Atom, Avogadro Number and Atomic Cosmology

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1 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology U. V.S. Sshavaharam, S. Lakshminarayana and B.V.S.T. Sai onorary fauly, I-SRV, Alakauri, ydrabad-5, AP, India. mail: D. of Nular Physis, Andhra Univrsiy, Visakhaanam-, AP, India. D. of ahmais and Com. Sin & ngg, unur ngg. Collg, unur-9, AP, India. Absra: If ligh is oming from h aomi mar of h galaxy, hn h obsrvd rdshif an b inrrd as an indx of h galai aomi mar ligh mission mhanism. Clarly saking rdshif may no b onnd wih galaxy rding. Th roosd basi ida is - during osmi voluion, as ag of h hydrogn aom inrass, mid hoon nrgy inrass. If so urrn osmologial hangs may b rfld in any xising aom. A any givn osmi im, ubbl lngh an b onsidrd as h graviaional or lromagni inraion rang. By highlighing h six major shoromings of modrn osmology, in his ar an am is mad o vrify h osmi alraion in a quanum mhanial aroah. Th four ossibl assumions ar : ) Rdud Plank s onsan inrass wih osmi im. ) Bing a rimordial volving blak hol and ubbl s onsan bing h angular vloiy, univrs is always roaing wih ligh sd. ) Aomi graviaional onsan is squard Avogadro numbr ims h lassial graviaional onsan and ) Aomi graviaional onsan or h lassial graviaional onsan shows disr bhavior. This may b h roo aus of disr naur of rvolving lron s angular momnum. Wih rfrn o h rsn aomi and nular hysial onsans, obaind ubbl s onsan is (67.88 o 7.) km/s/ and is vry los o h rommndd valu. This is a rmarkabl oinidn and sms o lay a vial rol in fuur unifid hysis. Kywords: Rdud Plank s onsan; ubbl lngh; ubbl mass; ubbl volum; ubbl dnsiy; Cosmi rd shif; CBR mraur; Avogadro numbr; Aomi graviaional onsan;. INTRODUCTION This ar is an udad vrsion and a rviw of h auhors rnly ublishd work Unifid Cons in Cosmi, Aomi and Nular Physis []. In hysis hisory, for any nw ida or obsrvaion or nw modl - a h vry bginning hir xisn was vry doubful. Th bs xamls wr : ) xisn of aom ) xisn of quanum of nrgy ) xisn of ingral naur of angular momnum ) xisn of wav mhanis 5) Six quarks having fraional harg 6) Confusion in onfirming h xisn of muon/ion 7) xisn of Blak hols 8) Blak hol radiaion 9) insin s osmologial Lambda rm ) Cosmi rd shif ) Disovry of CBR and ) Alraing univrs and so on [-6]. any hysiiss hink abou h ossibl variaion of h fin sruur raio and xrimns ar in rogrss. In a horial aroah, a varying has bn roosd as a hararisi and unifid way of solving roblms in osmology and asrohysis. or rnly, horial inrs in varying onsans (no jus ) has bn moivad by sring hory and ohr suh roosals for going byond h Sandard odl of aril hysis. In Oobr Wbb al [7] rord a variaion in dndn on boh rdshif and saial dirion. r i should b nod ha, h on - variaion of alha dirly and indirly is giving a lu o hink abou h ossibl variaion of h rdud Plank s onsan or Plank s onsan. This is a vry snsiiv oin and nds srong xrimnal vidn and vigorous horial analysis. Bu ill oday from ground basd laboraory xrimns no variaion was noid in h magniud of h fin sruur raio. In his ar auhors mad an am o sudy his omliad issu in a horial way. In undrsanding h basi ons of unifiaion or TO, rol of dark nrgy and dark mar is insignifian. vn hough hr wr a numbr ars/books ublishd on osmology, h am for a omrhnsiv sudy on his subj, ould wih omaraiv sudis wih h modrn osmology on on hand and wih h modrn aomi hysis on h ohr, was no mad by anybody so far. Th rsn sudy an b onsidrd as a bginning roj in his fild. Cosmologial obsrvaions hrough ground lso or salli lso is a normal rai. In his ar undr onsidraion, i an b suggsd haurrn osmologial hangs an b undrsood by

2 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology sudying h aom and aomi nulus hrough ground basd xrimns. I is an inrsing ar of h sudy of osmology and fundamnal inraions. So far no insiu has akn his subj for R&D. This ida is qui uniqu, naural and h onnss in h subjs of osmology and fundamnal inraions an b liminad. Th fuur sin gnraion an ado his roosd on as a hararisi rfrn for h fuur sinifi obsrvaions, analysis and xrimns. I is an inrsing ida and yars of aomi, nular and osmi hysis an b rfind and unifid. In bwn h fla univrs and h losd univrs, hr is on omromis. Tha is ubbl volum. ubbl volum an b onsidrd as a ky ool in osmology and unifiaion. Som osmologiss us h rm ubbl volum o rfr o h volum of h obsrvabl univrs. Wih rfrn o h ah s rinil [] and h ubbl volum, a any osmi im, if ubbl mass is h rodu of osmi riial dnsiy and h ubbl volum, hn i an b suggsd ha, wihin h ubbl volum, ah and vry oin in fr sa is inflund by h ubbl mass. W bgin his ar wih h six major shoromings of modrn osmology.. ajor shoromings of modrn osmology A) If ligh is oming from h aomi mar of h galaxy, hn rdshif an b inrrd as an indx of h galai aomi mar ligh mission mhanism. In no way i sms onnd wih galaxy rding. B) If osmi xansion is oninuous and alraing and rdshif is a masur of osmi xansion, ra of inras in rdshif an b onsidrd as a masur of osmi ra of xansion. Thn hr is no ossibiliy o obsrv a onsan rd shif. rly by simaing galaxy disan (insad of simaing galaxy rding sd) on anno vrify h osmi alraion. C) Dro in osmi mraur an b onsidrd as a masur of osmi xansion and ra of dras in osmi mraur an b onsidrd as a masur of osmi ra of xansion. Bu if ra of dras in mraur is vry small and is byond h so of urrn xrimnal vrifiaion, hn h wo ossibl sas ar: a) osmi mraur is drasing a a vry slow ra and univrs is xanding a a vry slow ra and b) hr is no obsrvabl hrmal xansion and hr is no obsrvabl osmi xansion. D) If Dark nrgy is h major ouom of h alraing univrs, i is vry imoran o no ha - in undrsanding h basi ons of unifiaion or ohr fundamnal aras of hysis, rol of dark nrgy is vry insignifian. ) So far no ground basd xrimn onfirmd h xisn of dark nrgy. Thr is no singl lu or dfiniion or vidn o any of h naural hysial roris of (h assumd) dark nrgy. F) Dimnsionally i is ossibl o show ha, h dimnsions of ubbl s onsan and angular vloiy ar sam. If so onsidring ubbl s onsan mrly as an xansion aramr may no b orr.. Isoroy may b bs ossibl in a losd xanding univrs If univrs is rally alraing, basd on h ubbl s law [], for h obsrvr - h rding or alraing galaxy mus show a oninuous inras in is rd shif! Som says: insananously rd shif anno inras du o h limid hoon sd. If osmi alraion bgan 5 billion yars ago, hn during is alrad rding journy, h galaxy mus show a oninuous inras in rd shif - whhr h hang is du o as alrad rding or rsn alrad rding. Thr is no suh vidn. In his onnion - h aroria ida an b sad as follows: ) Rdshif is a masur of xansion and ) Ra of inras in rd shif is a masur of osmi ra of xansion. This ida an b suord by anohr siml on: ) Dro in osmi mraur is a masur of osmi xansion and ) Ra of dras in osmi mraur is a masur of osmi ra of xansion. I an b suggsd ha, A) In a losd xanding univrs, in andm wih xansion ra, insananously hrmal wavs undrgo oninuous srhing in all dirions wih rs o h nr of h losd univrs and h losd boundary. B) Whn h xansion ra is vry slow. i. raially zro xansion ra, srhing in hrmal wavs is almos zro and on an obsrv uniform hrmal wavlngh in all dirions. C) In a fla univrs, whr hr is no boundary and no nr, i may no b ossibl.. ubbl s oinion on Cosmi rdshif In 97 ubbl [] suggsd ha Th rd shifs ar mor asily inrrd as vidn of moion in h lin of sigh away from h arh as vidn ha h nbula in all dirions ar rushing away from us and ha h farhr away hy ar, h fasr hy ar rding. This inrraion lnds islf dirly o horis of xanding univrs. Th inrraion is no univrsally ad, bu vn h mos auious of us admi ha rd shifs ar vidn of ihr an xanding univrs or of som hihro unknown rinil of naur Ams hav bn mad o aain h nssary rision wih h inh, and h rsuls aar o b U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai

3 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology signifian. If hy ar valid, i sms likly ha h rd-shifs may no b du o an xanding univrs, and muh of h urrn sulaion on h sruur of h univrs may rquir r-xaminaion. Th signifian daa, howvr, wr nssarily obaind a h vry limi of a singl insrumn, and hr wr no ossibl mans of hking h rsuls by indndn vidn. Thrfor h rsuls mus b ad for h rsn as suggsiv rahr han dfiniiv. W may rdi wih onfidn ha h inh will ll us whhr h rd shifs mus b ad as vidn of a raidly xanding univrs, or aribud o som nw rinil in naur. Whavr may b h answr, h rsul may b wlomd as anohr major onribuion o h xloraion of h univrs.. insin s oinion on unifiaion of lromagni and graviaional inraions So, why no h whol univrs? Th onsquns of a sinning univrs sms o b rofound [9-], naural and osmi ollas an b rvnd. Thus osmi (ligh sd) roaion an b onsidrd as an alrnaiv o h famous rulsiv graviy on. Wih a siml drivaion i is ossibl o show ha, ubbl s onsan rrsns osmologial angular vloiy. Assum ha, a lan of mass and siz R roas wih angular vloiy and linar vloiy v in suh a way ha, fr or loosly bound aril of mass m lying on is quaor gains a kini nrgy qual o onial nrgy as, m mv () R v and = R v () R R R No ha, insin, mor han any ohr hysiis, unroubld by ihr quanum unrainy or lassial omlxiy, blivd in h ossibiliy of a oml, rhas final, hory of vryhing. [,]. also blivd ha h fundamnal laws and rinils ha would mbody suh a hory would b siml, owrful and bauiful. Physiiss ar an ambiious lo, bu insin was h mos ambiious of all. is dmands of a fundamnal hory wr xrmly srong. If a hory onaind any arbirary faurs or undrmind aramrs hn i was dfiin, and h dfiiny oind h way o a dr and mor rofound and mor rdiiv hory. Thr should b no fr aramrs no arbirarinss. Aording o his hilosohy, lromagnism mus b unifid wih gnral rlaiviy, so ha on ould no simly imagin ha i did no xis. Furhrmor, h xisn of mar, h mass and h harg of h lron and h roon (h only lmnary arils rognizd bak in h 9s), wr arbirary faurs. On of h main goals of a unifid hory should b o xlain h xisn and alula h roris of mar.. In his ar auhors mad an am o undrsand h basi ons of unifiaion via aril osmology [5,6]..5 Th osmi riial dnsiy and is dimnsional analysis Rn findings from h Univrsiy of ihigan suggs ha h sha of h Big Bang migh b mor omliad han rviously hough, and ha h arly univrs sun on an axis. A lf-handd and righ-handd imrin on h sky as rordly rvald by galaxy roaion would imly h univrs was roaing from h vry bginning and raind an ovrwhlmingly srong angular momnum [8]. alaxis sin, sars sin, and lans sin. i. Linar vloiy of lan s roaion is qual o fr aril s sa vloiy. Wihou any xrnal owr or nrgy, s aril gains sa vloiy by viru of lan s roaion. Using his ida, Blak hol radiaion and origin of osmi rays an b undrsood. No ha if arh omls on roaion in on hour hn fr arils lying on h quaor will g sa vloiy. Now wriing, R, v 8 8 = Or () R U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai Dnsiy, = 8 In ral im, his obaind dnsiy may or may no b qual o 8 h aual dnsiy. Bu h raio, ral ral () may hav som hysial maning. Th mos imoran oin o b nod hr, is ha, as far as dimnsions and unis ar onsidrd, from quaion (), i is vry lar ha, roorionaliy onsan bing, 8 angular vloiy dnsiy (5) quaion () is similar o fla modl on of osmi riial dnsiy

4 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology 8 (6) Comaring quaions () and (6) dimnsionally and onually, i.. wih = 8 8 (7) and (8) I is vry lar ha, dimnsions of ubbl s onsan mus b radian/sond. In any hysial sysm undr sudy, for any on siml hysial aramr hr will no b wo diffrn unis and hr will no b wo diffrn hysial manings. This is a siml lu and brings osmi roaion ino iur. This is ossibl in a losd univrs only. Cosmi modls ha dnds on his riial dnsiy may onsidr angular vloiy of h univrs in h la of ubbl s onsan. In h sns, osmi roaion an b inludd in h xising modls of osmology. Thn h rm riial dnsiy simly aars as h shrial volum dnsiy of h losd and xanding univrs.. POSSIBL ASSUPTIONS IN UNIFID COSIC PYSICS Th ossibl assumions in unifid osmi hysis an b xrssd in h following way [-],[-5]: A) ubbl lngh / an b onsidrd as h graviaional or lromagni inraion rang. B) Bing a rimordial volving blak hol and angular vloiy bing, univrs is always roaing wih ligh sd [-]. C) Aomi graviaional onsan [8-5] is squard Avogadro numbr ims h lassial graviaional onsan. Thus, whr A N (9) A is h Aomi graviaional onsan, N is h lassial is h Avogadro numbr and graviaional onsan. No ha, N an b onsidrd as h raio of lassial for limi and wak for magniud [,]. D) Aomi graviaional onsan or h lassial graviaional onsan shows disr bhaviour as n. A or N n. whr n,,,.. ) Rdud Plank s onsan inrass wih osmi im []. Thus a any givn osmi im, d( ) ) is a masur of osmi ra of xansion. I is d ossibl o show ha, onial nrgy of lron in hydrogn aom is dirly roorional o. Bohr s sond osula whih suggss ha onial nrgy of lron in hydrogn aom is invrsly roorional o sms o b a oinidn [5,5]. ) Pas ligh quana mid from agd galaxy will hav lss nrgy and show a rd shif wih rfrn o h riving galaxy. During journy ligh quana will no los nrgy and hr will b no hang in ligh wavlngh. ) Th basi or original dfiniion of rsn/urrn rdshif z sms o b U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai z bu no z. () h r is h nrgy of hoon a our galaxy and h is h nrgy of hoon a h obsrvd galaxy whn i was mid. Similarly is h wav lngh of ligh rivd from obsrvd galaxy and is h wav lngh of ligh in laboraory. No ha, basd on h inrasing valu of h Plank s onsan, rsn rd shif z will b dirly roorional o our galaxy and obsrvd galaxy ag diffrn or im akn by ligh o rah our galaxy from h old galaxy. Thus z and z. () r is h roorionaliy onsan. In his way an b inororad dirly. Tim akn by ligh o rah our galaxy or h ag diffrn of our galaxy and obsrvd galaxy an b xrssd as, z. () z. () In his way, h basi and original dfiniion of galaxy rding and alraing univrs ons an b liminad and a dlraing or xandd univrs on an b oninud wihou any diffiuly. Now h fundamnal qusion o b answrd is: If h, how o dfin h rd shif?. In h aks h rol of

5 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology sion.7, onsidring w roosd a siml soluion o his roblm. Wih diffrn galaxis and wih diffrn, z z z () whr,,,.. rrsns diffrn galaxis. In an alrnaiv way h auhors roos h following onduring osmi voluion agd ydrogn aom mis nrgi hoon. Clarly saking, as ag of h hydrogn aom inrass, i mis hoon wih inrasd quanum of nrgy. Thus as ligh quana mid from old galaxy will hav lss nrgy and show a rd shif wih rfrn o our galaxy. During journy ligh quana will no los nrgy and hr will b no hang in ligh wavlngh. ) A any givn osmi im, h Shwarzshild radius of univrs is whr (5) is h osmi mass a ha im. Wih his ida, a any givn osmi im, osmi siz an b onsraind o a maximum insad of infiniy. Th osmi mass an b xrssd as. (6) I an b alld as h ubbl mass'. Thus h osmi volum dnsiy aks h following wll known riial dnsiy form,. 8 v I an b alld as h osmi ubbl dnsiy.. APPLICATIONS OF T PROPOSD ASSUPTIONS (7) Similar o and los o h Plank sal and wih rfrn and, a o h fundamnal hysial onsans fundamnal mass uni an b onsrud as kg. I an b onsidrd as a hararisi fundamnal unifid hargd mass uni. I is noid ha, h raio lays a vry inrsing rol in fiing h osmi mar dnsiy and hrmal nrgy dnsiy.. Cosmi ar Dnsiy Aroximaly rlaion bwn osmi volum dnsiy and mar dnsiy an b xrssd as v m m ln (8) 8 No ha, a rsn obaind mar dnsiy m an b omard wih h lliial and siral galaxy mar dnsiy. Basd on h avrag mass-o-ligh raio for any galaxy [5].5 h gram/m m - (9) whr for any galaxy, /L alaxy = /L Sun and h numbr: 7 h.7. No ha Km/s/ lliial galaxis robably omris abou 6% of h galaxis in h univrs and siral galaxis ar hough o mak u abou % of h galaxis in h univrs. Almos 8% of h galaxis ar in h form of lliial and siral galaxis. For siral galaxis, h - 9 and for lliial galaxis, h -. For our galaxy innr ar, h - 6. Thus h avrag h - is vry los o 8 o 9 and is orrsonding mar dnsiy is (5.88 o 6.6) - gram/m... Cosmi Thrmal nrgy Dnsiy a is h radiaion nrgy b is h Win s dislamn onsan, raio of osmi volum nrgy dnsiy and osmi hrmal nrgy an b xrssd as A any givn osmi im, if onsan and v ln at 8 8 r, a 5 h b 5 5 kb k B () kb kb.997. Thus in a lassial aroah, b b indndn of h Plank s onsan, radiaion onsan an. xrssd as abov. vn wih rfrn o quanum mhanis also, Win s onsan is a osmologial onsan. This is a vry snsiiv oin o b disussd. Win s law is basd on h lassial aroah [5,55]. Wih rfrn o Win s dislamn law, i an b undrsood 5 U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai

6 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology ha, for any blak body, mos srongly mid hrmal wav lngh is invrsly roorional o is absolu mraur Wih rfrn o h urrn magniud of h Plank s onsan, aura valu of h Win s onsan an b simad and ha obaind magniud an b onsidrd as a onsan hroughou h osmi im. If so, a any givn osmi im, hrmal nrgy dnsiy an b xrssd as at ln 8 () If is los o 7 km/s/, obaind CBR mraur [56,57] is.7 K. Thus i an b suggsd ha, a any givn osmi im, mar nrgy dnsiy an b onsidrd as h gomri man of hrmal-nrgy dnsiy and volum-nrgy dnsiy. m at at v 8.. Wavlngh of h CB radiaion () Auhors noid wo aroxima mhods for simaing h CB radiaion. omri man of h mhods is fiing wih h obsrvaional daa auraly. hod-: Wih rfrn o h Win s dislamn law, wav lngh of h mos srongly mid CB radiaion an b xrssd as v m ln () m No ha his xrssion is fr from h radiaion onsans. If is los o 7 km/s/, obaind (mos srongly mid) wavlngh of h CB radiaion is.7 mm. hod-: Pair arils raion and annihilaion in fr sa - is an inrsing ida. In h xanding univrs, by onsidring h roosd hargd and is air annihilaion as a hararisi osmi hnomna, origin of h isoroi CB radiaion an b addrssd.. Thrmal nrgy an b xrssd as k T B Basd on Win s dislamn law, B m () b bk (5) T If is los o 7 km/s/, obaind (mos srongly mid) wavlngh of h CB radiaion is.8 mm. hod-: Considring h gomri man wav lngh of wav lngh obaind from mhods- and, wav lngh of h mos srongly mid CB radiaion an b xrssd as bk B m ln (6) bkb m ln (7) If is los o 7 km/s/, obaind (mos srongly mid) wavlngh of h CB radiaion is.6 mm. In his way, in a smi mirial aroah, h obsrvd CB radiaion mraur an b undrsood. Clarly saking, v ln m m (8) m (9) bkb 5 and.856 m sms o b a lassial onsan and an b onsidrd as a hararisi lassial hrmal wav lngh. Th mos imoran oin is ha, as h blak hol univrs is xanding, is xansion ra an b d vrifid wih m. Prsn obsrvaions indias ha, d CB radiaion is smooh and uniform. Thus i an b suggsd ha, a rsn hr is no dabl osmi xansion or osmi alraion.. Abou h osmi im A any givn osmi im, i an b suggsd ha, r, R at 8 8 R is h osmi radius a im and is h imaginary disan ravlld by ligh in im. From rlaion (). ln R 8 () () In his way his roosal diffrs from h xising on of.. Thorially i is a vry snsiiv roblm whhr o onsidr or no o onsidr h dnsiy raio 6 U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai

7 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology. Whn 8, at, 8 If is h rsn lromagni inraion rang, R and osmi im an b obaind as 5 9. s. Prsn, 8 at 8 at 77 rillion yars. ().5. Th Cosmologial Fin Sruur Raio In hysis, h fin-sruur raio ( ) is a fundamnal hysial onsan, namly h ouling onsan hararizing h srngh of h lromagni inraion. Bing a dimnsionlss quaniy, i has onsan numrial valu in all sysms of unis. If v rsn osmi volum nrgy dnsiy and is h at is h rsn osmi hrmal nrgy dnsiy, i is noid ha, at ln. v () No ha, from unifiaion oin of viw, ill oday rol of dark nrgy or dark mar is unlar and undidd. Thir laboraory or hysial xisn is also no y onfirmd. In his riial siuaion his aliaion an b onsidrd as a ky ool in aril osmology. No ha larg dimnsionlss onsans and omound hysial onsans rfl an inrinsi rory of naur. A rsn abov rlaion aks h following form. ln at () A rsn if obsrvd CBR mraur is T.75 K, obaind 7.5 Km/s/. Afr simlifiaion, i an b inrrd as follows. Toal hrmal nrgy in h rsn ubbl volum an b xrssd as, T at (5) h rsn lromagni onial an b xrssd as (6) Now invrs of h rsn fin sruur raio an b xrssd as T ln (7) r, in RS, dnominaor may b a rrsnaion of oal hrmal nrgy in half of h osmi shr or hrmal nrgy of any on ol of h osmi shr. Thus a any osmi im, T ln Whn, at and,. 8 (8) In his way, in a unifid mannr, h rsn fin sruur raio an b fid. From his rlaion i is ossibl o say ha, d osmologial ra of hang in fin sruur raio, d may b onsidrd as an indx of h fuur osmi alraion. any hysiiss hink i s ossibl variaion and xrimns ar in rogrss. Sifially, a varying has bn roosd as a way of solving roblms in osmology and asrohysis. or rnly, horial inrs in varying onsans (no jus ) has bn moivad by sring hory and ohr suh roosals for going byond h Sandard odl of aril hysis. In Oobr Wbb al. rord a variaion in dndn on boh rdshif and saial dirion [7]. Till oday from ground basd laboraory xrimns no variaion was noid in h magniud of h fin sruur raio. Smi mirially o a good aroximaion, i is noid ha, x ln ln x (9) 7 U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai

8 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology r x. If,. Wih his rlaion and wih rfrn o h urrn magniud of h fin sruur raio, obaind valu of h rsn ubbl s onsan is los o 7.75 km/s/..6. Th Cosmologial Rdud Plank s Consan From abov rlaions a any im an b simad and hus h osmologial rdud Plank s onsan an b obaind wih h xising dfiniion, () Wih his ida, magni momns of lron, nuron and roon an b xrssd as x m. m () whr x is a faor o b drmind. In as of lron, x, for nuron, x, and for roon, x. From abov rlaions i an b gussd ha, hr xiss a srong inronnion in bwn univrs and h ydrogn aom. Wih many numrial oinidns i is noid ha, m m () m r m an b onsidrd as h numbr of lrons in h rsn univrs of mass, If so, rsn ubbl s onsan an b xrssd as m m 7.7 km/s/ Thus i is ossibl o guss ha,. () m m onsan () Anohr vry inrsing rlaion is m m mm (5) R R No ha hr, R is h rms radius of roon [58-6]. If lron rvolvs round h roon, his xrssion an b givn a han. Th wo bs quod valus of h rms radius of roon ar.8768(69)fm and.88(67) fm [58, 59]. If so, rsn ubbl s onsan an b xrssd as mm R If o 7.69 km/s/ (6) R fm 7.69 km/s/ and if R.8768 fm km/s/. This an b omard wih h rn valu (67.8 ±.77) km/s/. rommndd by Ad, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Armiag- Calan, C.; al. [57] on arh. Anohr hararisi and inrsing rlaion is h h or Now from rlaions (7) and (9) whr (7) m m (8) R R R R m m R m m. Plas no ha no arbirary aramr is involvd in his xrssion. From unifiaion oin of viw his an b givn a han. onsidring o. Disr naur of. n m,. n m or. (9) an b obaind by n whr n,,... Comard n sms o b raial. I dirly lads o quanum graviy. Thn h disr naur of h roosd aomi graviaional onsan an b xrssd as N n.. Anyhow, i has o b disussd in dh. From rlaion (5) fin sruur raio an b xrssd as m R m (5) 8 U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai

9 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology r m is h lassial radius of lron and is h assumd rsn graviaional and lromagni inraion rang. In his ar w ar showing h diffrn ossibl ways fiing h Plank s onsan. Whhr i follows a naural logarihmi rlaion or a linar rlaion o b onfirmd. Now h fundamnal qusion o b answrd is- ow varis wih im? Answr an b obaind by analysing all h abov rlaions. I has b vrifid from h as and fuur galaxy ag and rdshif daa analysis..7. lron s Chararisi Ponial nrgy and h osmi rd shif In ydrogn aom, by rial-rror, i is noid ha, mm. m Am (5) This is an obsrvaion. r, LS = 7.56 V and RS = 7.8 V. r rror is.55%. Thus in hydrogn aom onial nrgy of lron an b xrssd as mm o. m Am (5) On simlifiaion and onsidring h assumd variabl naur of form., abov xrssion aks h following siml mm o Am (5) r rror is.77%. Wih rfrn o h rror bars [58] in h magniuds of N,, his rlaion an b givn a han. If oal nrgy is half of h onial nrgy, a rsn, in hydrogn aom, lron s hararisi disr oal nrgy [8,9] an b xrssd as mm oal n. A m whr n =,,,..A any givn osmi im, oal n. A m mm Thus i an b suggsd ha, oal (5) (55). Plas no ha, from Bohr s hory of hydrogn aom, oal. Auhors ar working on his onual varian. Soluion mainly dnds uon h origin of and i aks som im o rsolv h issu. Now wih rfrn o Bohr s sond osula, in h as, a any galaxy, mid hoon nrgy an b xrssd as Pho mm h Am n n mm Am n n Pho whr n n.a rsn mid hoon nrgy an b xrssd as mm h Pho Am n n (56) (57) Now for any quanum jum, in h as i an b shown ha, Am n n mm (58) Corrsonding o his obaind, from h rlaion is orrsonding an b simad. From and from rlaions () or (7) orrsonding CBR mraur an b simad. Thus for any galaxy, whr was laying a ky rol, orrsonding rsn osmi rd shif an b xrssd as Pho Pho z (59) Pho Now, aroximaly from rlaion () im akn by ligh o ravl from obsrvd galaxy o our galaxy or h ag diffrn of our galaxy and h obsrvd galaxy an b xrssd as z (6) Obaind has o b vrifid wih ohr dvlod absolu mhods of galaxy ag simaion. If rsn rdshif aroahs uniy, i an b suggsd ha, vn hough rsn osmi im is 7 rillion yars, our galaxy an no riv a ligh ha was mid rior o from h bginning of osmi voluion..8. Bohr radius of hydrogn aom From abov rlaions, a rsn Bohr radii in hydrogn aom an b xrssd as n. A m an mm Clarly wriing, (6) 9 U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai

10 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology a a n n an. ROL OF NUCLAR PYSICS n m m. A m N AND. To fi h rms radius of roon IN ATOIC AND Wih rfrn o h rms radius of roon [58,59], i is noid ha, R m Am m Am (65).855 fm whr (6) (6) (6). No ha, no arbirary aramr is involvd in his rlaion. Obaind valu is vry los o h rommndd rms radius of roon. This roosal may b givn a han. Any how hr i is a mus o jusify h rol of h raio m. Bu is inrraion sms o b vry omliad. Auhors ar working on his oinidn. Th wo imoran obsrvaions ar, ) Shwarzshild radius of roon whr h oraing graviaional onsan is N and ) raviaional and lromagni for raio of roon whr h oraing graviaional onsan is.. To fi h rsn ubbl s onsan From rlaions (6) and (65) m m m N m N From his omound rlaion, or simad in a unifid mannr. or m N m N an b (66) (67) Wih rfrn o rlaion (65) rsn magniud of ubbl s onsan an b xrssd as m m N rad/s 69.6 km/s/. (68) This an b omard wih h rn valu (rommndd by C. L. Bnn al [56] on Dmbr ) km/s/. This is a rmarkabl oinidn and sms o lay a vial rol in fuur unifid hysis. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS Wih rfrn o h rsn ons of osmi alraion and wih laboraory xrimns on may no did whhr univrs is alraing or dlraing. any xrimns ar undr rogrss o d and onfirm h xisn of dark mar and dark nrgy. Along wih hs xrimns if on is willing o hink in his nw dirion, from aomi and nular inus, i may b ossibl o vrify h fuur osmi alraion. Wih h roosd ons and wih h advaning sin and hnology, from h ground basd laboraory xrimns, from im o im h on d / d an b u for xrimnal ss. Thr is no nd o dsign a nw xrimn. Wll sablishd xrimns ar alrady availabl by whih Plank s onsan an b simad. Alrnaivly in a horial way, h roosd aliaions or smi mirial rlaions an b givn a han and h subj of lmnary aril hysis and osmology an b sudid in a unifid mannr. I is ru ha h roosd rlaions ar sulaiv and uliar also. By using h roosd rlaions and alying hm in fundamnal hysis, in du ours hir rol or xisn an b vrifid. Wih hs rlaions, ubbl onsan an b simad from aomi and nular hysial onsans. If on is abl o driv hm wih a suiabl mahmaial modl, indndn of h osmi rdshif and CBR obsrvaions, h fuur osmi alraion an b vrifid from aomi and nular hysial onsans. In undrsanding h basi ons of unifiaion or TO, rol of dark nrgy and dark mar is insignifian. Basd on h roosd rlaions and aliaions, ubbl volum or ubbl mass, an b onsidrd as a ky ool in unifiaion as wll as osmology. Considring h roosd rlaions and ons i is ossibl o say ha hr xiss a srong rlaion bwn osmi ubbl mass, Avogadro numbr and unifiaion. Now h nw s of roosd rlaions ar on o h sin ommuniy. Whhr o onsidr hm or disard hm dnds on h hysial inrraions, logis, xrimns and obsrvaions. Th mysry an b rsolvd only wih furhr rsarh, analysis, disussions and nouragmn. U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai

11 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology ACKNOWLDNTS Th firs auhor is indbd o rofssor K. V. Krishna urhy, Chairman, Insiu of Sinifi Rsarh on Vdas (I-SRV), ydrabad, India and Shri K. V. R. S. urhy, formr sinis IICT (CSIR) ov. of India, Diror, Rsarh and Dvlomn, I-SRV, for hir valuabl guidan and gra suor in dvloing his subj. RFRNCS [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam, S. Lakshminarayana, B.V.S.T. Sai. Unifid Cons in Cosmi, Aomi and Nular Physis. lobal Journal of Sin Fronir Rsarh (A) Vol. Issu,.57-65, (). [] ubbl. P, A rlaion bwn disan and radial vloiy among xra-galai nbula, PNAS, 99, vol. 5, 99, [] ubbl,.p, Th -inh lso and som roblms i may solv. PASP, 59, 5-67, 97. [] Bruno Libundgu and Jsr Sollrman. A osmologial surris: h univrs alras. urohysis Nws () Vol. No. [5] P. J.. Pbls and Bhara Rara (). Th osmologial onsan and dark nrgy. Rviws of odrn Physis 75 (): [6] Saul Prlmur, Surnova, Dark nrgy and h Alraing Univrs, Amrian Insiu of Physis, Physis Today, 5-6, Aril. [7] Joshua Friman, ihal Turnr and Dragan urr, Dark nrgy and h Alraing Univrs. Ann. Rv. Asron. Asrohys.6: 85-, 8. [8] usaha Ishak, Rmarks on h Formulaion of h Cosmologial Consan/Dark nrgy Problms, Found Phys, 7,7 98, 7. [9] J. W. offa, odifid raviy Or Dark ar? Onlin Availabl: h://arxiv.org/abs/.95v [] Narlikar, J.V, Vishwakarma,R.. and Burbidg.., Inrraions of h Alraing Univrs, Th Publiaions of h Asronomial Soiy of h Paifi, Volum, Issu 8,. 9-96,. [] Arman Shafilooa, Varun Sahnib and Alxi A. Sarobinsky, Is osmi alraion slowing down? Phys. Rv. D 8,, 9. [] Narlikar J.V. Dir Paril Formulaion of ah's Prinil. insin Sudis, vol. 6: ah's Prinil: From Nwon's Buk o Quanum raviy, Birkhausr Boson, In. Prind in h Unid Sas [] awking S.W. A brif hisory of im. Banam Dll ublishing grou.998. [] David ross, insin and h sarh for Unifiaion. Currn sin, Vol. 89, No., 5 D 5. [5] P. A.. Dira. Th osmologial onsans. Naur, 9,, 97. [6] P. A.. Dira. A nw basis for osmology. Pro. Roy. So. A 65, 99, 98 [7] J.K. Wbb al. Indiaions of a saial variaion of h fin sruur onsan. Physial Rviw lrs, 7 (9) [8] ihal J. Longo, Dion of a Diol in h anddnss of Siral alaxis wih Rdshifs z ~., Phys. L. B 699, -9. [9] S.-C. Su and.-c. Chu. Is h univrs roaing? Asrohysial Journal, 7 5. doi:.88/- 67X/7//5. [] Sidharh,B... Is h Univrs Roaing? Prsaim Journal. Oobr, Vol., Issu 7, []. Kajari al. Roaion in rlaiviy and h roagaion of ligh. Prodings of h Inrnaional Shool of Physis "nrio Frmi", Cours CLXVIII,. 5-8 (9) [] Isvan Nmi al. Visualizing idas abou odl-y roaing univrss. odl-y Saims: isory and Nw Dvlomns. (9) [] arlo Samul Brman. A nral Rlaivisi Roaing voluionary Univrs. Asrohys. Sa Si.:9-,8 []. Chalin al. Tommy old Rvisid: Why Dos No Th Univrs Roa? AIP Conf.Pro.8:6-65, 6. h://arxiv.org/abs/asro-h/59. [5] Robr V nry. Nw Cosmi Cnr Univrs odl ahs igh of Big Bang's ajor Prdiions Wihou Th F-L Paradigm. CRN rrin, XT--, Ar. [6] Kur odl. Roaing Univrss in nral Rlaiviy Thory. Prodings of h inrnaional Congrss of ahmaiians in Cambridg, : 75-8, 95. [7] Dmiri Rabounski. On h Sd of Roaion of Isoroi Sa: Insigh ino h Rdshif Problm. Th Abraham Zlmanov Journal, Vol., 9, 8-. [8] auro Dorao. On boming osmi im and roaing univrss. Tim, Raliy and xrin (rovisional il), Royal Insiu of Philosohy Sris, Cambridg Univrsiy Prss,. [9] Yuri N. Obukhov. On hysial foundaions and obsrvaional ffs of osmi Roaion. Publishd in Colloquium on Cosmi Roaion, ds. Shrfnr, T. Chrobok and. Shfaa (Wissnshaf und Thnik Vrlag: Brlin, ) h://arxiv.org/abs/asro-h/86v,7augus. [] U.V.S. Sshavaharam, Physis of Roaing and xanding Blak ol Univrs, Progrss in Physis, vol., 7-,. [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam. Th Primordial Cosmi Blak ol and h Cosmi Axis of vil. Inrnaional Journal of Asronomy, (): -7 DOI:.59/j.asronomy.. [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana.. Is Plank s onsan a osmologial variabl? Prodings of -nd Inrnaional Confrn on Thorial Physis. osow.. 7. Inrnaional Journal of Asronomy, (): -5 DOI:.59/j.asronomy... U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai

12 Aom, Avogadro Numbr and Aomi Cosmology [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana.. Quanum hanis, Cosmi Alraion and CB Radiaion. lobal Journal of Sin Fronir Rsarh (A) Vol. Issu,.7, (). [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana. Th Rdud Plank s Consan, ah s Prinil, Cosmi Alraion and h Blak ol Univrs. Journal of Physial Sin and Aliaion (A) () () - 7 [5] Abdus Salam. Srong Inraions, raviaion and Cosmology. Publ. in: NATO Advand Sudy Insiu, ri, Jun6-July 6, 97. [6] Salam A, Sivaram C. Srong raviy Aroah o QCD and Confinmn. od. Phys. L., 99, v. A8(), -6. [7] Rami. lmnary Parils as iro-univrss, and Srong Blak-hols : A Bi-Sal Aroah o raviaional and Srong Inraions. Prrin NSF-ITP--9. osd in h arxivs as h -rin hysis/559, and rfrns hrin. [8] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana, Rol of Avogadro numbr in grand unifiaion. adroni Journal. Vol-, No 5, O. 5. [9] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana, To onfirm h xisn of aomi graviaional onsan. adroni journal, Vol-, No, Aug. 79. [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana.. SUSY and srong nular graviy in (-6) V mass rang. adroni journal, Vol-, No, Jun,.77 [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana.. Srong nular graviy - a brif ror. adroni journal, Vol-, No, Aug... [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana.. Nulus in Srong nular graviy. Prodings of h DA Sym. on Nul. Phys. 56 ().. [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana. Ingral harg SUSY in Srong nular graviy. Prodings of h DA Sym. on Nul. Phys. 56 ().8. [] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana.. Aom, univrs and h fundamnal inraions. lobal Journal of Sin Fronir Rsarh (A) Vol. Issu 5,., (). [5] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana.. Alraing univrs and h xanding aom. adroni journal, Vol-5, No,.7. [6] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana. Pas, rsn and fuur of h Avogadro numbr. lobal Journal of Sin Fronir Rsarh (A) Vol. Issu 7,.7, (). [7] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana. To undrsand h four osmologial inraions. Inrnaional Journal of Asronomy, (5): 5- DOI:.59/j.asronomy.5.5. [8] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana. ubbl volum and h fundamnal inraions. Inrnaional Journal of Asronomy, (5): 87- DOI:.59/j.asronomy.5. [9] U. V. S. Sshavaharam and S. Lakshminarayana. olar lron mass and h basis of TO. Journal of Nular and Paril Physis, (6): - DOI:.59/j.jn.6. [5] U. V. S. Sshavaharam, S. Lakshminarayana. Logi Bhind h Squard Avogadro Numbr and SUSY. Inrnaional Journal of Alid and Naural Sins(IJANS) ISSN 9- Vol., Issu, ay, -. [5] N. Bohr. On h Consiuion of Aoms and oluls. (Par- ) Philos. ag. 6, 9 [5] N. Bohr. On h Consiuion of Aoms and oluls. (Par-, Sysms onaining only a Singl Nulus). Philos. ag. 6, 76, 9 [5] J.V. Narlikar, Inroduion o osmology, Cambridg Univ. Prss,, 9. [5] S.N.Bos. Plank s Law and Ligh Quanum yohsis. Zishrif fur Physik, 6, J. Amrian Journal of Physis.Vol. No., 976. Asrohys. Asr. 5, [55] hra J and Rhnbrg. Th isorial dvlomn of Quanum hory. Sringr Vrlog. Char [56] C. L. Bnn al, Nin-Yar Wilkinson irowav Anisoroy Prob (WAP) Obsrvaions: Final as and Rsuls. Submid o Asrohysial Journal Sulmn Sris. h://arxiv.org/abs/.55v. [57] Ad, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Armiag-Calan, C.; al. (Plank Collaboraion). Plank rsuls. I. Ovrviw of rodus and sinifi rsuls ( arh ) Asronomy & Asrohysis (submid). arxiv:.56 (h://arxiv.org/abs/.56). [58] P. J. ohr and B.N. Taylor, CODATA Rommndd Valus of h Fundamnal Physial Consans.7. ://hysis.nis.gov/onsans. [59] ihal O. Dislr al. Th RS Charg Radius of h Proon and Zmah omns. Phys. L.B. 696: - 7, [6] Ingo Sik. On h rms-radius of h roon. Phys.L.B576:6-67, [6] igr and arsdn. On a diffus raion of h arils. Pro. Roy. So., Sr. A 8: 95-5, 99. [6]. Yukawa. On h Inraion of lmnary Parils. Pro. Phys. ah. So. Ja. 7 (8). 95. U. V. S. Sshavaharam, Prof. S. Lakshminarayana and Prof. B.V.S.T. Sai