Chapter 16 Basic Precautions
|
|
- Jerome Goodwin
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 16 Basic Precautions 16.1 Basic Principles of Radiation Protection The four basic methods used to control radiation exposure are time, distance, shielding, and contamination control. The first three methods apply to all types of radiation sources. The fourth applies only when working with radioactive material sources. Each worker should become familiar with these methods and consciously apply them in a habitual manner. In addition, these methods should be integrated into all written instructions, descriptions, and procedures involving the use of radiation sources Time Minimizing the length of time a worker is exposed to a source is frequently the simplest method of limiting exposure. Careful planning of work minimizes the time needed to complete a job, thereby minimizing the exposure. Exposure may be calculated if the exposure rate and time are known: Where: X = Total exposure X_ = Exposure rate t = Time of exposure X = X t Distance i Exposure rate is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. The relationship can be expressed mathematically and is called the inverse square law, given in Equation If the exposure rate from a point source at a given distance is 2 1 X = X x r r known, the exposure rate at other distances can be calculated using the inverse square law. Where: X_ 1 = Exposure rate at the reference point X_ 2 = Exposure rate at the point of interest r 1 = Distance from the reference point to the source r 2 = Distance from point of interest to the source Page 1 of 6
2 The inverse square law is illustrated in Figure 16.1 which shows that when the distance is doubled, the exposure rate is reduced by (½)² or 1/4. While no bit of matter can occupy a single point in space, a radiation source will behave as if it did under the following conditions: 1. The radiation from the source is emitted isotropically over the full 4π solid angle (equally in all directions); 2. The radioactive atoms are confined to a volume whose dimensions are so small that there is no significant absorption of the emitted radiations; 3. The attenuation of the radiation in the intervening space is negligible; 4. The scatter of the radiation in the intervening space is negligible; and 5. The maximum linear dimensions of the source and the receptor (or object of interest) is small compared with the distance between them. When making radiation measurements, this condition is satisfied when the distance is three times greater than the maximum linear dimension of the source or detector, whichever is larger. Under this condition, the error in the measurement is usually less than 5%. Application of the inverse square law to point sources of alpha and beta particles is complicated by their absorption in air. Application of the inverse square law to indirectly ionizing radiation such as gamma rays and x rays is very useful. While the simplest method of protection may be to limit the time of exposure, it is not necessarily the most effective. Benefits of increasing distance usually outweigh benefits of reducing handling time. For example, suppose forceps are used to increase the distance of the fingertips to a point source from 1 cm to 5 cm but in doing so the handling time is increased by a factor of 2. Distance reduces the exposure rate by a factor of (1/5)² and time increases it by a factor of 2. The exposure received is now (1/25) x (2) =.08 or only 8% of the original exposure. In this case, the increase in distance more than compensates for the increase in handling time. Page 2 of 6
3 Shielding Alpha Particles - Alpha particles are readily attenuated by most substances. Even the most energetic alpha particles emitted from radionuclides travel only a few inches in air and less than 100 micrometers in water. They generally do not possess sufficient energy to penetrate the dead layer of skin, therefore they present a minimal external radiation hazard. Most alpha emitters also emit electrons, x rays or gamma rays, or have daughter products that emit them. Beta Particles - The ability of a material to absorb beta particle energy is strongly dependent on the number of absorbing electrons in the path of the particle and is only weakly dependent upon the atomic number of the absorber. Ranges of beta particles in matter are frequently reported in the unit of density thickness, a unit directly proportional to the number of electrons per cubic centimeter in the absorber. Density thickness is mathematically expressed as: t d =1000 tl Where: t d = the density thickness of the absorber in mg/cm² ρ = the density of the absorber in g/cm 3 t l = the linear thickness of the absorber in cm Page 3 of 6
4 The advantage of using density thickness for the range of beta particles is that the shielding properties of different materials can readily be compared. Figure 16.2 shows the range of beta particles in units of density thickness, and may be used for all materials. The values in Table 16.1 were derived using Figure 16.2 and applying Equation Radionuclides such as H-3, C-14, S-35, and Ca-45 that emit only low energy beta particles usually do not require shielding because of their limited range in matter. Higher energy beta emitters such as P-32 and Sr-90/Y-90 should be shielded with low atomic numbered substances such as acrylic or polyethylene to minimize the formation of bremsstrahlung (breaking radiation). Bremsstrahlung is a penetrating type of x ray formed when an electron decelerates in the electromagnetic field of the nucleus of an atom in the shield. Even if low atomic numbered shielding is used, sufficient bremsstrahlung x-rays may be created within the shield to warrant the use of secondary shielding. Proper construction of a composite shield of this type is discussed in the section on shielding of gamma and x rays. TABLE 16.1 RANGE OF BETA PARTICLES IN VARIOUS MATERIALS Radionuclide β-max kev Range mg/cm Air RANGE IN CENTIMETERS FOR GIVEN MATERIAL* Pine 0.45 Water 1.00 Acrylic 1.12 Glass 2.5 Aluminu m 2.7 Cement 2.85 H C S Na P * Numbers below materials are densities in units of mg/cm 3 as given by the Radiological Health Handbook. ii Positron Emitters - Positrons are positively charged electrons that are emitted from the nuclei of some atoms when they undergo radioactive decay. A commonly used positron emitter is Na-22. Positrons are categorized as anti-matter and do not exist for extended periods of time. While a positron possesses kinetic energy, it behaves very much like a negatively charged electron or beta particle, causing ionization and excitation of atoms or molecules in the media through which it passes. When a positron comes to rest, it interacts with a local negatively charged electron. In this interaction, both particles are Page 4 of 6
5 annihilated and their masses are converted into energy as predicted by Albert Einstein's famous equation E = mc². Two 511 kev photons are formed (corresponding to the energy equivalent of the rest masses of the positron and electron) and are emitted 180 from each other. Because positrons have the same properties as beta particles and cause annihilation radiation, positron emitters must be shielded with composite shielding, discussed in the following section on shielding of gamma and x rays. Gamma and X Rays - The effectiveness of gamma-ray and x-ray shielding is strongly dependent upon the atomic number of the absorber and the energy of the photons. Attenuation of a photon source under narrow beam geometry conditions is expressed as follows: I = I o e - t Where: I = Intensity of photons (number of photons per unit area per unit time) passing through a shield that have not interacted with atoms in the shield I 0 = Intensity of photons impinging on the shield μ = Linear absorption coefficient t = Thickness of the shield Narrow beam geometry assumes that all of the photons that interact in a shield are permanently removed from the beam. Broad beam geometry accounts for photons that scatter back into the beam after multiple Compton or elastic scattering, and scattering of photons into the beam that were not part of the original beam. Diagrams of narrow beam and broad beam geometry are shown in Figure Since exposure rate is proportional to the number and energies of the photons in the beam, exposure rate may be substituted into Equation Under broad beam geometry, an exposure rate buildup factor, B, is introduced to compensate for the extra photons that join the beam. The equation for broad beam geometry is given as follows: X = B X 0 e - t Where: X_ = Exposure rate at the point of interest X_ 0 = Initial exposure rate Page 5 of 6
6 If equation 16.5 is solved for the thickness of the shield, the following formula is obtained: i. H.J. Moe, Operational Health Physics Training, ANL-88-26, Argonne National Laboratory, 1988, Argonne, IL. ii. Radiological Health Handbook, Public Health Service Publication No. 2016, Revised Edition, January 1970, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville Maryland. Page 6 of 6
Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter)
Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter) Different types of radiation interact
More informationINTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER RCT STUDY GUIDE Identify the definitions of the following terms:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1.07.01 Identify the definitions of the following terms: a. ionization b. excitation c. bremsstrahlung 1.07.02 Identify the definitions of the following terms: a. specific ionization
More informationGLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY
GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY ABSORBED DOSE: The amount of energy absorbed, as a result of radiation passing through a material, per unit mass of material. Measured in rads (1 rad
More informationDOE-HDBK Radiological Control Technician Interaction of Radiation with Matter Module Number: 1.07
Course Title: Radiological Control Technician Module Title: Interaction of Radiation with Matter Module Number: 1.07 Objectives: 1.07.01 Identify the definitions of the following terms: a. ionization b.
More informationBasic physics Questions
Chapter1 Basic physics Questions S. Ilyas 1. Which of the following statements regarding protons are correct? a. They have a negative charge b. They are equal to the number of electrons in a non-ionized
More informationRadiation Fundamentals. Radiation Safety Training Module 1
Radiation Fundamentals Module 1 Radioactivity Radioactivity is the process of unstable (or radioactive) atoms becoming stable. This is done by emitting radiation. This process over a period of time is
More informationIntroduction to Ionizing Radiation
Introduction to Ionizing Radiation Bob Curtis OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center Supplement to Lecture Outline V. 10.02 Basic Model of a Neutral Atom Electrons(-) orbiting nucleus of protons(+) and neutrons.
More informationChapter NP-4. Nuclear Physics. Particle Behavior/ Gamma Interactions TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 IONIZATION
Chapter NP-4 Nuclear Physics Particle Behavior/ Gamma Interactions TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 IONIZATION 2.0 ALPHA PARTICLE INTERACTIONS 3.0 BETA INTERACTIONS 4.0 GAMMA INTERACTIONS
More informationMitigation of External Radiation Exposures
Mitigation of External Radiation Exposures The three (3) major principles to assist with maintaining doses ALARA are :- 1) Time Minimizing the time of exposure directly reduces radiation dose. 2) Distance
More information3 Radioactivity - Spontaneous Nuclear Processes
3 Radioactivity - Spontaneous Nuclear Processes Becquerel was the first to detect radioactivity. In 1896 he was carrying out experiments with fluorescent salts (which contained uranium) and found that
More informationAt the conclusion of this lesson the trainee will be able to: a) Write a typical equation for the production of each type of radiation.
RADIOACTIVITY - SPONTANEOUS NUCLEAR PROCESSES OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this lesson the trainee will be able to: 1. For~, p and 7 decays a) Write a typical equation for the production of each type
More informationForms of Ionizing Radiation
Beta Radiation 1 Forms of Ionizing Radiation Interaction of Radiation with Matter Ionizing radiation is categorized by the nature of the particles or electromagnetic waves that create the ionizing effect.
More informationRadiation Safety. PIXE PAN 2008 Ed Stech University of Notre Dame
Radiation Safety PIXE PAN 2008 Ed Stech University of Notre Dame Outline Radiation Overview Radiation Safety in during PIXE PAN Other Safety Issues Ionizing Radiation 4 Types Alpha Beta Photon (Gamma and
More informationEmphasis on what happens to emitted particle (if no nuclear reaction and MEDIUM (i.e., atomic effects)
LECTURE 5: INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER All radiation is detected through its interaction with matter! INTRODUCTION: What happens when radiation passes through matter? Emphasis on what happens
More informationCHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS Background Charged Particles Heavy charged particles Charged particles with Mass > m e α, proton, deuteron, heavy ion (e.g., C +, Fe + ), fission fragment, muon, etc. α is
More informationUnits and Definition
RADIATION SOURCES Units and Definition Activity (Radioactivity) Definition Activity: Rate of decay (transformation or disintegration) is described by its activity Activity = number of atoms that decay
More informationUnit 6 Nuclear Radiation Parent Guide. What is radioactivity and why are things radioactive?
Unit 6 Nuclear Radiation Parent Guide What is radioactivity and why are things radioactive? The nucleus of an atom is comprised of subatomic particles called protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive
More informationPS-21 First Spring Institute say : Teaching Physical Science. Radioactivity
PS-21 First Spring Institute say 2012-2013: Teaching Physical Science Radioactivity What Is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is the release of tiny, highenergy particles or gamma rays from the nucleus of an
More informationOutline. Radiation Interactions. Spurs, Blobs and Short Tracks. Introduction. Radiation Interactions 1
Outline Radiation Interactions Introduction Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles Interaction of Fast Electrons Interaction of Gamma Rays Interactions of Neutrons Radiation Exposure & Dose Sources of
More informationShell Atomic Model and Energy Levels
Shell Atomic Model and Energy Levels (higher energy, deeper excitation) - Radio waves: Not absorbed and pass through tissue un-attenuated - Microwaves : Energies of Photos enough to cause molecular rotation
More informationNuclear Physics Part 2A: Radioactive Decays
Nuclear Physics Part 2A: Radioactive Decays Last modified: 23/10/2018 Links What is a Decay? Alpha Decay Definition Q-value Example Not Every Alpha Decay is Possible Beta Decay β rays are electrons Anti-particles
More informationUNCORRECTED PROOF. Table of Contents
00-Stabin-Prelims SNY001-Stabin (Typeset by spi publisher services, Delhi) vii of xvi June 1, 2007 17:15 Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1. Introduction to Health Physics 1 1.1 Definition of Health
More informationCHARGED PARTICLE IONIZATION AND RANGE
CHAGD PATICL IONIZATION AND ANG Unlike the neutral radiations (e.g., neutrons and gamma/x rays), the charged particles (e.g., electrons, protons and alphas) are subjected to the coulombic forces from electrons
More informationInteraction of charged particles and photons with matter
Interaction of charged particles and photons with matter Robert Miyaoka, Ph.D. Old Fisheries Center, Room 200 rmiyaoka@u.washington.edu Passage of radiation through matter depends on Type of radiation
More informationRadiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1
Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1 Reading assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610): Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual and Resource Book: Parts
More information6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions
6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions A nuclear reactor will not operate without neutrons. Neutrons induce the fission reaction, which produces the heat in CANDU reactors, and fission creates more neutrons.
More informationSHAWNEE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC Identify the definitions of the following terms: a. Nucleon b. Nuclide c. Isotope
Course Title: Radiological Control Technician Module Title: uclear Physics Module umber: 1.04 Objectives: 1.04.01 Identify the definitions of the following terms: a. ucleon b. uclide c. Isotope 1.04.02
More informationRadiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects
Radiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects Reading Assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610) Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual
More informationInteractions with Matter Photons, Electrons and Neutrons
Interactions with Matter Photons, Electrons and Neutrons Ionizing Interactions Jason Matney, MS, PhD Interactions of Ionizing Radiation 1. Photon Interactions Indirectly Ionizing 2. Charge Particle Interactions
More informationClassroom notes for: Radiation and Life Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283
Classroom notes for: Radiation and Life 98.101.201 Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283 1 Thus, after the directly ionizing radiation has lost its energy, it is no longer radiation; it simply becomes
More informationChapter 28: Nuclear Chemistry Part 1: Notes The Basics of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Decay
Part 1: Notes The Basics of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Decay Objectives: Differentiate between nuclear and chemical reactions. Define: spontaneous nuclear decay, nuclear reaction, parent nuclide, daughter
More information1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA PLUS DECAY 1.5 NEUTRON EMISSION 1.6 SPONTANEOUS FISSION
Chapter NP-3 Nuclear Physics Decay Modes and Decay Rates TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 RADIOACTIVE DECAY 1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA
More informationStudy Guide 7: Ionizing Radiation
Study Guide 7: Ionizing Radiation Text: Chapter 6, sections 1-11 (more than described in Study Guide), plus text 2.5 and lab manual section 7A-1 (on inverse-square law). Upcoming quizzes: Quiz 4 (final
More informationNuclear Physics. AP Physics B
Nuclear Physics AP Physics B Nuclear Physics - Radioactivity Before we begin to discuss the specifics of radioactive decay we need to be certain you understand the proper NOTATION that is used. To the
More informationDecay Mechanisms. The laws of conservation of charge and of nucleons require that for alpha decay, He + Q 3.1
Decay Mechanisms 1. Alpha Decay An alpha particle is a helium-4 nucleus. This is a very stable entity and alpha emission was, historically, the first decay process to be studied in detail. Almost all naturally
More informationRadioactive Decay 1 of 20 Boardworks Ltd 2016
Radioactive Decay 1 of 20 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Radioactive Decay 2 of 20 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What is radiation? 3 of 20 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The term radiation (also known as nuclear radiation) refers to
More informationMichael G. Stabin. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry. An Introduction to Health Physics. 4) Springer
Michael G. Stabin Radiation Protection and Dosimetry An Introduction to Health Physics 4) Springer Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction to Health Physics 1 1.1 Definition of
More informationSECTION 8 Part I Typical Questions
SECTION 8 Part I Typical Questions 1. For a narrow beam of photons, the relaxation length is that thickness of absorber that will result in a reduction of in the initial beam intensity. 1. 1/10. 2. 1/2.
More informationAtomic & Nuclear Physics
Atomic & Nuclear Physics Life and Atoms Every time you breathe you are taking in atoms. Oxygen atoms to be exact. These atoms react with the blood and are carried to every cell in your body for various
More informationName: COMBINED SCIENCE Topics 4, 5 & 6 LEARNING OUTCOMES. Maintain a record of your progress Use the booklet to guide revision
Name: COMBINED SCIENCE Topics 4, 5 & 6 LEARNING OUTCOMES Maintain a record of your progress Use the booklet to guide revision Close the Gap Contemporary record of the Topics / Learning outcomes that I
More informationChapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.
More informationRADIOCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
RADIOCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS 1 Early Pioneers in Radioactivity Rutherfo rd: Discoverer Alpha and Beta rays 1897 Roentge n: Discoverer of X- rays 1895 The Curies: Discoverers of Radium and Polonium
More informationDetection and measurement of gamma-radiation by gammaspectroscopy
Detection and measurement of gamma-radiation by gammaspectroscopy Gamma-radiation is electromagnetic radiation having speed equal to the light in vacuum. As reaching a matter it interact with the different
More informationRadiation Quantities and Units
Radiation Quantities and Units George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Define and identify units for the following: Exposure Kerma Absorbed dose Dose equivalent Relative biological effectiveness Activity
More informationCHAPTER 4 RADIATION ATTENUATION
HDR202 PHYSICS FOR RADIOGRAPHERS 2 CHAPTER 4 RADIATION ATTENUATION PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson,
More informationNuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-30 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 4 - Detectors Binding Energy Nuclear mass MN less than sum of nucleon masses Shows nucleus is a bound (lower energy) state for this configuration
More informationDEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS OPTION I-2 MEDICAL IMAGING Reading Activity Answers IB Assessment Statements Option I-2, Medical Imaging: X-Rays I.2.1. I.2.2. I.2.3. Define
More informationOutline. Absorbed Dose in Radioactive Media. Introduction. Radiation equilibrium. Charged-particle equilibrium
Absorbed Dose in Radioactive Media Chapter F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Outline General dose calculation considerations, absorbed fraction Radioactive disintegration
More informationIII. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation
1 III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation a) charged particles Bethe-Bloch formula de 4πq 4 z2 e 2m v = NZ ( ) dx m v ln ln 1 0 2 β β I 0 2 2 2 z, v: atomic number and velocity of
More informationPhysics of Radiotherapy. Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter
Physics of Radiotherapy Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter Charge Particle Interaction Energetic charged particles interact with matter by electrical forces and lose kinetic energy
More informationINAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD LECTURE 1 RADIATION PHYSICS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM
INAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD 232 - LECTURE 1 RADIATION PHYSICS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM Radiation: It is defined as the process by which energy is emitted from a source and propagated through the surrounding
More informationRb, which had been compressed to a density of 1013
Modern Physics Study Questions for the Spring 2018 Departmental Exam December 3, 2017 1. An electron is initially at rest in a uniform electric field E in the negative y direction and a uniform magnetic
More informationINTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5)
INTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5) Ionizing radiation: Particle or electromagnetic radiation that is capable of ionizing matter. IR interacts through different types of collision
More informationThe basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
4.4 Atomic structure Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the
More informationProject Memorandum. N N o. = e (ρx)(µ/ρ) (1)
Project Memorandum To : Jebediah Q. Dingus, Gamma Products Inc. From : Patrick R. LeClair, Material Characterization Associates, Inc. Re : 662 kev Gamma ray shielding Date : January 5, 2010 PH255 S10 LeClair
More informationWe have seen how the Brems and Characteristic interactions work when electrons are accelerated by kilovolts and the electrons impact on the target
We have seen how the Brems and Characteristic interactions work when electrons are accelerated by kilovolts and the electrons impact on the target focal spot. This discussion will center over how x-ray
More informationGeorgia Institute of Technology. Radiation Detection & Protection (Day 3)
Georgia Institute of Technology The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Nuclear & Radiological Engineering/Medical Physics Program Ph.D. Qualifier Exam Spring Semester 2009 Your ID Code
More informationGy can be used for any type of radiation. Gy does not describe the biological effects of the different radiations.
Absorbed Dose Dose is a measure of the amount of energy from an ionizing radiation deposited in a mass of some material. SI unit used to measure absorbed dose is the gray (Gy). 1J 1 Gy kg Gy can be used
More information4.4 Atomic structure Notes
4.4 Atomic structure Notes Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand
More informationInteractions of Radiation with Matter
Main points from last week's lecture: Decay of Radioactivity Mathematics description nly yields probabilities and averages Interactions of Radiation with Matter William Hunter, PhD" Decay equation: N(t)
More informationPart 12- Physics Paper 1 Atomic Structure Knowledge Questions
Part 12- Physics Paper 1 Atomic Structure Knowledge Questions Internal energy and energy transfers Internal energy and energy transfers Changes of state and the particle model Particle Model of Matter
More informationRad T 290 Worksheet 2
Class: Date: Rad T 290 Worksheet 2 1. Projectile electrons travel from a. anode to cathode. c. target to patient. b. cathode to anode. d. inner shell to outer shell. 2. At the target, the projectile electrons
More informationRadioactive Decay What is Radioactivity? http://explorecuriocity.org/explore/articleid/3033 http://explorecuriocity.org/explore/articleid/3035 http://explorecuriocity.org/explore/articleid/2160 Quick Review
More informationABSORPTION OF BETA AND GAMMA RADIATION
ABSORPTION OF BETA AND GAMMA RADIATION The purpose of this experiment is to understand the interaction of radiation and matter, and the application to radiation detection and shielding Apparatus: 137 Cs
More informationPhysics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface
Physics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface 2005 2006 Time: 60 minutes Total Value: 33 Marks Formulae and Constants v = f λ E = hf h f = E k + W 0 E = m c 2 p = h λ 1 A= A T 0 2 t 1 2 E k = ½ mv 2
More information4.4.1 Atoms and isotopes The structure of an atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes. Content
4.4 Atomic structure Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the
More informationPHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory
PHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory Laboratory Advanced Sheet Photon Attenuation 1. Objectives. The objectives of this laboratory exercise are: a. To measure the mass attenuation coefficient at a gamma
More informationNuclear Medicine RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Nuclear Medicine RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons Common alpha-particle emitters Radon-222 gas in the environment Uranium-234 and -238) in the environment
More informationChemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Dr. Namphol Sinkaset Chapter 21 Study Guide Concepts 1. There are several modes of radioactive decay: (1) alpha (α) decay, (2) beta (β) decay, (3) gamma (γ)
More informationToday, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions.
Today, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions. I first need to acknowledge that these two lectures were based on lectures presented previously in Med Phys I by Dr Howell. 1 Before
More informationINAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD LECTURE 1 RADIATION PHYSICS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM
INAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD 232 - LECTURE 1 RADIATION PHYSICS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM LECTURES & CLASS ACTIVITIES https://inayacollegedrmohammedemam.wordpress.com/ Password: drmohammedemam 16-02-2015
More informationX-ray Interaction with Matter
X-ray Interaction with Matter 10-526-197 Rhodes Module 2 Interaction with Matter kv & mas Peak kilovoltage (kvp) controls Quality, or penetrating power, Limited effects on quantity or number of photons
More informationORTEC Experiment 24. Measurements in Health Physics. Equipment Required
ORTEC Experiment 24 Equipment Required 905-3 (2-inch x 2-inch) NaI(Tl) Detector and PMT 266 Photomultiplier Base 556 High-Voltage Power Supply 113 Scintillation Preamplifier 575A Amplifier 4006 Minibin
More informationSection 10: Natural Transmutation Writing Equations for Decay
Section 10: Natural Transmutation Writing Equations for Decay Alpha Decay If a radioactive substance changes into another substance because particles are emitted from its nucleus, we say that the original
More informationLET! (de / dx) 1 Gy= 1 J/kG 1Gy=100 rad. m(kg) dose rate
Basics of Radiation Dosimetry for the Physicist http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ionizing_radiation I. Ionizing radiation consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that ionize electrons along
More informationDEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS LESSON 7-1B RADIOACTIVITY Essential Idea: In the microscopic world energy is discrete. Nature Of Science: Accidental discovery: Radioactivity
More informationEXTERNAL EXPOSURE CONTROL RCT STUDY GUIDE Identify the four basic methods for minimizing personnel external exposure.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1.11.01 Identify the four basic methods for minimizing personnel external exposure. 1.11.02 Using the Exposure Rate = 6CEN equation, calculate the gamma exposure rate for specific
More informationRadiation Detection for the Beta- Delayed Alpha and Gamma Decay of 20 Na. Ellen Simmons
Radiation Detection for the Beta- Delayed Alpha and Gamma Decay of 20 Na Ellen Simmons 1 Contents Introduction Review of the Types of Radiation Charged Particle Radiation Detection Review of Semiconductor
More informationThe interaction of radiation with matter
Basic Detection Techniques 2009-2010 http://www.astro.rug.nl/~peletier/detectiontechniques.html Detection of energetic particles and gamma rays The interaction of radiation with matter Peter Dendooven
More informationRadioisotopes and PET
Radioisotopes and PET 1 Radioisotopes Elements are defined by their number of protons, but there is some variation in the number of neutrons. Atoms resulting from this variation are called isotopes. Consider
More informationPhysics of Radioactive Decay. Purpose. Return to our patient
Physics of Radioactive Decay George Starkschall, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Physics U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Purpose To demonstrate qualitatively the various processes by which unstable nuclides
More informationChapter 21. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions Section 1 The Nucleus Lesson Starter Nuclear reactions result in much larger energy
More informationNuclear Fusion and Radiation
Nuclear Fusion and Radiation Lecture 9 (Meetings 23 & 24) Eugenio Schuster schuster@lehigh.edu Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Lehigh University Nuclear Fusion and Radiation p. 1/42 Radiation Interactions
More informationAlpha Decay. Decay alpha particles are monoenergetic. Nuclides with A>150 are unstable against alpha decay. E α = Q (1-4/A)
Alpha Decay Because the binding energy of the alpha particle is so large (28.3 MeV), it is often energetically favorable for a heavy nucleus to emit an alpha particle Nuclides with A>150 are unstable against
More informationCHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH
HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION CHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE Interactions
More informationWHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION
WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION Margarita Saraví National Atomic Energy Commission - Argentina Workshop on Ionizing Radiation SIM Buenos Aires 10 November 2011 What is ionizing radiation? What is ionizing radiation?
More informationPhysics 111 Homework Solutions Week #10 - Thursday
Physics 111 Homework Solutions Week #10 - Thursday Monday, March 8, 2010 Chapter 26 Questions 26.1 The atomic number Z is the number of protons in the nucleus. It distinguishes the different types of atoms.
More informationAtomic Structure Summary
Atomic Structure Summary All atoms have: a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons around it Atomic nucleus consists of: positively charged protons and neutrons that have no electric
More informationOutline. Chapter 6 The Basic Interactions between Photons and Charged Particles with Matter. Photon interactions. Photoelectric effect
Chapter 6 The Basic Interactions between Photons and Charged Particles with Matter Radiation Dosimetry I Text: H.E Johns and J.R. Cunningham, The physics of radiology, 4 th ed. http://www.utoledo.edu/med/depts/radther
More informationLecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections 1-2 Nuclear Stability and Decay. Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics
Lecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections -2 Nuclear Stability and Decay Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics Nuclear Chemistry Nuclei Review Nucleons: protons and neutrons Atomic number number
More informationInteraction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter
Type of radiation charged particles photonen neutronen Uncharged particles Charged particles electrons (β - ) He 2+ (α), H + (p) D + (d) Recoil nuclides Fission fragments Interaction of ionizing radiation
More informationAiro International Research Journal October, 2015 Volume VI, ISSN:
1 INTERACTION BETWEEN CHARGED PARTICLE AND MATTER Kamaljeet Singh NET Qualified Declaration of Author: I hereby declare that the content of this research paper has been truly made by me including the title
More informationPhysics 23 Fall 1989 Lab 5 - The Interaction of Gamma Rays with Matter
Physics 23 Fall 1989 Lab 5 - The Interaction of Gamma Rays with Matter Theory The nuclei of radioactive atoms spontaneously decay in three ways known as alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Alpha decay occurs
More informationBasic science. Atomic structure. Electrons. The Rutherford-Bohr model of an atom. Electron shells. Types of Electrons. Describing an Atom
Basic science A knowledge of basic physics is essential to understanding how radiation originates and behaves. This chapter works through what an atom is; what keeps it stable vs. radioactive and unstable;
More informationRadioactivity. General Physics II PHYS 111. King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences
King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences Radioactivity General Physics II PHYS 111 Nouf Alkathran nalkathran@ksu.edu.sa Outline Radioactive Decay
More informationBa (Z = 56) W (Z = 74) preferred target Mo (Z = 42) Pb (Z = 82) Pd (Z = 64)
Produced by accelerating electrons with high voltage and allowing them to collide with metal target (anode), e.g, Tungsten. Three Events (Two types of x-ray) a) Heat X-Ray Tube b) bremsstrahlung (braking
More informationModule 1. An Introduction to Radiation
Module 1 An Introduction to Radiation General Definition of Radiation Ionizing radiation, for example, X-rays, gamma-rays, α particles Ionizing radiation is capable of removing an electron from the atom
More informationEXTERNAL EXPOSURE CONTROL 00ICP311 Rev. 00 (DOE 1.11)
Course Title: Radiological Control Technician Module Title: External Exposure Control Module Number: 1.11 Objectives: 1.11.01 Identify the four basic methods for minimizing personnel external exposure.
More informationRadiological Preparedness & Emergency Response. Session II. Objectives. Basic Radiation Physics
Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response Session II Basic Radiation Physics Objectives Discuss the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Describe radioactive decay. Discuss the
More informationAttenuation of Radiation in Matter. Attenuation of gamma particles
Attenuation of Radiation in Matter In this experiment we will examine how radiation decreases in intensity as it passes through a substance. Since radiation interacts with matter, its intensity will decrease
More information