Blocking and Clipping Estimations for TDM in Satellite Communication Technology

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1 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr Blokng nd Clppng Etmton for TDM n Stellte Communton Tehnology Srhn M. Mu 1, Mtthew N. O. Sdku 1, nd Nder F. Mr 2 1 College of Engneerng, Prre Vew A&M Unverty Networkng Ademy (PVNA), TX Deprtment of Eletrl Engneerng, Sn Joe Stte Unverty, CA Atrt Stellte ommunton urrently plyng mor role towrd the mplementton of glol ommunton nfrtruture, epelly n the explove growth of wrele tehnology. Th pper preent the nly nd multon of lokng nd lppng prolte for tme-dvon multplexng (TDM) n tellte ommunton tehnology. Speflly, we llutrte the evluton of multplexng ytem n whh the numer of nput oure greter thn the numer of vlle hnnel. For the e of the lokng tuton n ynhronou TDM, we nvetgte the lokng prolty nd the verge numer of uy hnnel tht n e delvered. For the e of lppng n tttl TDM, we exmne the lppng prolty nd the expeted numer of uy hnnel tht n e delvered. We ompre the lokng nd lppng prolte for fxed numer of oure nd dfferent numer of hnnel. We lo ompre the expeted numer of uy vlle hnnel for ynhronou TDM nd the verge numer of uy hnnel for tttl TDM method for fxed numer of oure nd dfferent numer of hnnel. Key word Tme-dvon multplexng (TDM), lokng nd lppng prolte, tellte ommunton ytem I. INTRODUCTION Stellte ommunton w frt deployed n the 1960 for mltry pplton. Stellte hve plyed n mportnt role n oth domet nd nterntonl ommunton network ne the lunh of the frt ommerl ommunton tellte y NASA n They hve rought voe, vdeo, nd dt ommunton to re of the world tht re not ele wth terretrl lne. By extendng ommunton to the remotet prt of the world, vrtully everyone n e prt of the glol eonomy. Stellte ommunton not replement of the extng terretrl ytem ut rther n extenon of wrele ytem. However, tellte ommunton h the followng mert over terretrl ommunton [1]: Coverge: Stellte n over muh lrge geogrphl re tht the trdtonl ground-ed ytem. They hve the unque lty to over the gloe Hgh ndwdth: A K-nd (27-40 GHz) n delver throughput of ggt per eond rte Low ot: A tellte ommunton ytem reltvely nexpenve eue there re no lelyng ot nd one tellte over lrge re. Wrele ommunton: Uer n enoy untethered mole ommunton nywhere wthn the tellte overge re. Smple topology: Stellte network hve mpler topology whh reult n more mngele network performne. Brodt/multt: Stellte re nturlly ttrtve for rodt/multt pplton.

2 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr Mntenne: A typl tellte degned to e unttended, requrng only mnml ttenton y utomer peronnel. Immunty: A tellte ytem wll not uffer from dter uh flood, hurrne, fre, nd erthquke nd wll therefore e vlle n emergeny erve hould terretrl erve e knoked out. A tellte nd dvded nto numer of eprted porton: one for erth-to-pe lnk (the uplnk) nd one for pe-to-erth lnk (the downlnk). Seprte frequene re gned for endng to the tellte (the uplnk) nd reevng from the tellte (the downlnk). Tle 1 provde the generl frequeny gnment for uplnk nd downlnk tellte frequene. We note from the tle tht the uplnk frequeny nd re lghtly hgher thn the orrepondng downlnk frequeny nd. Th to tke dvntge of the ft tht t eer to generte RF power wthn ground tton thn t onord tellte. In order to dret the uplnk trnmon to pef tellte, the uplnk rdo em re hghly foued. In the me wy, the downlnk trnmon foued on prtulr footprnt or re of overge. Tle 1 Typl uplnk nd downlnk tellte frequene Uplnk frequene (GHz) Downlnk frequene (GHz) Multple e Tehnologe llow dfferent uer to utlze tellte reoure of power nd ndwdth wthout nterferng wth eh other. Stellte ommunton ytem ue dfferent type of multple e tehnology nludng frequeny dvon multple e (FDMA), tme dvon multple e (TDMA), nd ode dvon multple e (CDMA). The e tehnology n vry etween the uplnk nd downlnk hnnel. The lty of multple erth tton or uer to e the me hnnel known FDMA. In FDMA, eh uer gnl gned pef frequeny hnnel. One ddvntge of FDMA tht one frequeny gned to uer, the frequeny nnot e duted ely or rpdly to other uer when t dle. The potentl for nterferene from dent hnnel nother mor hortomng. In TDMA, eh uer gnl llotted tme lot. A tme lot lloted for eh perod trnmon from the ender to reever. The entre ndwdth (frequeny) vlle durng the tme lot. Th e heme provde prorty to uer wth more trff to trnmt y gnng thoe uer more tme lot thn t gn to low-prorty uer. Stellte provder wll extend the plty nd wll employ multple frequene (MF-TDMA). If there re N frequene, eh offerng M Mp of ndwdth, then the totl vlle ndwdth durng tme lot NxM Mp. Although FDMA tehnque re more ommonly employed n tellte ommunton ytem, TDMA tehnque re more omplex nd re nrengly eomng the de fto tndrd. In CDMA, uer oupy the me ndwdth ut ue pred petrum gnl wth orthogonl gnlng ode. Th tehnque nree the hnnel ndwdth of the gnl nd mke t le vulnerle to nterferene. CDMA operte n three mode: dret equene (DS), frequeny hoppng (FH), nd tme hoppng (TH).

3 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr In reent yer, gnfnt effort h een mde towrd evlutng lokng prolte experened y utomer ontendng for ommonly hred reoure. By defnton, the lokng prolty the prolty tht onneton erve requet dened due to nuffent network reoure. Proportonl dfferentton model hve een propoed effetve method for lle dfferentton erve provon nto optl Wvelength Dvon Multplexng (WDM) network wth lokng prolty to vrou trff le [2-4]. One hnnel gned to gven tlkpurt, the hnnel held tll the purt end. The ourrene of freeze-out typlly ue the ntl prt of tlkpurt to e lpped. If tlkpurt ee no hnnel vlle upon t rrvl, the ntl porton of the tlkpurt wll e lpped untl newly freed hnnel n e gned. Clppng prolty ued n meurng vdeo qulty [5-7]. In th work, we wll llutrte the multplexng model ued n tellte ommunton ytem epelly TDM, foung on ynhronou TDM nd tttl TDM method. II. MULTIPLEXING MODELS AND RESULTS The tehnology of tellte ommunton n upport fxed nd wrele dt, voe, nd vdeo ommunton, the Internet onneton, nd enterpre networkng. Stellte ommunton uefully ue ontnuouly trnmtted gnl of TDM n the outound (downlnk) for n mprovement of trnmon qulty nted of Orthogonl Frequeny Dvon Multplexng (OFDM), eue of the lnerty requrement on the power mplfer. TDM re ued n tellte network for mxmum trnmon pty of hgh ndwdth lne. Multplexng llow mny ommunton oure to trnmt dt over ngle phyl lne. Wth typl tme-dvon multplexng, uer tke turn n predefned fhon, eh one perodlly gettng the entre ndwdth for porton of the totl nnng tme. Gven n nput, tme dvded nto frme, nd eh frme further udvded nto tme lot, or hnnel. Eh hnnel lloted to one nput. Th type of multplexng n e ued only for dgtl dt. Pket rrve on lne, nd the multplexer n them, formng frme wth hnnel on t outgong lnk. In prte, pket ze vrle. Thu, to multplex vrle-zed pket, ddtonl hrdwre needed for effent nnng nd ynhronzton. TDM n e ether ynhronou or tttl nd t h een ued wth other tehnque oluton for tellte ommunton network uh TDMA, FDMA, nd PAMA (Pre- Agned Multple Ae). There re numer of multplexng method ued n tellte ommunton ytem. One of the ommonly ued method ued n uh ytem the TDM tehnology n [8-11]. Blokng nd tttl prolte re ppled for TDM multplexng n [12-21]. In th pper we wll nlyze nd multe the lokng nd tttl prolte of TDM ppled to tellte ommunton ytem. Fgure 1 how tellte ommunton ytem ung TDM tehnology n ntertve nd endng/reevng dfferent pplton ed on the mportne of repone tme. The TDM ued n the outound lnk etween the oure (ender or hot) nd the uer (reever). A TDM ytem hgh-peed dt trem heme whh t t lyer 1 (phyl lyer) of Open Sytem Interonneton (OSI) model nd t the lyer 4 (network nterfe) of Trnmon Control Protool over Internet Protool (TCP/IP) model. In TDM Tehnology, uer tke turn n predefned wy, eh one perodlly gettng the entre ndwdth for porton of the totl nnng tme. The nput oure dvded nto frme, nd eh frme udvded nto tme lot (hnnel),, where eh hnnel lloted to one nput n Fg. 2. Pket rrve on lne, nd the multplexer n them, formng frme wth hnnel on t outgong

4 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr lnk. There re two dfferent type of TDM to del wth the dfferent wy n whh hnnel of frme ue ould e lloted ynhronou nd tttl (ynhronou). Stellte Inound Outound TDM VSAT Cluter Control & Proe Uer Hu Comm. Control & Proe Hot Fg. 1 Stellte ommunton Sytem wth TDM. 1 2 Frme... Ch 1 Ch 2 Multplexer Ch Demultplex 1 2 Fg. 2 A Tme-dvon multplexer (TDM) wth nput nd hnnel. A. Synhronou TDM In ynhronou TDM, frme dvded n fxed zed hnnel nd hnnel re lloted to nput oure n fxed wy. The Qulty of Serve (QoS) of ynhronou TDM ed on how t trnmon ytem et up. For exmple, the multplexer neffent when the numer of uer greter thn the vlle hnnel. Th true ne the multplexer n ll nput oure lne wthout exepton nd the nnng tme for eh nput oure lne (eh onneted to uer) relloted; well th tme for prtulr nput oure lne not ltered y the ytem ontrol. The nner hould ty on tht nput oure lne, whether or not there dt for nnng wthn tht tme lot. A ynhronou TDM n lo e progrmmed to produe me-zed frme, the lk of dt n ny hnnel potentlly rete hnge to verge t rte on the ongong lnk. To nlyze ynhronou multplexer, let t nd td e the men tme for tve nput oure nd the men tme for dle nput oure repetvely. Let u ume tht vlue of t nd td re rndom nd

5 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr exponentlly dtruted. (Th umpton ed on experene). Alo, onder TDM wth numer of requetng nput oure,, greter thn vlle hnnel,, where >, the TDM wll ret y lokng. The ungned nput oure re not trnmtted nd therefore remn ntve. The prolty t tht n nput oure tve,, n e otned y =. t + td Let P ( ) e the prolty of dfferent nput out of re tve P ( ) = ( 1 ), (1) where 1. We know tht p ( ) n never e equl to 1 nd n ft we mut hve = 0 p ( ) = 1. Th n led to normlzton of P ( ) over vlle hnnel. Thu, prolty of dfferent output of vlle hnnel, P ( ), : = 0 P( ) = 1 1 = 0, (2) where 0 nd 0. The lokng prolty ( ) P n e otned when =. P() = = 0 td td, (3) where n generl 0. Fgure 3 how the lokng prolty for the fxed numer of oure ( =10) nd dfferent numer of hnnel ( = 2, = 5, nd = 8). The lokng prolty lerly re wth the nreed utlzton,, for ll three e; nd lo t hgher when fewer numer of hnnel,, vlle.

6 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr P () = 2 = 5 = 8 Fg. 3 Compron of lokng prolty, P () v. prolty of tve nput oure,, wth 0 1, for =10, = 2, 5, nd 8. Then, we n lulte the expeted numer of uy hnnel for the multplexer, E ( ), y E ( ) = = 1 = 0 td t d, (4) where1, 0 nd t =. 1 td Fgure 4 how the expeted numer of uy (unvlle) hnnel for fxed numer of oure ( = 10 ) wth dfferent numer of hnnel (=2, =5, nd =8). The expeted numer of uy hnnel vre n t mxmum vlue ed on the ntervl of utlzton.

7 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 E ( ) Mu, Sdku nd Mr = 5 = 8 = 2 Fg. 4 Compron on expeted numer of uy vlle hnnel, E ( ), v. prolty of tve nput oure,, where 0 1, for = 10, = 2, 5, nd 8. B. Stttl TDM Stttl TDM method h hgh effeny eue frme tme lot re dynmlly lloted, ed on demnd nd t remove ll the empty lot on frme. But t dffult to gve gurntee QoS, eue of the requrement tht ddtonl overhed e tthed to eh outgong hnnel. Th ddtonl dt needed eue eh hnnel mut rry nformton out whh nput oure lne t elong to. The frme length vlle not only eue of dfferent hnnel ze ut lo eue of the pole ene of ome hnnel. We onder tht t nd t d rndom nd exponentlly dtruted. Alo, onder TDM wth numer of requetng nput oure,, greter thn vlle hnnel,, where >, the TDM wll ret y lppng; the ungned nput oure re prtlly trnmtted. If more thn nput hnnel re tve, we n dynmlly hooe out of tve oure nd temporrly lok other oure. In th temporry lokng, the oure fored to lp or loe dt for hort perod of tme, where the mount of dt lot depend on t, t d,, nd, ut the oure my return to nnng enro f hnnel eome free. The lppng prolty, P () l, or the prolty tht n dle oure fnd t let hnnel uy t the tme t eome tve, n e lulted y onderng ll oure mnu 1 (the exmnng oure) 1 Pl () = (1 ) 1 1 =, (5) where 1. Fgure 5 how the lppng prolty for fxed numer of oure ( =10) nd dfferent numer of hnnel ( = 2, = 5, nd =8 ). The lppng prolty of 2 hnnel h the hghet lppng prolty ompred to 5 nd 8 hnnel.

8 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr P () l = 2 = 5 = 8 Fg. 5 Compron of lppng prolty, P () l, v. prolty of tve nput oure,, where 0 1, for =10, = 2, 5 nd 8. Clerly, the verge numer of ued hnnel, A ( u ), : A ( u) = = 1 = 0 td t d, (6) where 0, nd 1. Fgure 6 how the verge numer of ued hnnel for fxed numer of oure ( =10) nd dfferent numer of hnnel ( = 2, = 5, nd = 8). The verge numer of ued hnnel of 8 hnnel h the hghet verge numer of ued hnnel ompred to the one for 2 nd 5 hnnel. The verge numer of uy hnnel, A ( ), : 1 td = = + 1 = 0 td A ( ) = + (1 ) where 0,1, nd + 1., (7)

9 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr A ( ) u = 8 = 5 = 2 Fg. 6 Compron of verge numer of ued hnnel, A ( u ),v. prolty of tve nput oure,, where 0 1, for =10, = 2, 5, nd 8. Fgure 7 how the verge numer of uy hnnel for fxed numer of oure ( =10) nd dfferent numer of hnnel ( = 2, = 5, nd = 8). The verge numer of uy hnnel for ll e lmot the me up to = 0.25, ut t dffer for > A ( ) = 8 = 5 = 2 Fg. 7 Compron of verge numer of uy hnnel, A ( ), v. prolty of tve nput oure,, where 0 1, for =10, = 2, 5, nd 8. Fgure 8 through 10 how the ompron etween lokng nd lppng prolte for fxed numer of oure ( =10) nd dfferent numer of hnnel ( = 2, = 5, nd = 8 repetvely). We oerve tht the lokng prolty greter thn the lppng prolty for 2 nd 5, ut t vre t hnnel 8.

10 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr P () l or P () P () l P () Fg. 8 Compron of lokng prolty, P (), nd lppng prolty, P () l, v. prolty of tve nput oure,, wth 0 1, for =10, = 2. P () l or P () P () l P () Fg. 9 Compron of lokng prolty, P (), nd lppng prolty, P () l, v. prolty of tve nput oure,, wth 0 1, for =10, = 5.

11 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr P () l or P () P () P () l Fg. 10 Compron of lokng prolty, P (), nd lppng prolty, P () l, v. prolty of tve nput oure,, wth 0 1, for =10, = 8. Fgure 11 through 13 how the expeted numer of uy vlle hnnel for ynhronou TDM nd the verge numer of uy hnnel for tttl TDM method for fxed numer of oure ( =10) nd dfferent numer of hnnel ( = 2, = 5, nd = 8 repetvely). We oerve tht the verge numer of hnnel nd the expeted numer of uy vlle hnnel vre n the dfferent utlzton numer. A ( ) or E ( ) A ( ) E ( ) Fg. 11 Compron of expeted numer of uy vlle hnnel, E ( ), nd verge numer of uy hnnel, A ( ), v. prolty of tve nput oure,, where 0 1, for = 10, = 2.

12 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr A ( ) or E ( ) E ( ) A ( ) Fg. 12 Compron of expeted numer of uy vlle hnnel, E ( ), nd verge numer of uy hnnel, A ( ), v. prolty of tve nput oure,, where 0 1, for = 10, = 5. A ( ) or E ( ) A ( ) E ( ) Fg. 13 Compron of expeted numer of uy vlle hnnel, E ( ), nd verge numer of uy hnnel, A ( ), v. prolty of tve nput oure,, where 0 1, for = 10, = 8.

13 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr III. CONCLUSION Th pper preented the nly of Tme Dvon Multplexng (TDM) ppled to tellte ommunton ytem when nput oure re greter thn vlle hnnel. The nly of lokng nd lppng prolte for TDM w uefully heved nd reult of the nly were generted. For lokng e n ynhronou TDM, we llutrted the lokng prolty nd the verge numer of uy hnnel tht ould e delvered. For the lppng n tttl TDM, we exmned the lppng prolty nd the expeted numer of uy hnnel. We ompred the lokng nd lppng prolte for fxed numer of oure nd dfferent numer of hnnel. We lo ompred the expeted numer of uy vlle hnnel for ynhronou TDM nd the verge numer of uy hnnel for tttl TDM method for fxed numer of oure nd dfferent numer of hnnel. REFERENCES [1] M. N. O. Sdku, Optl nd Wrele Communton: Next Generton Network. Bo Rton, FL: CRC Pre, pp , [2]Y. Chen, M. Hmd, nd D. H. K. Tng, Proportonl QoS over WDM network: lokng prolty, Proeedng of Sxth IEEE Sympoum on Computer nd Communton, pp , [3] A. Bno, G. Glnte, nd M. Mell, Anly of ll lokng prolty n TDM/WDM network wth trnpreny ontrnt, IEEE Communton Letter, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp , Mrh [4] Y. C. Hue nd P. H. Keng, A hred tme-lot router rhteture for TDM wvelength optl WDM, Proeedng of IEEE 7 th Mly Interntonl Conferene on Communton, pp , [5] C. J. Wenten, Frtonl peeh lo nd tlker tvty model for TASI nd for pket-wthed peeh, IEEE Trnton on Communton, Vol. 26, pp , Augut [6] S. Q. L, A new performne meurement for voe trnmon n urt nd pket wthng, IEEE Trnton on Communton, Vol. 35, No.10, pp , Otoer [7] A. Gtherer nd M. Polley, Controllng lppng prolty n DMT trnmon, Proeedng of the Thrty-Frt Alomr Conferene on Sgnl, Sytem nd Computer, pp , [8] O. R. Rmre, Ue of TDM/PAMA tellte ed ommunton n opton for the eronutl ommunton, IEEE Ntonl Aerope nd Eletron Conferene, pp , Ot [9] Y. Chehg, TDM frmng for gp fller operton n tellte dgtl multmed rodtng Sytem A, IEEE 59th Vehulr Tehnology Conferene, Vol. 5, pp , My [10] K. Zhng, nd S. Hrykewz, An ntegrted pproh for IP networkng over the wdend Gpfller tellte, IEEE Mltry Communton Conferene, pp , [11] K. Eng, nd A. Ampor, Fundmentl ondton governng TDM wthng gnment n terretrl nd tellte network, IEEE Trntonon Communton,Vol. 35, No. 7, pp , Jul [12] W. K. L, Y. J. Jn, H. W. Chen, nd C. Y. Pn, Chnnel gnment for ntl nd hndoff ll to mprove the ll-ompleton prolty, IEEE Trnton on Vehulr Tehnology, Vol. 52, Iue 4, pp , July [13] J. W. Chong; B. C. Jung;, nd D. K. Sung, Stttl multplexng-ed hyrd FH-OFDMA ytem for OFDM-ed UWB ndoor rdo e network, IEEE Trnton on Mrowve Theory nd Tehnque, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp , June [14] A.I. Elwld, nd D.Mtr, Stttl multplexng wth lo prorte n rte-ed ongeton ontrol of hgh-peed network, IEEE Trnton on Communton, Vol. 42, No.11, pp , Nov [15] M. Blkrhnn, R. Cohen, E. Fert, nd G. Keemn, Beneft of tttl multplexng n multprogrm rodtng, Interntonl Brodtng Conventon, pp , Sept

14 the Tehnology Interfe Journl/Fll 2008 Mu, Sdku nd Mr [16] J. Leeherr, S. Ptek, nd E. Ylmz, Trdeoff n degnng network wth end-to-end tttl QoS gurntee, Eghth Interntonl Workhop on Qulty of Serve, pp , June [17] Z. L. Zhng, J. Kuroe, J.D. Sleh, nd D. Towley, Smoothng, tttl multplexng, nd ll dmon ontrol for tored vdeo, IEEE Journl on Seleted Are n Communton, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp , Aug [18] W. C. L nd S. Q. L, Stttl multplexng nd uffer hrng n multmed hgh-peed network: frequeny-domn perpetve, IEEE/ACM Trnton on Networkng, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp , June [19] A. Ier, A. Molnro, S. Mrno, nd D. Mgnolo, Stttl multplexng of heterogeneou trff le n ATM-tellte ed network, IEEE Wrele Communton nd Networkng Conferene, vol.1, pp , Sept [20] L. Tnevk nd I. Andonov, Blok multplexng ode for noherent ynhronou ll-optl CDMA ung ldder network orreltor, IEE Proeedng on Optoeletron, Vol. 142, No. 3, pp , June [21] M. Zfer, nd E. Modno, Blokng prolty nd hnnel gnment n wrele network, IEEE Trnton on Wrele Communton, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp , Aprl

Analysis of Variance and Design of Experiments-II

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