Chih-Chieh(2010) 'Experimental Study on the Effect of Fiber Orientation on Filter Quality', Aerosol Science and Technology, 44: 11, , First published on: 23 August 2010 (ifirst) To link to this Article: DOI: / URL: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
2 Aerosol Science and Technology, 44: , 2010 Copyright American Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: print / online DOI: / Experimental Study on the Effect of Fiber Orientation on Filter Quality Sheng-Hsiu Huang, 1 Yu-Mei Kuo, 2 Kuang-Nan Chang, 1 Yu-Kang Chen, 3 Wen-Yinn Lin, 4 Wane-Yun Lin, 1 and Chih-Chieh Chen 1 1 National Taiwan University, College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan 2 Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Tainan, Taiwan 3 Chang Jung Christian University, Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Tainan, Taiwan 4 National Taipei University of Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Planning and Management, Taipei, Taiwan Most filtration models assume that the air stream runs perpendicularly to the orientation of the filter fibers. However, cigarette filters remove aerosol particles apparently by a different filter configuration in that the fiber orientation almost parallels the air streamlines. To focus on the effect of fiber orientation, cellulose acetate filters were used in this work to facilitate the filter performance comparison. A piece of original round cigarette filter was molded to form a cube. The same piece of filter was used for both perpendicular and parallel orientations, to avoid the variability caused by the non-uniform filter media distribution. DOP aerosol particles used in the tests were generated by either a constant output aerosol nebulizer or an ultrasonic atomizing nozzle. A Po-210 radiation source was used to neutralize the challenge aerosols to the Boltzmann charge equilibrium. A scanning mobility particle sizer (for < 0.8 µm) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (for > 0.8 µm) were used to measure aerosol number concentrations and size distributions upstream and downstream of the cigarette filters. The results showed that parallel and orthogonal filters behave similarly. However, the pressure drop across parallel filter was lower than for the perpendicular filter, indicating that the airflow is more laminar passing through the parallel filters. Possibly for the same reason, aerosol penetration through parallel filter was higher than the orthogonal filter, although the difference may not be statistically significant. When a comparison of the fiber orientation is based on filter quality, orthogonal filter performs better than parallel filter, if face velocity is lower than 60 cm/s. Parallel filter performs better only when the particles are smaller than the most penetrating size and under high face velocity. Received 24 July 2009; accepted 4 May The authors would like to thank the National Science Council (Grant No. NSC B ) for the financial support. Address correspondence to Chih-Chieh Chen, National Taiwan University, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, 1 Jen-Ai Road, Sec. 1, Rm. 1440, Taipei Taiwan. ccchen@ntu.edu.tw INTRODUCTION Many aerosol scientists have contributed to the development of modern filtration theories. There are a number of excellent reviews that summarize, compare, and correlate derived theoretical or empirical models with experimental data (Yeh and Liu 1974a,b; Nguyen and Beeckmans 1975; Ingham 1981; Brown ; Liu and Rubow 1986; Zhang and Liu 1992; Walsh and Stenhouse 1997; Barrett 1998; Romay et al. 1998). As a result, filter performance can now be predicted with acceptable accuracy. Nevertheless, most of the previous experimental and/or theoretical studies have considered only orthogonal filters, i.e., the direction of airflow is perpendicular to the fiber orientation. An early theoretical work on diffusional single fiber efficiency of nearly parallel flow indicated that diffusion deposition on fibers parallel to the mean direction of flow is significant when compared to deposition rates for transverse flows (Banks and Kurowski 1988). However, experimental studies of the parallel filters are very limited. Therefore, it is interesting and may be important in some applications, to compare the filtration characteristics of these two filter types, from the standpoint of filter quality factor. Cigarette filters have been designed to reduce the cigarette tar yields. In addition to its aesthetic and healthy values, a filter reduces the cost of the cigarette because it is cheaper than the tobacco. Filter rod making begins when a highly compacted form of cellulose acetate filter tow arrives at a rod-making operation. For the filter material to be most effective, the fibers must have the maximum amount of their surfaces exposed to the smoke stream. Consequently, the initial operation in rod making must be the separation of the individual fibers from one another. The main physical characteristics of the cigarette filter rod are defined in terms of length, circumference, firmness or compressibility, weight and pressure drop, or resistance to draw. The packing density (or weight) is an important factor in 964
3 AEROSOL PENETRATION THROUGH CELLULOSE CIGARETTE FILTERS 965 determining firmness, pressure drop, and cost of production. The amount of fiber in the rod determines its density and, in turn, its firmness or resistance to compression. The bonding agent in the rod forms welds the fibers and also serves to add rigidity to the fiber mass. Within the usual limits, firmness increases with increasing bonding. Individual fiber denier and cross-section also influence firmness. The cigarette filter is one of the few parallel filters readily available on the market, and was selected as the test filter in this work. Single Fiber Theory Single fiber theories are normally used to calculate the total filtration efficiency (Hinds 1999). Aerosol penetration P n for a particle with n elementary charges is given by: [ 4αxE ],n P n = exp πd f where α is the packing density; d f is the fiber diameter; x is the filter thickness; and E,n is total single fiber filtration efficiency (of a particle with n elementary charges) due to the combined effect of all individual filtration mechanisms. E,n = f ( ) E d,e r,e i,e g,e p,e c,n,e im where E d is due to diffusion deposition; E r is due to interception deposition; E i is due to impaction deposition; E g is due to gravitational settling; E p is due to dielectrophoretic force; E c,n is due to Coulombic force; E im is due to image force. The sum of the first four mechanisms is regarded as the mechanical capture mechanisms, E m, and the last three as electrostatic capture mechanisms, E e,n. For mechanical filters, such as cigarette filters used in the present study, the electrostatic terms (E p, E c,n, E im ) can be neglected and not included in the following review. The single fiber efficiency due to diffusional deposition is given by (Lee and Liu 1982): ( ) 1 α 1 /3 E d = 2.6 Pe 2 /3 Ku where Ku is the Kuwabara factor and Pe is the dimensionless Peclet number. The Kuwabara factor is a function of packing density α (also called solidity): Ku = ( ) 1 ln α 3 ( ) α α 2 4 The Peclet number relates the diffusional transport of particles to the filter to the macroscopic flow, indicated by face velocity V (before entering the filter): Pe = d f V D where D is the aerosol diffusion coefficient. The single fiber filtration efficiency due to interception is presented by (Lee and Liu 1982; Lee and Ramamurthi 1993): ( )( 1 α R 2 ) E r = Ku 1 + R where R is the ratio of particle diameter, d p, to fiber diameter, d f : R = d p d f The single fiber efficiency for impaction can be presented by (Yeh and Liu 1974a,b): E i = (Stk) J 2Ku 2 where Stokes number, Stk, relates the particle s inertial stopping distance to the filter diameter and is defined as: Stk = ρ pd 2 p C cv 18ηd f The density of the particle is represented by ρ p, and C c,is the Cunningham slip correction factor. Viscosity of air is η and J is: J = ( α 0.62 )R R 2.8 for R<0.4 In addition to Yeh and Liu s semi-empirical equation concerning impaction, Nguyen and Beeckmans (1975) proposed the following equation to estimate the single fiber impaction efficiency: Stk 3 F 3 E i = ( ) Stk 3 F K 3 + K 4 (Re f ) 1 /2 Re f Stk 2 F where F = 1 + K 1 α + K 2 α 2 and K 1 = 4, K 2 = 2250, K 3 = 4, and K 4 = 65 for real filters. This equation has the advantage that it will not exceed unity, given that the constants K 1 to K 4 are positive. Nguyen and Beeckmans equation actually was a modification of the equation proposed by Landahl and Herrmann (1949): E i = Stk 3 Stk Stk The single fiber filtration efficiency caused by aerosol gravitational settling is given by (Yeh and Liu 1974a,b): E g = ρ pd 2 p C cg 18ηV
4 966 S.-H. HUANG ET AL. which represents the ratio of the particle s gravitational velocity to the face velocity of the flow through the filter. It is assumed that the particle charges are in Boltzmann charge equilibrium. The interaction terms between the individual mechanisms are not within the scope of the present study. The spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel) used in previous studies (Chen and Huang 1998; Huang et al. 2007) was employed to calculate and integrate the filtration efficiency by each individual filtration mechanism. Collection efficiency alone is not enough to distinguish good filters from bad filters, because pressure drop across the filter is an equally important factor that needs to be considered when ranking the quality of filters. The filter quality factor, q f,is normally used as an indicator of the filter media performance (Hinds 1999), q F = ln ( ) 1 P p where P is the fraction of aerosol penetration and p is the pressure drop across the filter. The pressure drop represents the total drag force of all the fibers in a filter. In the Stokes flow regime, the pressure drop varies linearly with the face velocity. Brown (1983) gives the pressure drop as: ηvxf (α) p = The function f (α) varies among theories, and there is no simple expression equation for a fiber of square cross section (Brown 1983). EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Cellulose acetate tow filters acquired from a local tobacco company were used in this work. The basic properties of this filter are listed in Table 1. This filter rod constitutes 25 mm of length and 7.6 mm of diameter, with packing density of about 0.1 and equivalent fiber size of 18 µm (a denier per filament of 3). In order to investigate the effects of fiber orientation on filtration characteristics by using the same filter disc and filter holder, a filter cubic was Fiber material d 2 f TABLE 1 Properties of tested filter Cellulose acetate Density of cellulose acetate 1.3 g/cm 3 Original packing density 0.10 Packing density after compression 0.16 Fiber size 3.0 denier Equivalent fiber diameter 18 µm FIG. 1. Formation of parallel and perpendicular cellulose acetate filter cubes. prepared. The filter was first cut into several shorter rods of 5.3 mm in length, which is an arbitrary value smaller than rod diameter. This rod was then manually shaped and compressed to form a cube with the dimension of 5.3 mm, as shown in Figure 1. The compaction increased the packing density from 0.1 to 0.16, and helped to fix the filter cube in the filter holder. In the present study, when aerosols flow into the conventional cigarette filter rod, i.e., the flow direction parallels the fibers longitudinal direction, the filter is designated a parallel filter. By rotating this cube 90 degrees, the filter becomes an orthogonal filter, the more conventional filter media orientation, in which air flows perpendicular to the fiber orientation. The same piece of filter cube was used for both parallel and perpendicular directions, to eliminate the variability of cigarette filters. Micrographs in Figure 2 showed parts of cross sections of the filter cubes in the two directions. Notice that the fibers were not perfectly straight, and this could be one of the research limitations of this study. To conduct the aerosol penetration test, aerosol particles with different size distributions were generated by the two aerosol generation systems, as shown in Figure 3. Dioctylphthalate (DOP) was chosen as the test agent. A constant output atomizer (model 3076, TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN) and an ultrasonic atomizing nozzle (model , Sonotek Inc., Highland, NY) were used to generate polydisperse submicrometer-sized and micrometer-sized aerosol particles, respectively. In order to avoid a particle charge effect, the particles were then passed through a 22.5-mCi Po-210 radioactive source (model P-2001, NRD Inc.) to neutralize the aerosol particles to the Boltzmann charge equilibrium. An aerosol electrometer (model 3068, TSI, Inc.) was used downstream of the test chamber to monitor the aerosol charge neutralization. Two different spectrometers measured the aerosol concentration and size distribution: a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS, model 3934U, TSI Inc.) for
5 AEROSOL PENETRATION THROUGH CELLULOSE CIGARETTE FILTERS 967 FIG. 2. SEM photos of cigarette filter showing fibers in two directions. (Figure provided in color online.) particles smaller than 0.8 µm, and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS, model 3321A, TSI Inc.) for particles larger than 0.8 µm. Although SMPS and APS size particles by different principles, the data combination has been shown feasible after proper calibration and operation (Kuo et al. 2005). Five filter rods were used for aerosol penetration and air resistance measurements. Two of the five filter cubes were tested under parallel direction first, while others began with perpendicular direction. The default sampling flow rates of SMPS and FIG. 3. Schematic diagram of experimental system set up. APS were 0.3 and 5.0 L/min, respectively. The corresponding face velocities through the tested cigarette filter cube were 18 and 300 cm/s, respectively. As showed in Figure 3, an external suction pump and a make-up air system were equipped with SMPS and APS, respectively. This allowed adjustments for desired face velocity. Seven face velocities ranging from 18 to 300 cm/s were applied to study flow dependency. All flows were controlled and monitored by mass flow controllers (Hastings Instrument, Hampton, VA), which were calibrated using an electronic bubble meter (Gilibrator, Gilian Instrument Corp., Wayne, NJ). For data analysis, the experimental data were imported to a curve-fitting package (TableCurve 2D Windows v4.07, Copyright AISN Software Inc., Florence, OR) to find the best fitting straight line through a set of data points. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pressure drop across the orthogonal filters was significantly higher than that across parallel filters, as shown in Figure 4. Airflow through parallel filters is similar to flow through numerous pipes and tends to be laminar for Reynolds number less than As aforementioned, laminar flow in a filter is expected when the pressure drop is directly proportional to the face velocity. When the data start to deviate from linearity, it indicates a transition of flow possibly from the laminar region to the turbulent region. Therefore, the exponent of the power fit curve of parallel filter (1.04) was only slightly higher than 1, indicating that airflow must be quite laminar when passing the channels formed by the parallel fibers. On the other hand, airflow through orthogonal filters is speculated to produce eddies downstream of fibers since the exponent of the power fit curve was The turbulent level increases with increasing
6 968 S.-H. HUANG ET AL. FIG. 4. Pressure drops across perpendicular and parallel filters as a function of face velocity. air flow rate. Moreover, the pressure drop patterns of both the vertical and parallel filters agree reasonably well with the semiempirical model developed by Brown (1984). Any mismatch with the Brown s model possibly is due to inhomogeniety of the filter rods, a bias in estimating fiber diameter, and a less symmetrical shape of the fiber. Aerosol penetration curves of perpendicular and parallel filters appeared similar, as shown in Figure 5. No significant aerosol loading effect was observed apparently due to high aerosol penetration and short sampling time. The most penetrating size (MPS), also referred to as collection minimum, decreased with increasing face velocity. The MPS was about 0.5 µm when face velocity was set at 18 cm/sec, and the MPS may become less than 0.1 µm if the face velocity goes beyond 300 cm/sec. It is worthwhile to note that the whole penetration curve moved toward the smaller aerosol size. For particles smaller than MPS, the aerosol penetration increased with increasing face velocity, apparently due FIG. 5. Aerosol penetration through perpendicular and parallel filters under different face velocities, showing as a function of aerosol size. FIG. 6. filters. Comparison of aerosol penetration curve of perpendicular and parallel
7 AEROSOL PENETRATION THROUGH CELLULOSE CIGARETTE FILTERS 969 FIG. 7. to shorter retention time for aerosol deposition by diffusion. For particles larger than MPS, the aerosol penetration decreased with increasing face velocity because, of higher inertial force. From Figure 5, it is difficult to make a distinction as to which type of filter has better collection efficiency or lower aerosol penetration. In order to better demonstrate the difference in filter performance and the effect of face velocity, only two extreme velocity cases (18 and 120 cm/s) were shown in Figure 6. In Figure 6, the large error bars of aerosol penetration in the micrometer-sized range were due to the low challenge aerosol concentration generated by ultrasonic atomizer. Only one curve was shown with error bar for legible reason. If both aerosol penetration curves were plotted with error bar, there would be an obvious overlapping zone, indicating that the difference between these two cases may not be statistically significant. Yet, without error bar overlapping, Figure 6 clearly shows that aerosol penetration through parallel filters is higher than that through Experimental and modeled penetration curves of perpendicular filter. orthogonal filter, very likely for the same reason that parallel filters created lower air resistance, at the cost of higher aerosol penetration. The differences in aerosol penetration appeared to shrink as the face velocity increased, possibly because the airflow became more turbulent which resulted in higher aerosol deposition. Our aerosol penetration data showed the same trend with Banks and Kurowski s theoretical work, which indicated that deposition resulting from the parallel components of flow is not negligible. For example, the value of collection efficiency at the most penetrating size of around 0.3 µm for parallel filter is about 65% of the those perpendicular filter, when the filtration velocity is 18 cm/s. For particle size away from the most penetrating size, whether it is larger or smaller, the ratio increases. However, direct comparison is difficult because of different domains of filter packing density and velocity. When the experimental data were compared with the models, the early equation of Landahl and Herrmann had the
8 970 S.-H. HUANG ET AL. FIG. 8. Experimental and modeled filter quality factors of perpendicular filter. best agreement (shown in Figure 7), in particular on the right side of the MPS. It was apparently over-modified by Nguyen and Beeckmans because the aerosol penetration and the most penetrating sizes are lower and/or smaller than the experiments. The equation by Yeh and Liu appeared to perform reasonably well on the size range smaller than the MPS. Figure 8 shows the filter quality of the tested orthogonal filters. Filter quality increased with decreasing face velocity for submicrometer-sized particles because diffusion was more important than other filtration mechanisms. Superior performance under low filtration velocity indicated that filter with larger surface area should be utilized in order to have lower face velocity and therefore improve the filter quality, if submicrometer-sized aerosols are of concern. As the particle size increased, the filter quality increased with increasing face velocity because inertial impaction was the dominating filtration mechanism. The modeled filter quality by early Landahl and Hermmann again had the closest match with the experimental data. The transition between 1 to 2 µm is unique. No good explanation for this transition phenomenon is available at this time. The pressure drop across orthogonal filters was almost twice that of the parallel filters as shown in Figure 4. Yet the turbulence and energy dissipation downstream of the fibers enhanced the collection efficiency, and the consequential filter quality factors were almost identical, as shown in Figure 9. However, for filters operated under lower face velocity (< 60 cm/s), the orthogonal filters performed slightly better than the parallel filters when examined closely over the whole size range. For particles with diameter less than the MPS, the parallel filter should be used for its higher filter quality factor when the face velocity was higher than 120 cm/s, as shown in the lower plot of Figure 9.
9 AEROSOL PENETRATION THROUGH CELLULOSE CIGARETTE FILTERS 971 FIG. 9. Comparison of filter quality factor of perpendicular and parallel filters. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Air resistance triggered by orthogonal filters is about two times higher than that by parallel filters because of the turbulence occurring downstream of orthogonal fibers. However, the extra energy needed to overcome the pressure drop across the orthogonal filters did not simply dissipate. In fact, the orthogonal filter almost totally regained the dissipated energy and converted it to higher collection efficiency. Therefore, the filter qualities of vertical and parallel filters are about the same despite the huge difference in air resistance. In general, orthogonal filters perform better than parallel filter over all size ranges. The parallel filter might perform better only when particles are smaller than the most penetrating size and under high face velocity, from the perspective of filter quality. REFERENCES Banks, D. O., and Kurowski, G. J. (1988). Diffusion Deposition on a Cylinder Due to Nearly Parallel Flow. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 8: Barrett, L. W. (1998). Aerosol Loading Performance of Electret Filter Media. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 59(8): Brown, R. C. (1984). A Many-Fibre Model of Airflow Through a Fibrous Filter. J. Aerosol Sci. 15(5): Brown, R. C. (1989). Modern Concepts of Air Filtration Applied to Dust Respirators. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 33: Chen, C. C., Lehtimaki, M., and Willeke, K. (1993). Loading and Filtration Characteristics of Filtering Facepieces, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54(2): Chen, C. C., and Huang, S. H. (1998). The Effect of Particle Charge on the Performance of an Electret Filtering Facepiece. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 59(4): Hinds, W. C. (1999). Aerosol Technology. Second Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp Huang, S. H., Chen, C. W., Chang, C. P., Lai, C. Y., and Chen, C. C. (2007). Penetration of 4. 5 nm to 10 µm Aerosol Particles through Fibrous Filters. J. Aerosol Sci. 38(7): Ingham, D. B. (1981). The Diffusional Deposition of Aerosols in Fibrous Filter. J. Aerosol Sci. 12: Kuo, Y. M., Huang, S. H., Shih, T. S., Chen, C. C., Weng, Y. M., and Lin, W. Y. (2005). Development of a Size-Selective Inlet Simulating ICRP Lung Deposition Fraction. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39(5): Landahl, H., and Hermann, K. J. (1949). Sampling of Liquid Aerosols by Wires, Cylinders and Slides, and the Efficiency of Impaction of Droplets. J. Colloid Sci. 4: Lee, K. W., and Liu, B. Y. H. (1982). Theoretical Study of Aerosol Filtration by Fibrous Filter. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1: Lee, K. W., and Ramamurthi, M. (1993). Filter Collection, in Willeke, K., and Baron, P. A. (Eds. )., Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Liu, B. Y. H., and Rubow, K. L. (1986). Air Filtration by Fibrous Media. In Fluid Filtration: Gas, Volume 1. R. R. Raber, ed. ASTM STP 975, pp Nguyen, X., and Beeckmans, J. M. (1975). Single Fiber Capture Efficiencies of Aerosol Particles in Real and Model Filters in the Inertial Interceptive Domain. J. Aerosol Sci. 6: Romay, F. J., Liu, B. Y. H., and Chae, S. J. (1998). Experimental Study of Electrostatic Capture Mechanisms in Commercial Electret Filters. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 28(3): Walsh D. C., and Stenhouse, J. I. T. (1997). The Effect of Particle Size, Charge, and Composition on the Loading characteristics of an Electrically Active Fibrous Filters Material. J. Aerosol Sci. 2: Yeh, H. C., and Liu, B. Y. H. (1974a). Aerosol Filtration by Fibrous Filters I. Theoretical. J. Aerosol Sci. 5: Yeh, H. C., and Liu, B. Y. H. (1974b). Aerosol Filtration by Fibrous Filters II. Experimental. J. Aerosol Sci. 5: Zhang, Z., and Liu, B. Y. H. (1992). Experimental Study of Aerosol Filtration in the Transition Flow Region. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 16:
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TAEJON, KOREA
This article was downloaded by:[kaist Korea Advanced Inst Science & Technology] On: 24 March 2008 Access Details: [subscription number 731671394] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationUSING THE ELECTRET FILTER TO REMOVE THE SUBMICRON AEROSOLS
USING THE ELECTRET FILTER TO REMOVE THE SUBMICRON AEROSOLS SH Yang 1,*, GWM Lee 1, CH Luo 2, CC Wu 1, KP Yu 1, CL Lou 1 1 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71,
More informationOnline publication date: 30 March 2011
This article was downloaded by: [Beijing University of Technology] On: 10 June 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 932491352] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in
More informationUniversity, Tempe, Arizona, USA b Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New. Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
This article was downloaded by: [University of New Mexico] On: 27 September 2012, At: 22:13 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationOnline publication date: 01 March 2010 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [2007-2008-2009 Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)] On: 2 March 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 907486221] Publisher Taylor
More informationPenetration of 4.5 nm to 10 μm aerosol particles through fibrous filters
Aerosol Science 38 (2007) 719 727 www.elsevier.com/locate/jaerosci Penetration of 4.5 nm to 10 μm aerosol particles through fibrous filters Sheng-Hsiu Huang a, Chun-Wan Chen a, Cheng-Ping Chang a, Chane-Yu
More informationTesting Goodness-of-Fit for Exponential Distribution Based on Cumulative Residual Entropy
This article was downloaded by: [Ferdowsi University] On: 16 April 212, At: 4:53 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 172954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationDiatom Research Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
This article was downloaded by: [Saúl Blanco] On: 26 May 2012, At: 09:38 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
More informationCharacterizations of Student's t-distribution via regressions of order statistics George P. Yanev a ; M. Ahsanullah b a
This article was downloaded by: [Yanev, George On: 12 February 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 933399554 Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationGilles Bourgeois a, Richard A. Cunjak a, Daniel Caissie a & Nassir El-Jabi b a Science Brunch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Box
This article was downloaded by: [Fisheries and Oceans Canada] On: 07 May 2014, At: 07:15 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationDissipation Function in Hyperbolic Thermoelasticity
This article was downloaded by: [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] On: 18 April 2013, At: 12:23 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954
More informationFB 4, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück
This article was downloaded by: [German National Licence 2007] On: 6 August 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 777306420] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationPublished online: 05 Oct 2006.
This article was downloaded by: [Dalhousie University] On: 07 October 2013, At: 17:45 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationThe Fourier transform of the unit step function B. L. Burrows a ; D. J. Colwell a a
This article was downloaded by: [National Taiwan University (Archive)] On: 10 May 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 905688746] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered
More informationCommunications in Algebra Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
This article was downloaded by: [Professor Alireza Abdollahi] On: 04 January 2013, At: 19:35 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationDifferential Mobility Particle Sizer (Aerosol measurements)
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science - IACETH Atmospheric Physics Lab Work Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (Aerosol measurements) Abstract A differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) is
More informationThe Homogeneous Markov System (HMS) as an Elastic Medium. The Three-Dimensional Case
This article was downloaded by: [J.-O. Maaita] On: June 03, At: 3:50 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 07954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
More informationGuangzhou, P.R. China
This article was downloaded by:[luo, Jiaowan] On: 2 November 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 783643717] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationFull terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by:[rollins, Derrick] [Rollins, Derrick] On: 26 March 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 770393152] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and
More informationPrecise Large Deviations for Sums of Negatively Dependent Random Variables with Common Long-Tailed Distributions
This article was downloaded by: [University of Aegean] On: 19 May 2013, At: 11:54 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationGeorge L. Fischer a, Thomas R. Moore b c & Robert W. Boyd b a Department of Physics and The Institute of Optics,
This article was downloaded by: [University of Rochester] On: 28 May 2015, At: 13:34 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationUse and Abuse of Regression
This article was downloaded by: [130.132.123.28] On: 16 May 2015, At: 01:35 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationErciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
This article was downloaded by:[bochkarev, N.] On: 7 December 27 Access Details: [subscription number 746126554] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationThe American Statistician Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
This article was downloaded by: [National Chiao Tung University 國立交通大學 ] On: 27 April 2014, At: 23:13 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954
More informationFull terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by:[smu Cul Sci] [Smu Cul Sci] On: 28 March 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 768506175] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Uniwersytet Slaski] On: 14 October 2008 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 903467288] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and
More informationOnline publication date: 22 March 2010
This article was downloaded by: [South Dakota State University] On: 25 March 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 919556249] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationFractal Dimension of Turbulent Premixed Flames Alan R. Kerstein a a
This article was downloaded by: [University of Southern California] On: 18 March 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 911085157] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in
More informationAnkara, Turkey Published online: 20 Sep 2013.
This article was downloaded by: [Bilkent University] On: 26 December 2013, At: 12:33 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationDerivation of SPDEs for Correlated Random Walk Transport Models in One and Two Dimensions
This article was downloaded by: [Texas Technology University] On: 23 April 2013, At: 07:52 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationOpen problems. Christian Berg a a Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of. Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Published online: 07 Nov 2014.
This article was downloaded by: [Copenhagen University Library] On: 4 November 24, At: :7 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 72954 Registered office:
More informationPark, Pennsylvania, USA. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: [Nam Nguyen] On: 11 August 2012, At: 09:14 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationGeometrical optics and blackbody radiation Pablo BenÍTez ab ; Roland Winston a ;Juan C. Miñano b a
This article was downloaded by: [University of California, Merced] On: 6 May 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 918975015] ublisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationAcyclic, Cyclic and Polycyclic P n
This article was downloaded by: [German National Licence 2007] On: 15 December 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 777306419] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in
More informationUniversity, Wuhan, China c College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal. University, Wuhan, China Published online: 25 Apr 2014.
This article was downloaded by: [0.9.78.106] On: 0 April 01, At: 16:7 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 10795 Registered office: Mortimer House,
More informationVersion of record first published: 01 Sep 2006.
This article was downloaded by: [University of Miami] On: 27 November 2012, At: 08:47 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationUniversity of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
This article was downloaded by:[bochkarev, N.] On: 14 December 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 746126554] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationTong University, Shanghai , China Published online: 27 May 2014.
This article was downloaded by: [Shanghai Jiaotong University] On: 29 July 2014, At: 01:51 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:[bochkarev, N.] On: 14 December 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 746126554] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationCCSM: Cross correlogram spectral matching F. Van Der Meer & W. Bakker Published online: 25 Nov 2010.
This article was downloaded by: [Universiteit Twente] On: 23 January 2015, At: 06:04 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: On: 2 January 211 Access details: Access Details: Free Access Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 172954 Registered
More informationG. S. Denisov a, G. V. Gusakova b & A. L. Smolyansky b a Institute of Physics, Leningrad State University, Leningrad, B-
This article was downloaded by: [Institutional Subscription Access] On: 25 October 2011, At: 01:35 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationMelbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. To link to this article:
This article was downloaded by: [The University Of Melbourne Libraries] On: 18 October 2012, At: 21:54 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954
More informationA Simple Approximate Procedure for Constructing Binomial and Poisson Tolerance Intervals
This article was downloaded by: [Kalimuthu Krishnamoorthy] On: 11 February 01, At: 08:40 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 107954 Registered office:
More informationQuan Wang a, Yuanxin Xi a, Zhiliang Wan a, Yanqing Lu a, Yongyuan Zhu a, Yanfeng Chen a & Naiben Ming a a National Laboratory of Solid State
This article was downloaded by: [Nanjing University] On: 07 April 2012, At: 19:39 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationPublished online: 17 May 2012.
This article was downloaded by: [Central University of Rajasthan] On: 03 December 014, At: 3: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 107954 Registered
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [University of Santiago de Compostela] On: 6 June 2009 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 908626806] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Los Alamos National Laboratory] On: 21 July 2009 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 908033413] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationReducing Particle Bounce and Loading Effect for a Multi-Hole Impactor
Aerosol Science and Technology ISSN: 0278-6826 (Print) 1521-7388 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uast20 Reducing Particle Bounce and Loading Effect for a Multi-Hole Impactor Chane-Yu
More informationTore Henriksen a & Geir Ulfstein b a Faculty of Law, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. Available online: 18 Feb 2011
This article was downloaded by: [Bibliotheek van het Vredespaleis] On: 03 May 2012, At: 03:44 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationDiscussion on Change-Points: From Sequential Detection to Biology and Back by David Siegmund
This article was downloaded by: [Michael Baron] On: 2 February 213, At: 21:2 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 172954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationNacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina b Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas
This article was downloaded by: [Sonia Acinas] On: 28 June 2015, At: 17:05 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:[youssef, Hamdy M.] On: 22 February 2008 Access Details: [subscription number 790771681] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered
More informationAstrophysical Observatory, Smithsonian Institution, PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Stanford University Libraries] On: 6 January 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 901732950] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Sun Yat-Sen University] On: 1 October 2008 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 781195905] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationOnline publication date: 12 January 2010
This article was downloaded by: [Zhang, Lanju] On: 13 January 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 918543200] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationAnisotropic Hall effect in Al 13 TM 4
This article was downloaded by: [Smontara, Ana] On: 8 September 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 926714732] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationThe effect of Cartilaginous rings on Deposition by Convection, Brownian Diffusion and Electrostatics.
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference 21 Paris The effect of Cartilaginous rings on Deposition by Convection, Brownian Diffusion and Electrostatics. H.O. Åkerstedt Department of Applied
More informationTo cite this article: Edward E. Roskam & Jules Ellis (1992) Reaction to Other Commentaries, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 27:2,
This article was downloaded by: [Memorial University of Newfoundland] On: 29 January 2015, At: 12:02 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationMobility-Based Particle Size Classification and Detection down to 2nm Theory to Practice
Mobility-Based Particle Size Classification and Detection down to 2nm Theory to Practice Robert C. Anderson Presented at SEMATECH November 12, 2012 Current and Future Defectively Issues from Components
More informationOnline publication date: 29 April 2011
This article was downloaded by: [Volodin, Andrei] On: 30 April 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 937059003] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationCauses of Concentration Differences Between a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and a Condensation Particle Counter
Aerosol Science and Technology, 37:916 923, 2003 Copyright c American Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 0278-6826 print / 1521-7388 online DOI: 10.1080/02786820390229057 Causes of Concentration Differences
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: [Stanford University] On: 20 July 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 917395611] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationGeometric View of Measurement Errors
This article was downloaded by: [University of Virginia, Charlottesville], [D. E. Ramirez] On: 20 May 205, At: 06:4 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationAn analytical model for the fractional efficiency of a uniflow cyclone with a tangential inlet
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Powder Technology 83 (2008) 47 5 www.elsevier.com/locate/powtec An analytical model for the fractional efficiency of a uniflow cyclone with a tangential inlet
More informationCHARACTERISTIC DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMICRON AND NANO-PARTICLES LADEN FLOW AROUND CIRCULAR CYLINDER
1386 THERMAL SCIENCE, Year 2012, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 1386-1390 CHARACTERISTIC DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMICRON AND NANO-PARTICLES LADEN FLOW AROUND CIRCULAR CYLINDER by Cheng-Xu TU a,b* and Jian ZHANG b a Department
More informationAdsorption of pyridine on dealuminated zeolite HY H. -C. Wang a ; H. Paul Wang b ; Kuen-Song Lin b a
This article was downloaded by: [National Cheng Kung University] On: 21 July 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 791473930] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationreported that the available simple contact conductance model was expressed as [5][6]: h sum = h solid + h fluid (1) Where h sum, h solid and h fluid a
Multiphysics Simulation of Conjugated Heat Transfer and Electric Field on Application of Electrostatic Chucks (ESCs) Using 3D-2D Model Coupling Kuo-Chan Hsu 1, Chih-Hung Li 1, Jaw-Yen Yang 1,2*, Jian-Zhang
More informationFibrous Filter Efficiency and Pressure Drop in the Viscous-Inertial Transition Flow Regime
Aerosol Science and Technology ISSN: 0278-6826 (Print) 1521-7388 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uast20 Fibrous Filter Efficiency and Pressure Drop in the Viscous-Inertial Transition
More informationISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Determination of particle size distribution Differential electrical mobility analysis for aerosol particles
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15900 First edition 2009-05-15 Determination of particle size distribution Differential electrical mobility analysis for aerosol particles Détermination de la distribution granulométrique
More informationMSE Performance and Minimax Regret Significance Points for a HPT Estimator when each Individual Regression Coefficient is Estimated
This article was downloaded by: [Kobe University] On: 8 April 03, At: 8:50 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 07954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
More informationGlobal Existence of Large BV Solutions in a Model of Granular Flow
This article was downloaded by: [Pennsylvania State University] On: 08 February 2012, At: 09:55 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationDresden, Dresden, Germany Published online: 09 Jan 2009.
This article was downloaded by: [SLUB Dresden] On: 11 December 2013, At: 04:59 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationMEASURING NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE
MEASURING NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE APPLICATION NOTE NSAM-001 The Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor reports the surface area of inhaled particles deposited in the lung Nanoparticle Exposure There is increasing
More informationWet Collectors. Type 1: Spray Chamber Scrubber 10/30/2013. EVE 402 Air Pollution Generation and Control. Chapter #5 Lectures (Part 5)
EVE 40 Air Pollution eneration and Control Chapter #5 Lectures (Part 5) Wet Collectors Water is used to either capture particulate or increase aerosol size Hygroscopic particles (those that attract and
More informationEvaluation of performance loss of paraffin oil loaded filtering facepieces
Original Article DEGRADATION Industrial Health 2016, OF PARAFFIN 54, 403 409 OIL LOADED FILTERING FACEPIECES 403 Evaluation of performance loss of paraffin oil loaded filtering facepieces Francesca TOMBOLINI
More informationThe new 11-R (one part of the Mini WRAS) and GRIMM MINI-WRAS Andreas Jaksch. Symposium Stockholm Mai
The new 11-R (one part of the Mini WRAS) and GRIMM MINI-WRAS Andreas Jaksch Symposium Stockholm Mai 2014 1 Outline Optical Particle Detection Method 11-R Main features of the GRIMM 11-R Measurement principle
More informationAnalysis of Leakage Current Mechanisms in BiFeO 3. Thin Films P. Pipinys a ; A. Rimeika a ; V. Lapeika a a
This article was downloaded by: [Rimeika, Alfonsas] On: 23 July 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 923058108] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationWhite Rose Research Online URL for this paper: Version: Accepted Version
This is a repository copy of A comparison of the sampling efficiency of bioaerosol samplers and particle counters in natural and controlled environments. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper:
More informationFiltration of Fine Particles by Multiple Liquid Droplet and Gas Bubble Systems
Aerosol Science and Technology ISSN: 0278-6826 (Print) 1521-7388 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uast20 Filtration of Fine Particles by Multiple Liquid Droplet and Gas Bubble
More informationSports Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
This article was downloaded by: [Alan Nathan] On: 18 May 2012, At: 08:34 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41
More informationA note on adaptation in garch models Gloria González-Rivera a a
This article was downloaded by: [CDL Journals Account] On: 3 February 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 922973516] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and
More informationRaman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
This article was downloaded by: On: 20 January 2011 Access details: Access Details: Free Access Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationXiaojun Yang a a Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306, USA Available online: 22 Feb 2007
This article was downloaded by: [USGS Libraries Program] On: 29 May 2012, At: 15:41 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationFluid Mechanics Prof. T.I. Eldho Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture - 17 Laminar and Turbulent flows
Fluid Mechanics Prof. T.I. Eldho Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 17 Laminar and Turbulent flows Welcome back to the video course on fluid mechanics. In
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:[university of Maryland] On: 13 October 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 731842062] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered
More informationEstimation of Mass with the Model 3321 APS Spectrometer
Particle Sizers Estimation of Mass with the Model 3321 APS Spectrometer Application Note APS-001 Introduction Particle size and mass are two important parameters that are often used to characterize an
More informationProblem 4.3. Problem 4.4
Problem 4.3 Problem 4.4 Problem 4.5 Problem 4.6 Problem 4.7 This is forced convection flow over a streamlined body. Viscous (velocity) boundary layer approximations can be made if the Reynolds number Re
More informationCONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER Mohammad Goharkhah Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sahand Unversity of Technology, Tabriz, Iran CHAPTER 4 HEAT TRANSFER IN CHANNEL FLOW BASIC CONCEPTS BASIC CONCEPTS Laminar
More informationFLOW MEASUREMENT. INC 102 Fundamental of Instrumentation and Process Control 2/2560
FLOW MEASUREMENT INC 102 Fundamental of Instrumentation and Process Control 2/2560 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. INTRODUCTION B. LOCAL FLOW MEASUREMENT B.1 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) B.2 Laser doppler anemometry
More informationModeling Airplane Wings
Modeling Airplane Wings Lauren Ault Physics Department, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 9 May 5, 000 Abstract: An air gyroscope is used to determine the nature of the viscous force of a sphere floating
More informationMODELING PARTICLE DEPOSITION ON HVAC HEAT EXCHANGERS
MODELING PARTICLE DEPOSITION ON HVAC HEAT EXCHANGERS JA Siegel 1,3 * and WW Nazaroff 2,3 1 Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 2 Dept. Of Civil and Environmental
More informationLecture 3 Vacuum Science and Technology
Lecture 3 Vacuum Science and Technology Chapter 3 - Wolf and Tauber 1/56 Announcements Homework will be online from noon today. This is homework 1 of 4. 25 available marks (distributed as shown). This
More informationLast Revision: August,
A3-1 HALL EFFECT Last Revision: August, 21 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED How to individual charge carriers behave in an external magnetic field that is perpendicular to their motion? INTRODUCTION The
More informationOnline publication date: 23 October 2010
This article was downloaded by: [informa internal users] On: 1 November 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 755239602] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationGeneration and Evaluation of Monodisperse Sodium Chloride and Oleic Acid Nanoparticles
Generation and Evaluation of Monodisperse Sodium Chloride and Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Tzu Ming Chen, Hung Min Chein Energy & Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute,
More informationMiami, Florida, USA. Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA. Science, Rehovot, Israel
This article was downloaded by:[weizmann Institute Science] On: July 008 Access Details: [subscription number 7918096] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [HEAL-Link Consortium] On: 19 November 2008 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 772725613] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:[university of Torino] [University of Torino] On: 18 May 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 778576145] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More information