June To the Students Taking Algebra at Baines for the School Year:

Transcription

1 June 07 To the Students Taking Algebra at Baines for the School Year: Next year will be an exciting and challenging year as you take high school credit Pre-AP Algebra I. We spend very little time reviewing concepts from 7 th and 8 th grade math as you are already expected to be proficient with all content through 8 th grade math before taking Algebra. Some of the important skills you need to have in order to be successful in algebra include: integer operations, decimal operations, fraction operations, exponents and square roots, order of operations, evaluating expressions, solving - and -step equations and inequalities, statistics, geometry, functions and measurement concepts. This packet has been put together with those skills in mind. To help you strengthen and keep your math skills over the summer, we would like you to complete this packet. If you work one to two pages each week, you'll have the packet completed by the beginning of the school year. This packet will be your first grade in Algebra class. It is due the first full week of school and will be followed with a test over the content in this packet. If you feel you need extra practice beyond that provided in this packet there are several resources available online or in the public library. In order to receive credit for this packet, you must show all work (on notebook paper if there isn t enough room on the page.) Though graphing calculators will frequently be used in class, a graphing calculator is not required for this packet. Calculators are a tool that you may use to help you solve the problems except on pages that specify no calculator. However, answers with no work will receive no credit! We also recommend that you look for a graphing calculator over the summer. Class sets of TI Nspire CX graphing calculators are available for use during the school day, but calculators are not available for check-out. We strongly suggest you purchase a TI Nspire CX for use at home. We hope you have an enjoyable summer. We look forward to meeting you next year. Sincerely, Baines Middle School Algebra Teachers Show ALL work where applicable. You are permitted to complete your work on separate notebook paper if you need additional space. Answers with no work will receive no credit! If you need to reprint any portion of this packet, go to The summer packet will be linked to the BMS homepage.

2 Objective: Adding and subtracting with integers. Review the following addition and subtraction rules. To add two numbers with the same sign, add their absolute values. The sum has the same sign as the numbers. To add two numbers with different signs, find the difference of their absolute values. The sum has the same sign as the number with the greater absolute value. Rewrite subtraction problems as addition problems by adding the opposite of the second value. To subtract a number, add its opposite. (Some students may be familiar with add a line, change the sign. ) Objective: Multiplying and dividing integers. Review the following multiplication and division rules: The product or quotient of two positive numbers is positive. The product or quotient of two negative numbers is positive. The product or quotient of a negative number and a positive number is negative. It is mathematically incorrect to divide by 0. When dividing by zero in arithmetic, the answer is undefined. ) ( 5)( ) ) 7 + ( ) ) 5* 0 ) ( ) 5) ( ) + 7 6) ( 5)(5) 7) ( 56) ( 7) 8) 9 9) ( )( 5)() 0) 5*( )( 8) ) ( )( 5)( ) ) 69 ( ) ) ( 57) ( ) ) 65 ( 5) 5) 75 ( 05) 6) ( 99) + ( 77) + ( ) 7) ( 5) 8) ) 8 + ( 0) ( 7) 0) ) 60 5 ) + ( 8) ( ) 7 ) + ( 7) ( 0) + 6 ) + ( 0) 8 ( ) 5) ( )( )(6)( ) 6) ) ( 7)( )( 5)( ) 8) ( )(6)( 5)( 6) 9) 0 0) 5 ( 6) ) 8 ) 5 0

3 Objective: Exponents and Square Roots Write each expression using exponents a. 5 q q q. 7 a 9 b a 7 b 9 b a Evaluate each expression.. 5. Find each square root ) ( ± ± Estimate each square root to the nearest whole number Order from least to greatest: 9, 7, 8, 5

4 Objective: Evaluate Expressions To evaluate, or find the value of, an algebraic expression, first replace the variable or variables with the known values to produce a numerical expression, one with only numbers and operations. Then find the value of the expression using the order of operations. Evaluate each expression if w =, x = 6, y =, and z = 5. Evaluate each expression if a =, b =, and c = 6. ) x + y 8) a( + b) c ) z w 9) ( ab 9) c ) ) 5) 6) 7) 9 + 7x wx (wx) x z + wz y + 6 y 0) b + b 7 ) a + a c bc + ( b ) ) ab + bc b 8 Evaluate each expression if p = 5 and q =. ) q q + ( p + ) 5F 60 ) When a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit F is known, the expression can 9 be used to find the temperature in degrees Celsius, C. If a thermometer shows that the temperature is 50 F, what is the temperature in degrees Celsius? 70 + m 5) The cost of renting a car for a day is given by the expression, where m is 0 he number of miles driven. How much would it cost to rent a car for one day and drive 50 miles? 6) Philip is able to spin his yo-yo along a circular path. The yo-yo is kept in motion by mv a force which can be determined by the expression (m = mass, v = velocity, r and r = radius.) Evaluate the expression when the m = 0. kg, the v = m/s and the r =.5 m. (Force is measured in Newtons.)

5 Objective: Evaluate Expressions, continued. 7) m + m( 6 + n) if m = and n = ) n ( m ( + m)) if m = and n = 8) p( q q) if p = 6 and q = 5) ( 6 x)( y x) if x = and y = 9) j ( + k) if j = and k = 5 6) y + 6 x + z if x =, y = 5, and z = 0) x ( x xy) if x = 5 and y = 7) q p if = p and q = ) j ( + h ) if h = and j = 8) p q 6 if p = and q = 6 x if x = and y = 5 ) ( y ) 6 9) + y ( z + z) if y = 6 and z = ) 6 ( a a) b if a = and b = 0) x ( y + x) 5 if x = 5 and y = 6

6 Objective: Write Expressions, Equations, and Inequalities Translate each phrase into an algebraic expression, an equation, or an inequality.. A number decreased by is equal to The quotient of a number and is.. The quotient of n and 5 is equal to Eleven more than a is greater than 7.. A number decreased by is equal to Twice z is greater than.. 6 more than n is less than or equal to A number squared is. 5. Twice u is less than or equal to.. The sum of a number and 5 is A number y cubed is 8.. A number squared is less than x cubed. Half of x is greater than or equal to. 8. Fourteen less than n is greater than 7.. Twice v is greater than or equal to. 9. the product of 7 and n 5. a number minus fourteen 0. A number x added to is greater than eight more than twice k. Eight less than y is less than or equal to the sum of twelve and five times a number. half of z. the product of n and 9. A number n decreased by 5 is the difference of 7 and x 8. When a number is multiplied by 6, the result is Twenty-four minus the product of x and 8 is When is subtracted from three times a number, the result is. 6. a number increased by 7. Forty-eight is equal to eight times the quantity r minus 9.

7 Objective: Translate word problems into equations. For each word problem, identify the variable and then write an equation. The first one is done as an example.. Chelsea and her friend found some money under the couch. They split the money evenly, each getting $.55. Write an equation to represent how much money they found. a. Let m = the amount of money the girls found. m b. Equation: 55 =.. A colony of ants carried away 9 of your muffins. That was 8 of all of them! Write an equation that would represent how many muffins you had before the ants stole some of them.. Your father gave you $ with which to buy a present. This covered 7 6 of the cost. What equation would be used to find the cost of the present?. Castel and his best friend found some money in an envelope. They split the money evenly, each getting $5.. Write an equation to represent how much money they found. 5. Write an equation to represent Daniel s age if he will be 58 years old in years. 6. Last week Kali ran.6 miles more than Abhasra. Kali ran.9 miles. Write an equation to represent the number of miles that Abhasra ran. 7. Kim sold half her comic books and then bought sixteen more. She now has. Write an equation that would represent the number of comic books she started with.

8 8. Scott had some candy to give to his four children. He first took 7 pieces for himself and then evenly split the rest among his children. If each child received three pieces of candy, write an equation to represent how many pieces Scott started with. 9. Write an equation to represent how old I am if 500 reduced by times my age is. 0. Jasmine bought five posters. A week later, half of all of her posters were destroyed in a fire. If there are only 8 posters left, write an equation to represent how many posters she started with.. Wilbur s Bikes rents bikes for $0 plus $5 per hour. John paid $50 to rent a bike. Write an equation to represent how many hours he rented the bike.. Ron won pieces of gum playing horseshoes at the county fair. At school, he gave three pieces to every student in his Algebra class. Write an equation to represent how many students are in his class if he only has pieces left.. Mei was going to sell all of her stamp collection to buy a video game. After selling half of them, she changed her mind. She then bought 6 more stamps. Write an equation to represent the number of stamps she started with if she now has stamps.. Half of your baseball card collection got wet and was ruined. You bought 0 cards to replace some that were lost. Write an equation to represent how many cards you had before the fire if you now have 5 cards.

9 Objective: Translating Expressions Translate each algebraic expression into a verbal expression. The first has been done for you as an example.. a(b + c) the number a multiplied by the sum of b and c. rs 8. x(y z). rs + tu 5. mn 6. j(w + v) u p (t 7) 9. d xy 0. (a + b) ru. xy + ab. r r + t t. abc m. 5 n 5. j (t b) 6. (k 5)u

10 Objective: Solve One-Step Equations. k = 7 9. x + ( 9) = 0. n ( 69) = a = 5. 8 = n 8 x. = = 99 b. 75 = 5n x = = 6 + p 6. = a 7. 5 = 55 m 7. 6 = + r 5. x ( 8) = n = x + ( ) = 7

11 Objective: Solve Two-Step Equations. 7 n 5 = 5 9. x + 8 = x + 9. = m = 60. b = 8 x. 0 + = r = m = 9 + n. = 6. + m = k. = 5 + n 7. = 5. n + 8 = x 9 = 89 + x 5. = 6

12 Objective: Solve One- and Two-Step Equations Mixed Practice. Two angles are complementary angles. If one angle measures 7, write and solve an equation to find the missing angle measure.. On one day in Fairfield, Montana, the temperature dropped 8 F from noon to midnight. If the temperature at midnight was - F, write and solve an equation to determine the temperature at noon that day. Solve and check.. y + = 0 8. = 5 x. = g +. g = 9. x =. 5 + y = b = = 5n 0. = j. h + 9 = 5. 5 w = 8 7. c 8 =. 7 = 6 p 5 6. x 7 =

13 Objective: Solve and Graph Inequalities Solve each inequality and then graph the solution set on the number line.. x + > 8 9. x + 7 < 9. 5x < x 6. x + 5 <. x. 6x + 8. x x < 5. x + 7 < x 9. 5 x 7. x x < x > 7 6. x 8

14 Objective: Pythagorean Theorem (solve for hypotenuse)

15 Objective: The Pythagorean Theorem

16 Objective: Applying the Pythagorean Theorem on the Coordinate Plane Round your answers to the nearest hundredth when necessary.. Find the length of the hypotenuse.. Find the distance between the two points. ( 5, 6) (, 6) ( 5, 6). Find the length of the line segment. 5. Find the perimeter of the parallelogram. (.5, 5) (.5, 5). Find the distance between the two points. 6. Find the perimeter of the trapezoid.

17 Objective: Sets and Subsets The Real Number System Real numbers consist of all of the rational and irrational numbers. Natural numbers are the set of counting numbers. Whole numbers are the set of numbers that include 0 plus the set of natural numbers. Integers are the set of whole numbers and their opposites. Rational numbers are any numbers that can be expressed in the form of, where a and b are integers, and b 0. They can always be expressed by using terminating decimals or repeating decimals. Terminating decimals are decimals that contain a finite number of digits. Repeating decimals are decimals that contain an infinite number of digits. Irrational numbers are any numbers that cannot be expressed as. They are expressed as nonterminating, non-repeating decimals; decimals that go on forever without repeating a pattern. Non-Real Numbers Rational numbers Integers Real numbers Whole numbers Irrational numbers Counting numbers Place the numbers in each region of the diagram to illustrate numbers that are unique to that classification. Tell whether each number is a Real number or non-real number, irrational or rational number, integer, whole number, and/or counting number. List all that apply. a) 5 b) -0 c) d) 0 e) 5.7 f) g) h) i) 0... j) k) l) 0

18 Objective: Sets and Subsets, cont. Respond to each statement with always, sometimes, or never. Explain your reasoning. If sometimes, give an example and a non-example. If never, change the underlined word or phrase in the statement to make it true.. Real numbers are rational numbers.. A repeating decimal is a rational number.. Fractions are rational numbers.. Negative numbers are integers. 5. Irrational numbers can be written as fractions. 6. ½ is classified as an integer. 7. Real numbers are integers. 8. Whole numbers are integers. 9. Integers are whole numbers. 0. A non-terminating decimal is an irrational number.

19 Objective: Add and Subtract Fractions. Review the rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing integers. The same rules apply when adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing decimals and fractions. Find common denominators and equivalent fractions when adding and subtracting. Always simplify the answers. Write each answer as a proper fraction or mixed number.. ( 7) ( ) ( ) ( )

20 Objective: Multiply and Divide Fractions. Review the rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing integers. The same rules apply when adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing decimals and fractions. Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators when multiplying fractions. If either of the multipliers are mixed numbers, change them to improper fractions. To divide fractions: Find the reciprocal of the second fraction (divisor) and then multiply by the first fraction (dividend). For example: 7 Always simplify the answers. Write each answer as a proper fraction or mixed number. = = = * 6. 7 * * *

21 Objective: Decimal and Fraction Operations Mixed Practice When you encounter a fraction and a decimal in the same problem, convert one or the other. When trying to convert a fraction to a decimal, you can NOT use a repeating decimal in your calculations. In that case, you must convert all numbers to fractions. Always simplify the answers. In general, if a problem has fractions, answer should be in fraction form. If the problem has decimals, the answer should be in decimal form. If both, you choose ) ) ( ) 7 ) ) ( 0.9) 5 7 ) ).9 (.08) 5) 6) ) 9 ( 7.9) ) ) ( 0.5)( 0.9) 0) (7.) ) ( ) ). 5 ) 0.6 ( ) 6) ( 0.05) 5 7) ) 6 7 9) ) ( ) ) ). 0 + ) ( )

22 Objective: Using the order of operations. Order of Operations:. Perform any operations inside grouping symbols (parentheses.). Simplify any term with exponents.. Multiply and divide in order from left to right.. Add and subtract in order from left to right. Many students use PEMDAS or GEMDAS to help them remember the order to perform operations. Parentheses/Grouping symbols Exponents Multiply and Divide Add and Subtract. Order of Operations with Integers Simplify the following expressions. Show all work under each problem or use notebook paper. Next to each step, write the operation you used to simplify that step.. ( 9 ( 9 + ( 8) + )) (5 8) (6 ( ) 6. (6 ( 7) ( ) ( ) (7 0) 8. ( 5) (6 0 ) 8. ( 5 ( ( ))) 9. ( ) + 5 ( 6 9) 9. ( ) ( ( 7)) 5. ( 6 ) 0. (( 9 ( 9)) ) ( ). ( 7 ( )) + ( ) + 0

23 Objective: Using the order of operations - Fractions. Simplify the following expressions. Show all work under each problem or use notebook paper. Next to each step, write the operation you used to simplify that step

24 Objective: Using the order of operations - Decimals. Simplify the following expressions. Show all work under each problem or use notebook paper. Next to each step, write the operation you used to simplify that step (.5 ( 7. (.8))). 6. ( ) ( 5.5) ( 5.5) ( ) ( 0.8). ( 0.9 ( 5) 5.) (.) 6.. ( )

25 Objective: Using the order of operations Mixed Practice. Simplify the following expressions. Show all work under each problem or use notebook paper. Next to each step, write the operation you used to simplify that step. ) 5 7 0) 5 * ) 7 * ) (7 + )( ) + 9 ) ( 7) ) 8 ( 9 5 5) ) + (-7) 8 (-) ) ) ) 5 (6 ) 6) 6(5 + 6) 5) ( 9 0) (5 / ) 7) + 6) 8 8) + 6 Insert grouping symbols ( ) to make the equation true. 7) 8 + = 9) ) = 55

26 Objective: Statistics The mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency. To calculate the mean of a set of data, find the average. To find the median of a set of data, order the data and find the middle number. The mode is the data that occurs most often. It is possible to have no mode or more than one mode. The range and interquartile range are measures of variation. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the data set. Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the set of data:, 8,, 9, 0,, 6,, 5 ) mean ) mode ) median ) range Find the range, median, upper and lower quartiles, and interquartile range for each set of data. 5., 6, 8,, 9, 5, range median upper quartile lower quartile interquartile range 6. 9, 9, 88, 89, 9, 95, 65, 85, 9 range median upper quartile lower quartile interquartile range Which measure of central tendency would you use to find: 7) the middle-most salary of teachers working in Fort Bend ISD? 8) the radio station your friends like the best? 9) your favorite baseball player s batting average?

27 Objective: Geometry, The Coordinate Plane Name the ordered pair for each point. Then identify the Quadrant in which it is located. Each gridline on the graph is one unit.

28 Objective: Geometry, Transformations A transformation is a mapping of a geometric figure. Transformations include dilations, reflections, and translations. (Rotations will be taught in high school geometry classes.) The original figure (before the transformation is performed) is called the pre-image. The new figure is called the image. If the vertex of the pre-image is point A, the vertex of the image is called A' (read A prime.) Translations When a figure is translated, every point is moved the same distance and in the same direction. The translated image is congruent to the pre-image and has the same orientation. A translation is sometimes called a slide because it looks like you simply slide the pre-image over to create the image. Reflections To perform a reflection: For each vertex, count the number of units between the vertex and the line of symmetry. Count the same number of units between the vertex and the line of symmetry but on the other side of the line of symmetry and mark the new points. Dilations To perform a dilation, multiply each x and y value of each point by the scale factor. If the image is larger than the pre-image, the dilation is called an enlargement. If the image is smaller than the pre-image, the dilation is called a reduction

29 Objective: Geometry and Measurement Surface Area (Prisms and Pyramids)

30 Objective: Geometry and Measurement Surface Area (Cylinders)

31 Objective: Geometry and Measurement Volume (Prisms)

32 Objective: Geometry and Measurement Volume (Cylinders)

33 LESSON 6- Identifying and Representing Functions A relation is a set of ordered pairs. {(, ), (, ), (5, 6)} The input values are the first numbers in each pair. {(, ), (, ), (5, 6)} The output values are the second numbers in each pair. {(, ), (, ), (5, 6)} Circle each input value. Underline each output value.. {(, ), (, ), (, 5)}. {(6, ), (5, ), (, 8)} A relation is a function when each input value is paired with only one output value. The relation below is a function. The relation below is not a function. Input value is paired with only one output, 5. Input value is paired with only one output,. Input value is paired with only one output,. Input value is paired with two outputs, and. Tell whether each relation is a function. Explain how you know.. {(, 5), (, 7), (6, 5), (9, 8}. {(, ), (, 8), (, 6), (, 8)} 5. 6.

34 LESSON 6- Describing Functions Graph y = x +. Step : Make a table of values. Input, x x + Output, y (x, y) + = 0 0 (, 0) = (0, ) + = (, ) + = 5 5 (, 5) Step : Step : Graph the ordered pairs, (x, y). Draw a line through the points. Complete the table. Graph the function.. y = x + Input, x x + Output, y (x, y) + = (, ) 0 + = 6 8 A function is linear if: the graph is a line, and the equation can be written in the form y = mx + b. A linear function is proportional if its graph passes through the origin, (0, 0). If the graph is not a line, then the function is nonlinear. Linear: y = mx + b y = x y = x + y = 5x y = 5x + 0 Proportional: y = 5x 0 = 5(0) Not proportional: y = x 0 (0) Describe each function. Write linear, proportional, or nonlinear... y = x + 5.

35 LESSON 6- Comparing Functions Functions can be represented in many forms. You can identify the slope and y-intercept from any format. Representation Slope y-intercept Equation written in slope-intercept form: y = mx + b Table of values Graph Value of m Substitute any two ordered pairs into the slope formula. y y m = x x Choose two points on the line. Find the ratio of vertical change to horizontal change. Value of b Substitute the slope and one ordered pair (x, y) into the slope-intercept formula. y = mx + b Solve for b. Find the point where the line crosses the y-axis. You may need to extend the graph. Find the slopes and y-intercepts of the linear functions f and g. Then compare the graphs of the two functions.. f(x) = x x 0 6 g(x) 5 8 slope of f = y-intercept of f: slope of g = y-intercept of g:. f(x) = 6x slope: of f = of g = y-intercept: of f = of g =

36 LESSON 6- Comparing Functions Problem Example Rate of Change Initial Value Words A bird in the sky flies down. It starts 700 feet above the ground. Each second it gets 5 feet lower. Flies down 5 ft/s: m = 5 Starts at 700 ft: b = 700 Graph For every -second increase on the x-axis (Time), there is a 5-foot decrease on the f-axis. 5 m = The line crosses the f-axis at 700. b = 700 = 5 Time (s) Height (ft) Table Equation f(x) = 5x How can you find the rate of change from a table? Using points (0, 700) and (, 685): m = 0 = 5 = 5 THINK: f(x) = mx + b m = 5 When Time is 0 s, Height is 700 ft. b = 700 THINK: f(x) = mx + b b = 700. Which function representation is easiest for you to use? Explain.

37 LESSON 6- Identifying and Representing Functions In a function no input value can have more than one output value. Examples Non-Examples {(, ), (, ), (, 5), (6, 8)} {(, ), (, ), (, 5), (, 8)} Input 5 Output Input Output Answer the following.. Give your own example of a function. Draw a mapping that is not a function. in table form. Input Output. Explain why the relation in problem is not a function. Tell whether each of the following is a function. Write yes or no.. Input Output