Using Gamma-Ray to Determine the Homogeneity of Some Building Materials

Transcription

1 International Journal of Physics,, Vol., No., -9 Available online at htt://ubs.scieub.com/ij///5 Science and Education Publishing DOI:.69/ij---5 Using Gamma-Ray to Determine the Homogeneity of Some Building Materials Laith A. Najam,*, Ahmed K. Mheemeed, Isra, a M. Hassan Deartment of Physics, College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq Deartment of Physics, College of Education, University of Mosul, Iraq *Corresonding author: dr_laithahmed@yahoo.com Received February, ; Revised March 7, ; Acceted March, Abstract In this aer, we use a narrow collimated beam of mono- energetic gamma rays emitted from the radioactive source 7 Cs (66 kev) and the system of measuring gamma rays UCS- associated with the sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl) to determine the homogeneity of the building materials, Granite, Marble, Cement, Ceramic and Bricks. The homogeneity test was determined from the ercentage difference between the transmitted intensity of gamma-rays and the linear attenuation coefficient at different ositions for each samle of the material then the ercentage of standard deviation was checked. Keywords: gamma-ray, homogeneity, building materials, sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl) Cite This Article: Laith A. Najam, Ahmed K. Mheemeed, and Isra, a M. Hassan, Using Gamma-Ray to Determine the Homogeneity of Some Building Materials. International Journal of Physics, vol., no. (): -9. doi:.69/ij Introduction Nuclear radiation is used in many fields including nuclear hysics, medical hysics, hysics, health, agriculture, industry and other. These rays are used in industry for measuring the rate of flow of gases and liquids in ielines and to study the friction between the surfaces, determine the amount of corrosion in the sare machines and, motors, control of the thickness of the lates made of metal and lastic, measure the density of liquids and astes, and checking the homogeneity of materials and others. The homogeneity of thin films, lastics and rubbers can be studied through the variation in the energy, intensity and attenuation coefficient of nuclear radiation by using definite charge articles such as electrons, rotons and alha articles []. Beta articles emitted from the radioactive source 9 Sr [,] were used for measuring the homogeneity of mix rubber tye MCG used in masks revention. Electromagnetic radiations, X- ray and γ-ray can be used in determining the degree of homogeneity of aluminum, iron, lead, alloys and other substances with high density. Technology use transmission gamma rays (GRT) and X-ray micro tomograhy (μ-ct) [] to detect the resence of ores inside the material and determine the degree of homogeneity of the material. Gamma-rays emitted from radioactive sources 7 Cs, 5 Eu and Am are used for measuring the homogeneity of set of samles roduced by mixing lead with a rubber tye NBR with different weight ratios[5]. The homogeneity of these samles was studied through the variation in the transmitted intensity of gamma-rays and their linear attenuation coefficient. As the usage of γ-ray increased in various fields from medical alications to food industry, it became imortant to get rotection from their detrimental effects. There are three general rules of rotections: time, distance and shielding. In most cases, shielding is the main rule to be erformed [6]. The attenuation coefficient is imortant arameter for studying interaction of γ-ray with matter that gives us the fraction of energy scattered or absorbed. The attenuation coefficient can be extensively found in the literature. Many authors have studied γ-ray attenuation coefficient in shielding materials [5,7,8,9,]. The building materials used in our markets are different in their homogeneity, so we used gamma rays emitted from the radioactive source 7 Cs and the system of measuring gamma rays UCS- associated with the sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl) in the examination of the homogeneity of building materials used in Nineveh governorate (Iraq). The linear attenuation coefficients for the building materials were determined. Exerimental Method In the resent study, 6 samles of building materials were collected from the local markets at Nineveh governorate, some are roduced inside the country and others are imorted. These materials are Granite, Marble, Cement, Ceramic and Bricks. The homogeneity test of these materials were determined by studying the variations in the transmitted intensity of gamma-rays at four ositions for each samle of the studied materials, linear attenuation coefficient and the ercentage of standard deviation. The homogeneity test was erformed by using the gamma ray system UCS- associated with the

2 International Journal of Physics sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl) with dimensions.5cm.8 cm shown in Figure. This system consists of reamlifier, amlifier, ower suly, multi channel analyzer and a ersonal comuter for the urose of oerating, reading measurements and analysis of the results. A narrow collimated beam of mono- energetic gamma rays emitted from the radioactive source 7 Cs (66 kev) was obtained using a lead Cylinder with height (7 mm), diameter (6 mm) and an internal hole with diameter (mm). The samle was laced inside a slot with width equal to the samle thickness (mm, mm) as shown in Figure.. Calculations.. Variation of Intensity When the narrow beam of mono- energetic gamma rays is incident with intensity I ο at a material medium, the intensity of transmitted rays I is [] : µx I= Ie o () Where: μ is the linear attenuation coefficient which deends on the energy of gamma rays and the comonents of the material medium. The homogeneity of the material can be known by comaring the intensity of transmitted gamma radiation I through identified sites in the material with average values of I for all ositions. Besides we can determine the ercentage of the homogeneity of material Δ I (%) by using the following relationshi: I I I (%) = % () I.. Variation of Linear Attenuation Coefficient The linear attenuation Coefficient of gamma rays μ has been calculated by using equation (). The homogeneity of the material can be worked out by comaring the values of μ in the secific locations in the material with the average values of µ. The ercentage of the homogeneity of material µ ( % ) is given by: µ µ µ (%) = % () µ.. Percentage of Standard Deviation Figure. Exerimental arrangement The values of the standard deviations were calculated using the following formulae. ( ).5 i N () µ = [ µ µ ( )] I ( ).5 Ii I N (5) = [ ( )] Where: is the standard deviation N= is the number of measured ositions of each samle. The ercentage of standard deviation = (( / ) ) (6) Whenever the values of Δ I (%), µ (%) and (( / ) ) do increase, it means that the homogeneity of materials does increase [5].. Results and Discussion Table to Table 5 contain the values of I O, ρ, x,, I, μ, Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) at four ositions for each samle of the studied materials, Granite, Marble, Cement, Ceramic and Bricks. The values of I, µ, and the ercentage values of standard deviation (( / ) ) are also illustrated in these tables. The relationshi between each of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) at four ositions of the studied materials are shown in Figure to Figure 6. We note from these tables and figures that the ositive values of Δ I (%) corresonde to negative values of Δ µ (%), which means that any decrease in μ offset is caused by an increase in I at any osition and vice versa. It is clear from Table and Figure that the minimum and maximum values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) have been obtained in Turkish and Chinese Granite, resectively. The lower and higher ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.6%,.% and.%, 9.8% and found in Turkish and Chinese Granite, resectively. The Turkish Granite is more homogeneous than the Chinese Granite.

3 International Journal of Physics 5 Figure and Table show that the lowest and highest values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) were detected in Turkish and Sanish Marble, resectively. The lower and higher ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.8%,.55% and.6%,.8% and found in Turkish and Sanish Marbles. The Turkish Marble is more homogeneous than the Sanish Marble. The highest and lowest values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) were found in Iraqi and Turkish Cement, resectively and shown in Table and Figure. The higher and lower ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.7%, 5.% and.57%,.5% and found in Iraqi and Turkish Cement, resectively. The Turkish Cement is more homogeneous than the Iraqi Cement. It is clear from Table and Figure 5 that the minimum and maximum values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) have been obtained in Sanish and Italian Ceramic, resectively. The lower and higher ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.59%,.7% and.556%,.8% and found in Sanish and Italian Ceramic, resectively. The Sanish Ceramic is more homogeneous than the Italian Ceramic. We found from Figure 6 and Table 5 that the lowest and highest values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) were detected in Iranian and Iraqi Bricks, resectively. The lower and higher ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.7%,.6% and.98%,.% and found in Iranian and Iraqi Bricks. The Iranian Brick is more homogeneous than the Iraqi Brick. Current results show that the Sanish Ceramic samle is more homogeneous while the Chinese Granite samle is less homogeneous as comared with the other building materials. Figure. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Granite material

4 6 International Journal of Physics Table. The results of homogeneity tests of Granite material Iraqi Granite (/) (/) (/) (/) (/) (/) I O(count/8sec) =657, ρ=.69g/cm, x=.6cm I(count/8sec) Sanish Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) =659, ρ=.66g/cm, x=.5cm I(count/8sec) Indian Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) =659, ρ=.68g/cm, x=.77cm I(count/8sec) Chinese Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) = 6568, x=.5cm, ρ=.65g/cm I(count/8sec) Egytian Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) =66, ρ=.6g/cm, x=.75cm I(count/8sec) Turkish Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) =6556, ρ=.69g/cm, x=.86cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) Table. The results of homogeneity tests of Marble material Turkish Marble I O(count/8sec) =658, ρ=.5g/cm, x=.75cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).8.55 Sanish Marble I O(count/8sec) =6, ρ=.55g/cm, x=.77cm I(count/8sec) ΔI(%) µ(cm - ) Δµ(%) (/).6.8 Indian Marble I O(count/8sec) =6568, ρ=.6g/cm, x=.88cm I(count/8sec) ΔI(%) µ(cm - ) Δµ(%) (/).6.8 Italian Marble (/) I O(count/8sec)=686, x=.76cm, ρ=.56g/cm I(count/8sec) ΔI(%) µ(cm - ) Δµ(%) Table. The results of homogeneity tests of Cement material Iraqi Cement I O(count/8sec) =68, ρ=.g/cm, x=.859cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).7 5. Turkish Cement I O(count/8sec) =6597, ρ=.g/cm, x=.85cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).57.5

5 International Journal of Physics 7 Table. The results of homogeneity tests of Ceramic material Sanish Ceramic I O(count/8sec) =57, ρ=.g/cm, x=.95cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).59.7 Italian Ceramic I O(count/8sec) =59, ρ=.7g/cm, x=.9cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/) Table 5. The results of homogeneity tests of Brick material Iraqi Brick I O(count/8sec) =6587, ρ=.97g/cm, x=.98cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).98. Iranian Brick I O(count/8sec) =668, ρ=.9g/cm, x=.99cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).7.6 Figure. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Marble material

6 8 International Journal of Physics Figure. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Cement material Figure 5. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Ceramic material

7 International Journal of Physics 9 Figure 6. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Brick material The average values of linear attenuation Coefficient of gamma rays varies from o.8 cm - (Sanish Granite) to o.59 cm - (Iraqi Brick). The average values of linear attenuation Coefficient were.6 cm -,.9 cm -,.9 cm -,.7 cm - and.6 cm - for building materials, Granite, Marble, Cement, Ceramic and Bricks, resectively. Current results have shown that Granite is one of the best building materials to be used in shielding against gamma rays, whereas Bricks showed less ability to attenuate gamma rays, because Bricks density is low as comared with the Granite density. The current values of μ for Granite material ranged from.98 cm - to.8 cm - are comarable with those reorted by Mavi [7] and higher than the value of μ of known shielding materials, for examle Concrete (white sand) [8], Diorite rock [9] and comressed soil []. 5. Conclusions The building materials used in our markets are different in their homogeneity, so we used a narrow collimated beam of mono- energetic gamma rays to test the homogeneity of materials. The transmitted intensity of gamma-rays at different ositions for each samle Δ I (%), linear attenuation coefficient Δ µ (%) and the ercentage of standard deviation (( / ) ) were used in the examination of the homogeneity of materials. It was observed from the values of Δ I (%), Δ µ (%) and (( / ) ) shown in Table to Table 5 and Figure to Figure 6 that the Sanish Ceramic samle is more homogeneous while the Chinese Granite samle is less homogeneous as comared with the other building materials. Current results have shown that Granite is one of the best building materials to be used in shielding against gamma rays. References [] Lilley J () Nuclear hysics rinciles and alication. Wiley, University of Manchester, New York. [] Suleiman WA, Ali S A (5) Using beta-article for measuring the homogeneity of rubber comound and studying the effect of comression, temerature and ressure on its homogeneity and mechanical roerties. Raf J Sci 6():5-. [] Ali S A, Suleiman W A (6) The effect of mixing time on the homogeneity and mechanical secifications for rubber mixtures. Raf J Sci 7(): -. [] Moreir A C, Aoloni C R, Oliveira M V, Fernandes C P (7) Structural Characterization of Titanium Porous Foams by Gamma Ray Transmission and X-Rays Microtomograhy, International Nuclear Atlantic Conference, INAC Sontos, SP, Brazel Setember to October 5. [5] Mheemeed A K, Hasan I H, Al-Jomaily F M() Gamma-ray absortion using rubber-lead mixtures as radiation rotection shields. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 9: [6] Eaves G (96) Princiles of radiation rotection, Iliffe Books Ltd, London. [7] Mavi B () Exerimental investigation of γ-ray attenuation coefficients for granites. Annals of Nuclear Energy :-5. [8] Jameel H, Al-dayel O, Al-horayess O, Al-ajyan T () Gamma ray shielding from white sand. Energy Power Eng (): 6-9. [9] El-Taher A (7) Comarative study of attenuation and scattering of gamma-rays through two intermediate rocks. Indian J Pure Al Phys 5:98-. [] Murbut A, Namah A, Taki A () Measurement of gamma-ray attenuation in comressed soil samle. Sci J Iraqi At Energy Comm ():6-5.