Characters in Categorical Representation Theory

Transcription

1 Characters in Categorical Representation Theory David Ben-Zvi University of Texas at Austin Symplectic Algebraic eometry and Representation Theory, CIRM, Luminy. July 2012

2 Overview Describe ongoing joint work with David Nadler (Berkeley) on categorical harmonic analysis, centered around the notion of characters of categorical representations. (with J. Francis) Integral Transforms and Drinfeld Centers in Derived Algebraic eometry. JAMS Appendix, July The Character Theory of a Complex roup. arxiv: Beilinson-Bernstein Localization in Families. Preprint. (Summer) Traces, Fixed Points and Characters in Derived Algebraic eometry. Preprint. (Fall) eometry of Harish Chandra Characters. In preparation. (Spring 2013?) Elliptic Character Sheaves. In progress. (2014?)

3 Context We will work in the context of J. Lurie s Higher Algebra but suppress -categorical technicalities throughout. For example: category will stand for an enhanced derived category (pre-triangulated cocomplete dg category). The collection of dg categories form a symmetric monoidal -category. In particular we may speak of monoidal dg categories, module categories, etc. For a scheme or stack X, QC(X ) and D(X ) denote the ( -)categories of quasicoherent sheaves and D-modules on X, respectively.

4 -categories Fix a reductive algebraic group over C, B, N, H, W as usual. Two types of -actions on categories: Algebraic -category: g act coherently on M by functors, varying algebraically Comodule category M for quasicoherent group coalgebra QC() (under pullback for multiplication µ : ) Smooth -category: Algebraic -category, with trivialization of action of Lie algebra g or formal group Ĝ (i.e., algebraic dr-category) Comodule category for smooth group coalgebra D()

5 -categories Fix a reductive algebraic group over C, B, N, H, W as usual. Two types of -actions on categories: Algebraic -category: g act coherently on M by functors, varying algebraically Comodule category M for quasicoherent group coalgebra QC() (under pullback for multiplication µ : ) Smooth -category: Algebraic -category, with trivialization of action of Lie algebra g or formal group Ĝ (i.e., algebraic dr-category) Comodule category for smooth group coalgebra D()

6 Examples of -categories Fix a -space (scheme or stack) X = QC(X ) is an algebraic -category, D(X ) is a smooth -category. Main examples: D(/B) and D H (/N), D-modules on basic affine space locally constant on torus orbits categorifications of principal series and universal principal series representations. Motivating example: The adjoint action of on g gives rise to a smooth -action on Ug mod

7 Examples of -categories Fix a -space (scheme or stack) X = QC(X ) is an algebraic -category, D(X ) is a smooth -category. Main examples: D(/B) and D H (/N), D-modules on basic affine space locally constant on torus orbits categorifications of principal series and universal principal series representations. Motivating example: The adjoint action of on g gives rise to a smooth -action on Ug mod

8 Algebraic Hecke Categories For algebraic -categories, have complete control of elementary categorical harmonic analysis intertwiners, centers, Morita equivalences, characters, spectral decomposition etc. For example, results of [BZFN] together with aitsgory, Sheaves of categories on prestacks (2012) give the following: Theorem: For any affine H, There are equivalences of monoidal categories QC(H\/H) End QC() (QC(/H)) End(( ) H ) The above algebraic Hecke category is Morita equivalent to QC() no difference between algebraic -categories and their H-invariants (with Hecke action).

9 Algebraic Hecke Categories For algebraic -categories, have complete control of elementary categorical harmonic analysis intertwiners, centers, Morita equivalences, characters, spectral decomposition etc. For example, results of [BZFN] together with aitsgory, Sheaves of categories on prestacks (2012) give the following: Theorem: For any affine H, There are equivalences of monoidal categories QC(H\/H) End QC() (QC(/H)) End(( ) H ) The above algebraic Hecke category is Morita equivalent to QC() no difference between algebraic -categories and their H-invariants (with Hecke action).

10 Smooth Hecke Categories Fewer general results hold for D-modules, but still have (in equivariant or monodromic settings): Theorem: End D() (D(/B)) H := D(B\/B), the finite Hecke category, which is a 2-dualizable Calabi-Yau algebra in categories. H is a categorified form of C[W ] analog of finite-dimensional semisimple Frobenius algebra. Corollary: H mod are smooth -categories appearing in principal series subcategory generated by module D(/B).

11 Smooth Hecke Categories Fewer general results hold for D-modules, but still have (in equivariant or monodromic settings): Theorem: End D() (D(/B)) H := D(B\/B), the finite Hecke category, which is a 2-dualizable Calabi-Yau algebra in categories. H is a categorified form of C[W ] analog of finite-dimensional semisimple Frobenius algebra. Corollary: H mod are smooth -categories appearing in principal series subcategory generated by module D(/B).

12 Beilinson-Bernstein Localization The two types of smooth -categories are related by Beilinson-Bernstein localization. Localization and global sections functors (, Γ) give adjunction between g-modules and D-modules on flag varieties, linear over D(). To obtain an equivalence of categories we fix an infinitesimal character [λ] h /W ; choose lift to weight λ h ; modify construction at singular λ.

13 Beilinson-Bernstein in Families Consider derived version in families: : Ug mod D H (/N) : Γ two-sided adjoints, and conservative can readily apply Barr-Beck-Lurie theorem: Theorem: Ug mod D H (/N) W D H (/N) W, modules (or comodules) over the (Frobenius) algebra in the Hecke category W = D N\/N End D() (D H (/N)) Weyl sheaf W: analog of symmetrizing idempotent in Weyl group, Ug mod = Weyl (co)invariants in D H (/N).

14 Beilinson-Bernstein in Families Consider derived version in families: : Ug mod D H (/N) : Γ two-sided adjoints, and conservative can readily apply Barr-Beck-Lurie theorem: Theorem: Ug mod D H (/N) W D H (/N) W, modules (or comodules) over the (Frobenius) algebra in the Hecke category W = D N\/N End D() (D H (/N)) Weyl sheaf W: analog of symmetrizing idempotent in Weyl group, Ug mod = Weyl (co)invariants in D H (/N).

15 Dimensions Context: A symmetric monoidal (higher) category, A A dualizable object Dimension of A: dim(a) End(1 A ) defined by unit=id A 1 A End(A) A A counit=tr A 1 A dim(a)=tr A (Id A ) Examples: Dimension/Euler characteristic of a vector space/complex Hochschild homology of an algebra or category

16 Dimensions Context: A symmetric monoidal (higher) category, A A dualizable object Dimension of A: dim(a) End(1 A ) defined by unit=id A 1 A End(A) A A counit=tr A 1 A dim(a)=tr A (Id A ) Examples: Dimension/Euler characteristic of a vector space/complex Hochschild homology of an algebra or category

17 Functoriality of Dimension A a 2-category notion of adjunctions between morphisms π! A B π! notion of continuous morphism (has right adjoint) Construction: Dim is functorial for continuous morphisms of dualizable objects: dim(a) dim(π! ) dim(b) Corollary: A dualizable object of A (continuous 1 A V A ) has a character dim(v ) dim(a), satisfying abstract RR 1 A dim(v ) dim(π! V ) dim(a) dim(π! ) dim(b)

18 Functoriality of Dimension A a 2-category notion of adjunctions between morphisms π! A B π! notion of continuous morphism (has right adjoint) Construction: Dim is functorial for continuous morphisms of dualizable objects: dim(a) dim(π! ) dim(b) Corollary: A dualizable object of A (continuous 1 A V A ) has a character dim(v ) dim(a), satisfying abstract RR 1 A dim(v ) dim(π! V ) dim(a) dim(π! ) dim(b)

19 Algebraic Examples A=Morita theory of algebras, A = C finite group algebra. dim(a) = C[ ] class functions. V : 1 A A: representation of dim(v ) C[ ]: character of representation. A=Categories, A = QC(X ) or D(X ) sheaves on a scheme (or stack). dim(a)=dolbeault/de Rham cohomology of the scheme (functions/de Rham cohomology of loop stack) V sheaf dim(v ) Chern character.

20 Algebraic Examples A=Morita theory of algebras, A = C finite group algebra. dim(a) = C[ ] class functions. V : 1 A A: representation of dim(v ) C[ ]: character of representation. A=Categories, A = QC(X ) or D(X ) sheaves on a scheme (or stack). dim(a)=dolbeault/de Rham cohomology of the scheme (functions/de Rham cohomology of loop stack) V sheaf dim(v ) Chern character.

21 eometric Examples A=(Derived) Varieties/stacks with correspondences: dim(x ) = LX loop space ( X X = X X X X.) π : X Y dim(π) = Lπ : LX LY. X a -space, π : X / B. L(X /) {g, x X g } Lπ L(B) dimension given by fixed point loci classified over adjoint quotient. p

22 eometric Examples A=(Derived) Varieties/stacks with correspondences: dim(x ) = LX loop space ( X X = X X X X.) π : X Y dim(π) = Lπ : LX LY. X a -space, π : X / B. L(X /) {g, x X g } Lπ L(B) dimension given by fixed point loci classified over adjoint quotient. p

23 Trace and Fixed-Point Formulas Formal consequence: in any theory of sheaves (assignment stack category satisfying base change and proper adjunction) pushforward on Hochschild homology is given by integration on loop maps, i.e., integration on fixed points in equivariant setting Corollary: rothendieck-riemann-roch in Hochschild homology for proper maps of geometric stacks Lefschetz trace formula for D-modules on proper Deligne-Mumford (derived) stacks Atiyah-Bott fixed point theorem for quasicoherent sheaves on proper Deligne-Mumford (derived) stacks (conjecture of Frenkel-Ngô)

24 Trace and Fixed-Point Formulas Formal consequence: in any theory of sheaves (assignment stack category satisfying base change and proper adjunction) pushforward on Hochschild homology is given by integration on loop maps, i.e., integration on fixed points in equivariant setting Corollary: rothendieck-riemann-roch in Hochschild homology for proper maps of geometric stacks Lefschetz trace formula for D-modules on proper Deligne-Mumford (derived) stacks Atiyah-Bott fixed point theorem for quasicoherent sheaves on proper Deligne-Mumford (derived) stacks (conjecture of Frenkel-Ngô)

25 Character Formulas Frobenius character formula: Character of permutation representation C[X ] is Tr(g) = X g : pushforward of constant function under map L(X /). X = /K: character of induced representation C[/K] given by pushforward along {g, x X g } K K Flag variety X = /B Weyl character formula à la Atiyah-Bott: Lπ B B Lπ=rothendieck Springer

26 Character Formulas Frobenius character formula: Character of permutation representation C[X ] is Tr(g) = X g : pushforward of constant function under map L(X /). X = /K: character of induced representation C[/K] given by pushforward along {g, x X g } K K Flag variety X = /B Weyl character formula à la Atiyah-Bott: Lπ B B Lπ=rothendieck Springer

27 Character Formulas Frobenius character formula: Character of permutation representation C[X ] is Tr(g) = X g : pushforward of constant function under map L(X /). X = /K: character of induced representation C[/K] given by pushforward along {g, x X g } K K Flag variety X = /B Weyl character formula à la Atiyah-Bott: Lπ B B Lπ=rothendieck Springer

28 Characters of algebraic -categories Arguments apply unmodified to sheaves of categories and categorical representations: A = QC() or QC(H\/H) quasicoherent group or Hecke algebra (monoidal category) Theorem: dim(a) = QC( ) V algebraic -category dim(v ) QC( ): algebraic character sheaf. Character of QC(X ) for a -space calculated by fixed points map Lπ : LX /.

29 Characters of smooth -categories A = D(): Natural map dim(a) D( ). Calculate characters by fixed points: Corollary: The character of D(/B) is Lπ O D( ), the rothendieck-springer i.e., [Hotta-Kashiwara] the Harish Chandra system HC on. Characters are microlocal: for a -space can calculate dim D(X ) D( ) near 1 from moment map µ : T X g. Characters for Hecke category H = D(B\/B): Theorem: dim(h) is the category of Lusztig character sheaves in D( ) i.e., differential equations on with same singularities as HC.

30 Characters of smooth -categories A = D(): Natural map dim(a) D( ). Calculate characters by fixed points: Corollary: The character of D(/B) is Lπ O D( ), the rothendieck-springer i.e., [Hotta-Kashiwara] the Harish Chandra system HC on. Characters are microlocal: for a -space can calculate dim D(X ) D( ) near 1 from moment map µ : T X g. Characters for Hecke category H = D(B\/B): Theorem: dim(h) is the category of Lusztig character sheaves in D( ) i.e., differential equations on with same singularities as HC.

31 Characters of smooth -categories A = D(): Natural map dim(a) D( ). Calculate characters by fixed points: Corollary: The character of D(/B) is Lπ O D( ), the rothendieck-springer i.e., [Hotta-Kashiwara] the Harish Chandra system HC on. Characters are microlocal: for a -space can calculate dim D(X ) D( ) near 1 from moment map µ : T X g. Characters for Hecke category H = D(B\/B): Theorem: dim(h) is the category of Lusztig character sheaves in D( ) i.e., differential equations on with same singularities as HC.

32 Harish Chandra Theory of Characters Harish Chandra introduced a character for admissible representations M of reductive groups: The character Θ M exists as a distribution on For M with infinitesimal character [λ], Θ M solves the Harish Chandra system i.e., defines a morphism of D-modules on, HC [λ] := D/ z λ(z) z Z(Ug) Θ M C Properties of HC system imply Θ M analytic on rss, extends to L 1 (). Beautiful algebraic and geometric formulas for Θ M suggest it is innately algebraic object.

33 Harish Chandra Theory of Characters Harish Chandra introduced a character for admissible representations M of reductive groups: The character Θ M exists as a distribution on For M with infinitesimal character [λ], Θ M solves the Harish Chandra system i.e., defines a morphism of D-modules on, HC [λ] := D/ z λ(z) z Z(Ug) Θ M C Properties of HC system imply Θ M analytic on rss, extends to L 1 (). Beautiful algebraic and geometric formulas for Θ M suggest it is innately algebraic object.

34 Harish Chandra Theory of Characters Harish Chandra introduced a character for admissible representations M of reductive groups: The character Θ M exists as a distribution on For M with infinitesimal character [λ], Θ M solves the Harish Chandra system i.e., defines a morphism of D-modules on, HC [λ] := D/ z λ(z) z Z(Ug) Θ M C Properties of HC system imply Θ M analytic on rss, extends to L 1 (). Beautiful algebraic and geometric formulas for Θ M suggest it is innately algebraic object.

35 Representations as Intertwiners Admissible representations of real group R Harish Chandra (g, K) modules for K symmetric subgroup [Beilinson-Bernstein] D K (/B): K-equivariant (twisted) D-modules on /B, i.e., D-modules on K\/B \(/B /K) Suggests an interpretation as intertwiners for smooth -categories: Proposition: D(K\/B) Hom (D(/B), D(/K)) Harish Chandra modules are intertwiners between principal series and symmetric space representations.

36 Representations as Intertwiners Admissible representations of real group R Harish Chandra (g, K) modules for K symmetric subgroup [Beilinson-Bernstein] D K (/B): K-equivariant (twisted) D-modules on /B, i.e., D-modules on K\/B \(/B /K) Suggests an interpretation as intertwiners for smooth -categories: Proposition: D(K\/B) Hom (D(/B), D(/K)) Harish Chandra modules are intertwiners between principal series and symmetric space representations.

37 Representations as Intertwiners Admissible representations of real group R Harish Chandra (g, K) modules for K symmetric subgroup [Beilinson-Bernstein] D K (/B): K-equivariant (twisted) D-modules on /B, i.e., D-modules on K\/B \(/B /K) Suggests an interpretation as intertwiners for smooth -categories: Proposition: D(K\/B) Hom (D(/B), D(/K)) Harish Chandra modules are intertwiners between principal series and symmetric space representations.

38 Harish Chandra Characters via Functoriality Now apply functoriality of dim: M a (g, K)-module M defines a -map M D(/B) D(/K) dim(d(/b)) dim(m) dim(d(/k)) HC [λ] Θ M Ξ K Character is a solution of Harish Chandra system valued in K-Springer sheaf Ξ K = (p K K ) O K K

39 Harish Chandra Characters via Functoriality Now apply functoriality of dim: M a (g, K)-module M defines a -map M D(/B) D(/K) dim(d(/b)) dim(m) dim(d(/k)) HC [λ] Θ M Ξ K Character is a solution of Harish Chandra system valued in K-Springer sheaf Ξ K = (p K K ) O K K

40 Harish Chandra Characters via Functoriality Now apply functoriality of dim: M a (g, K)-module M defines a -map M D(/B) D(/K) dim(d(/b)) dim(m) dim(d(/k)) HC [λ] Θ M Ξ K Character is a solution of Harish Chandra system valued in K-Springer sheaf Ξ K = (p K K ) O K K

41 Properties of the Character Construction applies to any subgroup K (not necessarily symmetric). On the regular semisimple locus of K, Θ M is a section of O K rss solving pullback of HC system. e.g., for K = recover Weyl character. ives refined information and algebraic interpretation of character over entire group. Recover the two geometric character formulas of [Schmid-Vilonen] from general formalism: Weyl-Atiyah-Bott character formula: comes from trace/fixed point formalism which described the map dim. Kirillov-Rossman character formula: comes from compatibility of characters and microlocalization.

42 Properties of the Character Construction applies to any subgroup K (not necessarily symmetric). On the regular semisimple locus of K, Θ M is a section of O K rss solving pullback of HC system. e.g., for K = recover Weyl character. ives refined information and algebraic interpretation of character over entire group. Recover the two geometric character formulas of [Schmid-Vilonen] from general formalism: Weyl-Atiyah-Bott character formula: comes from trace/fixed point formalism which described the map dim. Kirillov-Rossman character formula: comes from compatibility of characters and microlocalization.

43 Properties of the Character Construction applies to any subgroup K (not necessarily symmetric). On the regular semisimple locus of K, Θ M is a section of O K rss solving pullback of HC system. e.g., for K = recover Weyl character. ives refined information and algebraic interpretation of character over entire group. Recover the two geometric character formulas of [Schmid-Vilonen] from general formalism: Weyl-Atiyah-Bott character formula: comes from trace/fixed point formalism which described the map dim. Kirillov-Rossman character formula: comes from compatibility of characters and microlocalization.

44 Properties of the Character Construction applies to any subgroup K (not necessarily symmetric). On the regular semisimple locus of K, Θ M is a section of O K rss solving pullback of HC system. e.g., for K = recover Weyl character. ives refined information and algebraic interpretation of character over entire group. Recover the two geometric character formulas of [Schmid-Vilonen] from general formalism: Weyl-Atiyah-Bott character formula: comes from trace/fixed point formalism which described the map dim. Kirillov-Rossman character formula: comes from compatibility of characters and microlocalization.

45 Traces of Hecke Functors oal: Develop theory of characters for smooth L-categories, in particular for modules for spherical and affine Hecke categories H sph = D((O)\L/(O)) Satake QC(B L ) H aff = D(I \L/I ) Bezrukavnikov QC! (St L / L ) Motivation: eometric Arthur-Selberg trace formula C algebraic curve with fixed ramification data, describe character of category D(Bun (C)) module for H sph, H aff, D(L) at places with trivial, tame or full level structure.

46 Traces of Hecke Functors oal: Develop theory of characters for smooth L-categories, in particular for modules for spherical and affine Hecke categories H sph = D((O)\L/(O)) Satake QC(B L ) H aff = D(I \L/I ) Bezrukavnikov QC! (St L / L ) Motivation: eometric Arthur-Selberg trace formula C algebraic curve with fixed ramification data, describe character of category D(Bun (C)) module for H sph, H aff, D(L) at places with trivial, tame or full level structure.

47 Elliptic Character Sheaves What are character sheaves on L? Hard to define directly as D-modules on L L. Two proposals: Algebraic definition: Consider dim(h aff ), characters of affine Hecke modules. Topological Field Theory definition: q-deform L L to Bun (E q ), -bundles on (Tate) elliptic curve E q = C /q Z Consider D nil (Bun (E q )), D-modules with nilpotent singular support. Locally constant in q, can describe monadically in limit q 0. Claim (proof in progress): dim(h aff ) D nil (Bun (E q )) elliptic character sheaves Langlands duality for Hecke categories Corollary: topological geometric Langlands for elliptic curves.

48 Elliptic Character Sheaves What are character sheaves on L? Hard to define directly as D-modules on L L. Two proposals: Algebraic definition: Consider dim(h aff ), characters of affine Hecke modules. Topological Field Theory definition: q-deform L L to Bun (E q ), -bundles on (Tate) elliptic curve E q = C /q Z Consider D nil (Bun (E q )), D-modules with nilpotent singular support. Locally constant in q, can describe monadically in limit q 0. Claim (proof in progress): dim(h aff ) D nil (Bun (E q )) elliptic character sheaves Langlands duality for Hecke categories Corollary: topological geometric Langlands for elliptic curves.

49 Elliptic Character Sheaves What are character sheaves on L? Hard to define directly as D-modules on L L. Two proposals: Algebraic definition: Consider dim(h aff ), characters of affine Hecke modules. Topological Field Theory definition: q-deform L L to Bun (E q ), -bundles on (Tate) elliptic curve E q = C /q Z Consider D nil (Bun (E q )), D-modules with nilpotent singular support. Locally constant in q, can describe monadically in limit q 0. Claim (proof in progress): dim(h aff ) D nil (Bun (E q )) elliptic character sheaves Langlands duality for Hecke categories Corollary: topological geometric Langlands for elliptic curves.

50 Elliptic Character Sheaves What are character sheaves on L? Hard to define directly as D-modules on L L. Two proposals: Algebraic definition: Consider dim(h aff ), characters of affine Hecke modules. Topological Field Theory definition: q-deform L L to Bun (E q ), -bundles on (Tate) elliptic curve E q = C /q Z Consider D nil (Bun (E q )), D-modules with nilpotent singular support. Locally constant in q, can describe monadically in limit q 0. Claim (proof in progress): dim(h aff ) D nil (Bun (E q )) elliptic character sheaves Langlands duality for Hecke categories Corollary: topological geometric Langlands for elliptic curves.