Physics *P43118A0128* Pearson Edexcel GCE P43118A. Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1: Physics on the Go. Tuesday 20 May 2014 Morning Time: 1 hour 30 minutes

Transcription

1 Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel GCE Physics Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1: Physics on the Go Centre Number Candidate Number Tuesday 20 May 2014 Morning Time: 1 hour 30 minutes You must have: Ruler, protractor Paper Reference 6PH01/01 Total Marks P43118A 2014 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/ Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided there may be more space than you need. Information The total mark for this paper is 80. The marks for each question are shown in brackets use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet. Candidates may use a scientific calculator. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. *P43118A0128* Turn over

2 SECTION A Answer ALL questions. For questions 1 10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box. If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross. 1 Select the answer in which both quantities are vectors. A acceleration, speed B displacement, velocity C mass, time D power, weight (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) 2 A tennis ball hits a wall perpendicularly at a speed of 4 m s and rebounds at the same speed. 4 m s Taking the initial velocity as positive, the change in velocity is A 4 m s B 8 m s C 0 m s D 8 m s (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) 2 *P43118A0228*

3 3 A mass of 0.05 kg is lifted at a slow steady speed by a 5 W electric motor. The height the mass rises in 8 s is found using 5 A B C D (Total for Question 3 = 1 mark) 4 A child slides down four frictionless slides A, B, C and D. A B C D The speed of the child at the bottom of slides A, B, C and D is given by v A, v B, v C and v D respectively. Choose the correct statement. A v A = v B = v C = v D B v A > v B and v C > v D C v A > v B > v C = v D D v A > v C and v B > v D (Total for Question 4 = 1 mark) *P43118A0328* 3 Turn over

4 5 is extended. The elastic potential energy The extension of the wire is found using A B C D (Total for Question 5 = 1 mark) 6 Q and R are drops of two different fluids which have been placed on one end of a tile. The tile is then tilted. The diagram shows how the drops spread down the tile. Q R start position Which could be a correct explanation for the different lengths shown? A R has a greater viscosity than Q. B R has a greater density than Q. C R has a greater temperature than Q. D All of the above. (Total for Question 6 = 1 mark) 4 *P43118A0428*

5 7 A small object is falling at terminal velocity in a large container of oil. Which diagram correctly represents, in magnitude and direction, the forces acting on the object as it reaches terminal velocity? W = weight U = upthrust D = drag D U D U U D U D W W W W A B C D (Total for Question 7 = 1 mark) 8 A force F is resolved into two components, F h and F v, at right angles to one another. F v F F h Which statement is not true? A Decreasing increases the magnitude of F h. B Increasing increases the magnitude of F v. C F h and F v have magnitudes that when added together give a total equal to the magnitude of F. D F h and F v have magnitudes that when added together give a total greater than the magnitude of F. (Total for Question 8 = 1 mark) *P43118A0528* 5 Turn over

6 9 A car of mass m travelling with a velocity v comes to rest over a distance d in time t. The constant frictional force acting on the car while it is braking is found using A B C D mv 2t 2mv t 2 mv 2d 2mv d 2 (Total for Question 9 = 1 mark) 10 An experiment is carried out to find a value for g, the acceleration of free fall. A weighted card of known length l is dropped through two light gates. The light gates are attached to a data logger and a computer. By inputting the length of the card into the computer two values of velocity and the time interval between them can be obtained. Using these values of velocity, a value of g can be determined. l to data logger and computer light gate 2 Assuming that air resistance is negligible, which of the following would produce a more reliable value of g? A Drop the card from a greater height. B Ensure that the card is dropped from rest. C Make the card shorter. D Move the light gates further apart. (Total for Question 10 = 1 mark) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS 6 *P43118A0628*

7 BLANK PAGE *P43118A0728* 7 Turn over

8 SECTION B Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. * 11 A student is asked to calculate the magnitude of a weight required to keep a spherical helium filled balloon stationary in the air. weight The only measurement taken is the diameter d of the balloon. The student is given the values of the density of air a, the density of helium h and gravitational field strength g. (a) Using the symbols given, write an expression for (i) the volume V of the balloon (ii) the mass of the helium inside the balloon (iii) the mass of the air displaced by the balloon (iv) the upthrust on the balloon.. 8 *P43118A0828*

9 (b) Assuming the weight of the balloon and string are negligible, write an expression for the magnitude of the required weight... (Total for Question 11 = 5 marks) *P43118A0928* 9 Turn over

10 12 (a) On a cold night ice forms over the surface of a small garden pond. The next day, the air temperature rises and the ice begins to melt slowly. Melting can be speeded up by breaking the ice with a hammer. (i) State the property of ice which means that it can be broken with a hammer. (ii) Suggest why the broken ice melts more quickly. (b) Ice is a hard material. (i) Define the term hard. (ii) The hardness of ice increases as its temperature decreases. Explain why skaters often call colder ice fast ice and warmer ice slow ice, due to this variation in hardness. (2) (Total for Question 12 = 5 marks) 10 *P43118A01028*

11 13 A copper wire and a steel wire of identical lengths l are soldered together. The compound wire is stretched by a force F copper wire steel wire l l m 2 m 2 Pa Pa (a) (i) Show that the extension of the copper wire is about twice the extension of the steel wire. (3).. (ii) Hence calculate the extension of the copper wire. (2) Extension =... (b) When the applied force is increased, it is found that the ratio of the extension of the copper wire to the extension of the steel wire becomes much greater. State the property of the copper that accounts for this high value of the ratio. (Total for Question 13 = 6 marks) *P43118A01128* 11 Turn over

12 14 A student rows across a river heading from point A. Her boat is headed in a direction at.. riverbank A river riverbank (a) Calculate the velocity of her boat relative to the riverbank. (4)... Magnitude of velocity =... Angle of velocity to the riverbank = *P43118A01228*

13 and A On the grid below draw a scaled vector diagram to determine the velocity of the boat. (3) Magnitude of velocity =... Angle of velocity to the riverbank =... (Total for Question 14 = 7 marks) *P43118A01328* 13 Turn over

14 15 Solid carbon dioxide changes state directly from solid to gas. This process is called sublimation. Solid carbon dioxide, when placed on water, will move rapidly across the surface due to jets of ejected gas. The diagram below shows the direction of movement for two large pieces of solid carbon dioxide placed on water. Y X *(a) When placed at rest on water, piece X begins to move rapidly in the direction shown. (5) 14 *P43118A01428*

15 (b) When placed at rest on water, piece Y remained in one position whilst spinning around. Suggest why piece Y remains in one position. (2)... (Total for Question 15 = 7 marks) *P43118A01528* 15 Turn over

16 16 A basketball is dropped vertically onto the horizontal ground and bounces twice before being caught. The graph shows how the velocity of the basketball varies with time. 5 4 X Velocity / m s Y 0.8 Time / s 2 Z 4 5 W (a) Suggest why the downward sloping lines are all parallel.. (b) (i) State the reason for the upwardly sloping dotted lines.. (ii) Describe how the gradient of the dotted lines would change if the basketball was not fully inflated. 16 *P43118A01628*

17 (c) Calculate the initial height through which the basketball fell. (2)... Height =... mass of ball = 0.4 kg (2). (ii) Hence calculate the height of the basketball at Y. (2).. Height =... (e) The velocity of the basketball on impact at W is greater than the velocity on impact at Z. State a reason for the difference in velocities at W and Z.. (Total for Question 16 = 10 marks) *P43118A01728* 17 Turn over

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19 17 Air resistance is the greatest source of friction opposing the motion of cyclists. In addition to lightweight, streamlined equipment and clothing, the position of a cyclist amongst the other cyclists can reduce the amount of air resistance acting on him. Clive Rose Getty Images (a) (i) The air flow behind the lead cyclist becomes turbulent. lead cyclist Draw in the air flow around the lead cyclist, labelling the regions of laminar and turbulent flow. (2) (ii) The lead cyclist uses about a third more energy than those behind him. Explain this statement using the idea of the relative velocity between the cyclist and the air around him. (2). *P43118A01928* 19 Turn over

20 (b) As the speed of a cyclist increases, the air resistance acting on him becomes proportional to the square of his speed. i.e. air resistance = constant speed 2 The cyclist has a power output P when travelling at a certain constant speed. He then doubles his speed. Calculate his new power output as a multiple of P. (3) Power =... the building was considered as a factor that could affect the speed of the cyclists. The graph shows how the drag on a typical cyclist varies over a range of velocities Velocity / m s 20 *P43118A02028*

21 (i) Explain which is the most suitable temperature to use in the velodrome. Temperature =.... (ii) The table shows the drag forces acting on a cyclist travelling at a speed of.. Calculate the difference between the work the cyclist must do when cycling the (2) Difference =... (Total for Question 17 = 10 marks) *P43118A02128* 21 Turn over

22 18 The monkey and hunter is a thought experiment to illustrate the independence of the horizontal and vertical motion of a projectile. A student models the experiment by projecting a table tennis ball horizontally at a toy monkey. The ball and monkey are initially at the same height, 0.25 m, above the bench. The monkey drops at the instant the ball is projected. The monkey and the ball will always meet irrespective of their horizontal separation. ball released here electromagnet releases the monkey as the ball is projected 0.25 m (a) (i) Show that the time taken for the ball to fall to the bench is about 0.2 s. (2). Calculate the horizontal distance that the ball should travel if the ball is to hit the monkey as it reaches the bench. (2) Horizontal distance = *P43118A02228*

23 (b) A variation of this experiment is where the monkey is initially higher so that the ball has to be projected upwards towards the monkey. The two objects will still always meet. (i) Complete the diagram above to show the paths of the ball and the monkey. horizontal. If the monkey is at a horizontal distance of 0.50 m, how far will it have fallen when it meets the ball? (2) (3) Distance fallen =... (Total for Question 18 = 9 marks) *P43118A02328* 23 Turn over

24 19 The forces between the two atoms in a molecule of hydrogen can be modelled using a nucleus nucleus of atom (a) When the atoms are squashed together by a force F, the spring is under compression. Force F applied F nucleus nucleus F When the force F acts on the atoms, the separation between the nuclei becomes equal to the diameter of the atom. Calculate the force F. diameter of atom m (3). Force = *P43118A02428*

25 (b) A student carries out an experiment to model the forces between atoms. A varying force is applied to the end of a spring. The student measures the length of the spring and calculates the extension for each force applied. The student plots the following graph. Extension / cm (i) Explain the shape of the graph. (3). (ii) Use the graph to calculate the spring constant. (2). Spring constant =... *P43118A02528* 25 Turn over

26 *(c) The graph below shows how the forces acting between two atoms consist of a repulsive force and an attractive force. At the equilibrium position, the sum of these forces is zero. Force repulsive force equilibrium position distance between atoms attractive force Use the graph to explain why the forces between atoms are attractive when they are pulled apart and repulsive when pushed together. (3) (Total for Question 19 = 11 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS 26 *P43118A02628*

27 List of data, formulae and relationships Acceleration of free fall g 2 (close to Earth s surface) Electron charge Electron mass e C m e kg Gravitational field strength g (close to Earth s surface) Planck constant Speed of light in a vacuum Unit 1 Mechanics Kinematic equations of motion Forces Work and energy h c 8 ms v = u + at s = ut + ½at 2 v 2 = u 2 + 2as F = ma g = F/m W = mg W = Fs E k = ½mv 2 E grav = mgh Materials Stokes law Hooke s law Density Pressure Young modulus Elastic strain energy Frv F = kx = m/v p = F/A E = / where Stress = F/A Strain = x/x E el = ½Fx *P43118A02728* 27

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29 Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel GCE Physics Advanced Subsidiary Unit 2: Physics at Work Centre Number Candidate Number Monday 9 June 2014 Morning Time: 1 hour 30 minutes You do not need any other materials. Paper Reference 6PH02/01 Total Marks P43119A 2014 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/ Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided there may be more space than you need. Information The total mark for this paper is 80. The marks for each question are shown in brackets use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet. Candidates may use a scientific calculator. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. *P43119A0124* Turn over

30 SECTION A Answer ALL questions. For questions 1 10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box. If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross. 1 The distance travelled by a wave during one oscillation may be described as A frequency. B period. C wavelength. D wave speed. (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) 2 An electric torch uses two 1.5 V cells. The torch bulb is marked 2.4 V, 270 ma. What is the resistance of the torch bulb? A B C D (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) 3 All electrical components have resistance. In which of the following situations would the resistance of the stated component not increase? A Increasing the current through a filament lamp. B Increasing the temperature of a metal wire. C Increasing the temperature of a negative temperature coefficient thermistor. D Reversing the direction of a diode in forward bias in a circuit. (Total for Question 3 = 1 mark) 2 *P43119A0224*

31 4 Which of the following phenomena does not occur with sound waves? A diffraction B interference C polarisation D refraction (Total for Question 4 = 1 mark) 5 A lamp illuminates a surface of area 0.80 m 2 with radiation flux of 0.50 W m 2. The rate, in watts, at which light energy strikes the illuminated surface is given by A B C D (Total for Question 5 = 1 mark) *P43119A0324* 3 Turn over

32 6 The diagram represents a resistor of resistance R in a series circuit with a cell of e.m.f. and internal resistance r. r I R Which of the following correctly gives the potential difference V across the internal resistance? A V = εr ( + r) r B V = εr R + r C V = εr ( + r) R D V = εr ( R + r) (Total for Question 6 = 1 mark) 7 Which of the following is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than infrared? A microwave B ultrasound C ultraviolet D X-rays (Total for Question 7 = 1 mark) 4 *P43119A0424*

33 8 A beam of electrons spreads out into several distinct beams after passing through a crystalline material. This demonstrates that A electrons behave as particles. B electrons behave as waves. C electrons exist in energy levels. D electrons have negative charge. (Total for Question 8 = 1 mark) 9 Light in medium 1 strikes a boundary with medium 2 which is also transparent. The diagram shows what happens. 53 medium 2 medium 1 Which of the following can be deduced? A The critical angle for light travelling from medium 1 into medium 2 is 53. B The refractive index of medium 1 is greater than the refractive index of medium 2. C The speed of light in medium 1 is greater than the speed of light in medium 2. D The frequency of light in medium 1 is less than the frequency of light in medium 2. (Total for Question 9 = 1 mark) 10 A rechargeable cell stores a maximum energy of 4200 J. The cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 V and after 2.0 hours use the cell is completely discharged. Assuming the e.m.f. stays constant, the charge passing through the cell during this time is A 1400 C B 2800 C C 5600 C D 6300 C (Total for Question 10 = 1 mark) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS *P43119A0524* 5 Turn over

34 SECTION B Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. 11 In February 2013 the largest known meteor for a century exploded over the Ural region of Russia. The explosion was detected by stations monitoring infrasound, a type of sound with a frequency too low for humans to hear. Describe how infrasound travels through the air. (3) (Total for Question 11 = 3 marks) 12 A student is taking measurements in order to determine the resistance of a component in a circuit. He connects a voltmeter in parallel with the component and an ammeter in series with the component. Explain why the voltmeter should have a very high resistance. (2) (Total for Question 12 = 2 marks) 6 *P43119A0624*

35 13 (a) Sketch a graph to show how current varies with potential difference for a filament lamp. (2) (b) The temperature of a filament lamp increases as the current through it increases. Explain this in terms of the structure of a metal. (3) (Total for Question 13 = 5 marks) *P43119A0724* 7 Turn over

36 14 Iceland spar is a crystalline form of calcite. An incident ray of unpolarised light is separated into two plane polarised rays by a sample of Iceland spar. The two rays of polarised light follow different paths. (a) Explain the difference between polarised and unpolarised light. (3) 8 *P43119A0824*

37 *(b) The photograph shows how the separate paths of light produce two images of an object behind the sample. When a polarising filter is placed on the sample shown in the photograph only one image of 6PH02/01 is seen. Explain why only one image is seen and describe what would be seen as the filter is rotated through 360. (4) (Total for Question 14 = 7 marks) *P43119A0924* 9 Turn over

38 15 The graph shows the results for an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect by illuminating a clean metal sheet with light of increasing frequency frequency / Hz threshold frequency (a) State a quantity, and its unit, which could have been plotted on the Y-axis to produce this graph. (2) (b) The threshold frequency is shown on the graph. Explain why there is a threshold frequency. (4) (Total for Question 15 = 6 marks) 10 *P43119A01024*

39 16 An electric kettle is used to heat water from room temperature to boiling point. (a) (i) Calculate the electrical power used by the kettle. potential difference = 230 V current = 12.5 A (2) (ii) The kettle is switched on for 140 s. Electrical power =... Calculate the total energy supplied to the kettle. (2) Total energy supplied =... (iii) The amount of thermal energy transferred to the water is calculated to be J. Calculate the efficiency of the kettle at heating the water. (2) Efficiency =... (b) A student suggests that the useful energy required is thermal and the kettle only produces thermal energy, so it should be 100 % efficient. Discuss this suggestion. (2) (Total for Question 16 = 8 marks) *P43119A01124* 11 Turn over

40 17 A helium-neon gas laser is often used in the laboratory as a source of high intensity, coherent, monochromatic light. The diagram shows some of the energy levels above the ground level E 3 for helium atoms and for neon atoms. The highest shown levels for helium atoms and neon atoms are almost identical. E ev E 3 E ev ev E 1 helium E 1 0 ev 0 ev neon Helium atoms in the gas are excited to level E 2 by the current passing through the laser. They collide at high speed with neon atoms. Because the energies are so similar, the energy is transferred from the helium atoms to the neon atoms. The neon atoms become excited in turn to level E 3. As the neon atoms subsequently drop to level E 2 they emit photons. (a) Explain what is meant by a photon. (2) (b) Calculate the frequency of the photons produced as the neon atoms drop from level E 3 to level E 2. (3) Frequency = *P43119A01224*

41 (c) An electron in level E 3 of neon has 0.05 ev more energy than an electron in level E 2 of helium. Suggest the source of the energy to make up this difference. (d) The photograph shows a device for making a vertical slit with variable width. THORLABS, Inc. When the slit is fully open a laser beam is shone through it and a single point of light is seen on a screen. As the slit is reduced in width the point of light becomes a horizontal line that gets longer as the slit gets narrower. Explain this observation. (3) (Total for Question 17 = 9 marks) *P43119A01324* 13 Turn over

42 18 Photograph 1 shows a rheostat (a variable resistor). C A B Photograph 1 The rheostat is made of a long resistance wire coiled around an insulating cylinder. The turns of wire are also separated from each other by insulation of negligible thickness. The ends of the wire are connected to the sockets A and B at either end and there is a sliding contact in the centre connected to the socket C. The resistance between A and C is varied by moving the sliding contact. (a) A student decides to determine the resistivity of the material from which the wire is made by measuring the dimensions of the wire and its resistance. Photograph 2 shows a section of the rheostat and a scale. Photograph 2 (i) Take measurements from the photograph and use them to show that the crosssectional area of the wire is about 2 10 m 2. (3) 14 *P43119A01424*

43 (ii) Calculate the resistivity of the material from which the wire is made. length of wire = 12 m (3) Resistivity =... (iii) Suggest an advantage for the student of using a photograph rather than taking direct measurements. (b) The coil of the rheostat is 10.2 cm long. A potential difference of 12 V is applied across AB and the slider C is 7.0 cm from the end of the coil near A. Calculate the potential difference across AC. (2) Potential difference =... (Total for Question 18 = 9 marks) *P43119A01524* 15 Turn over

44 19 Meteorologists use radar to monitor rain. Radar uses pulses of microwaves. The emitted pulses are directed horizontally towards rain. The pulses are reflected from the rain and detected. The time taken for the reflected pulses to return, their intensity and frequency are all measured. *(a) Explain how these measurements can be used to determine the distance to the rain, the relative speed of the rain towards the detector and the amount of rain falling. (6) 16 *P43119A01624*

45 (b) (i) Explain why pulses of microwaves are used rather than a continuous beam. (ii) Calculate the maximum pulse duration which would enable distances between 5 km and 200 km to be measured. (3) Maximum pulse duration =... (Total for Question 19 = 10 marks) *P43119A01724* 17 Turn over

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47 20 A book entitled Interesting Projects with a Microwave Oven suggests using chocolate to measure the speed of light. The chocolate is placed on a non-metallic tray in the oven. The oven is switched on and a pattern is observed in the melting chocolate. The photograph shows some lighter areas where the chocolate is melting and some darker areas where the chocolate remains hard. The book states that microwaves are emitted from the source in the oven. The microwaves reflect off the metal walls so that the microwaves reaching any point arrive from different directions. The microwaves produce a standing wave pattern causing hot and cold areas in the oven. The wavelength was determined to be 12 cm by measuring the distance between adjacent hot and cold areas. *P43119A01924* 19 Turn over

48 (a) The diagram shows two different paths by which microwaves can reach the point Z. X Not to scale S Source Y Z SX = 9 cm, XZ = 23 cm, SY = 36 cm, YZ = 8 cm Calculate the phase difference between microwaves from the source at S reaching point Z by the two different paths. (2) Phase difference =... (b) Explain how a pattern of hot and cold areas is produced in the chocolate. You should assume that each point of the chocolate is reached by microwaves following two different paths only. (4) 20 *P43119A02024*

49 (c) Explain why the microwaves reaching a point in the chocolate must be coherent for this effect to occur. (2) (d) The microwave frequency is stated on the oven as 2450 MHz. Evaluate the success of this experiment at determining the speed of light. (3) (Total for Question 20 = 11 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS *P43119A02124* 21

50 List of data, formulae and relationships Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s 2 (close to Earth s surface) Electron charge Electron mass Electronvolt e = C m e = kg 1 ev = J Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg 1 (close to Earth s surface) Planck constant h = Js Speed of light in a vacuum c = ms 1 Unit 1 Mechanics Kinematic equations of motion Forces Work and energy v = u + at s = ut + ½at 2 v 2 = u 2 + 2as F = ma g = F/m W = mg W = Fs E k = ½mv 2 E grav = mgh Materials Stokes law Hooke s law Density Pressure Young modulus Elastic strain energy F = 6rv F = kx = m/v p = F/A E = / where Stress = F/A Strain = x/x E el = ½Fx 22 *P43119A02224*

51 Unit 2 Waves Wave speed v = Refractive index 1 2 = sin i/sin r = v 1 /v 2 Electricity Potential difference Resistance Electrical power, energy and efficiency V = W/Q R = V/I P = VI P = I 2 R P = V 2 /R W = VIt % efficiency = % efficiency = useful energy output total energy input useful power output total power input Resistivity Current R = l/a I = Q/t I = nqva Resistors in series R = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 Resistors in parallel Quantum physics Photon model Einstein s photoelectric equation = + + R R1 R2 R3 E = hf hf = o/ + ½mv 2 max *P43119A02324* 23

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53 Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel GCE Centre Number Physics Advanced Unit 4: Physics on the Move Candidate Number Wednesday 11 June 2014 Afternoon Time: 1 hour 35 minutes You do not need any other materials. Paper Reference 6PH04/01 Total Marks P43120A 2014 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/ Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided there may be more space than you need. Information The total mark for this paper is 80. The marks for each question are shown in brackets use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet. Candidates may use a scientific calculator. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over *P43120A0124*

54 SECTION A Answer ALL questions. For questions 1 10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box. If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross. 1 A footballer kicks a football from the penalty spot. A graph of force on the ball against time is drawn. The area under the force-time graph represents A acceleration B change in kinetic energy C change in momentum D displacement (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) 2 Select the row of the table which correctly identifies the quantities conserved in an inelastic collision. Momentum Kinetic energy Total energy A conserved conserved conserved B conserved not conserved conserved C conserved not conserved not conserved D not conserved not conserved not conserved (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) 3 Which variables are linked in the de Broglie equation? A frequency and wavelength of a photon B wavelength and momentum of a moving electron C energy and frequency of a photon D work function and threshold frequency of a metal (Total for Question 3 = 1 mark) 2 *P43120A0224*

55 4 A radioactive isotope of aluminium is Al Select the row in the table that correctly identifies a neutral atom of this isotope. Neutrons Protons Electrons A B C D (Total for Question 4 = 1 mark) 5 A coil of 300 turns each of area m 2 is placed in a magnetic field with its plane at right angles to the field. The graph shows how the magnetic flux density B of the field varies with time t. B/T t/ms The e.m.f. induced in the coil during the first 5 ms is A V B V C V D V (Total for Question 5 = 1 mark) *P43120A0324* 3 Turn over

56 6 An electron travelling horizontally enters a uniform electric field which acts vertically downwards as shown in the diagram. e Which of the following statements is incorrect? A The electron follows a parabolic path. B The electron accelerates while in the field. C The electric force on the electron acts downwards. D The speed of the electron increases. (Total for Question 6 = 1 mark) 7 A current of 1.50 A flows in a straight wire of length m. The wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density T which acts perpendicular to the wire. Under these conditions the magnetic force balances the weight of the wire. Calculate the mass of the wire. A kg B kg C kg D kg (Total for Question 7 = 1 mark) 4 *P43120A0424*

57 8 An alpha particle moves at right angles to a uniform magnetic field and experiences a force F. A beta particle moves at right angles to a magnetic field of half the magnetic flux density but at ten times the velocity of the alpha particle. The magnitude of the force on the beta particle will be A 0.25 F B 0.40 F C 2.5 F D 5.0 F (Total for Question 8 = 1 mark) 9 Which of the following is a possible unit for rate of change of momentum? A kg m s 1 B kg m s 2 C N s D N s 1 (Total for Question 9 = 1 mark) 10 The photograph shows cars driving around a roundabout at a constant speed. The resultant force F on a car causes it to follow a circular path. Which of the following statements about F is incorrect? A F is equal to the product of the mass and angular velocity of the car. B F is equal to the product of the momentum and angular velocity of the car. C F is in the same direction as the acceleration of the car. D F is perpendicular to the momentum of the car. (Total for Question 10 = 1 mark) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS *P43120A0524* 5 Turn over

58 SECTION B Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. *11 A stationary radium nucleus decays by emitting an alpha particle. The speed of the recoiling nucleus is small compared to the speed of the alpha particle. Explain why the nucleus recoils and why its speed is small compared to that of the alpha particle. (4) (Total for Question 11 = 4 marks) 6 *P43120A0624*

59 12 The Starflyer is a fairground ride which operates 60 m above the ground. As it begins to spin, the chairs in which the riders sit move outwards. Consider the chair and rider as a single object. By drawing a free-body force diagram and considering the forces acting, explain the following observations. The angle to the vertical of the supporting ropes depends on the speed of rotation, but does not depend on the mass of the rider. (5) (Total for Question 12 = 5 marks) *P43120A0724* 7 Turn over

60 13 An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 700 V in a vacuum. (a) Show that the final momentum of the electron is about N s. (3) (b) Calculate the wavelength associated with this electron. (2) Wavelength =... (c) Suggest why such electrons would be useful for investigating the atomic structure of materials. (Total for Question 13 = 6 marks) 8 *P43120A0824*

61 BLANK PAGE *P43120A0924* 9 Turn over

62 14 The photograph is an image of the paths of particles obtained from an early particle detector, the cloud chamber. Modern particle detectors such as the ones at CERN still work on the basic principle that charged particles cause ionisation of the material through which they pass. These ionisations can be tracked and recorded. Magnetic fields are used to deflect the particles so that their properties can be investigated. (a) State what is meant by ionisation in this context. (b) The diagram below shows the ionisation path of a particle when it is in the region of a uniform magnetic field. The particle enters the field at X. X uniform magnetic field into the page State how we know that the particle is negatively charged. 10 *P43120A01024*

63 (c) The diagram below shows an event occurring in the same magnetic field. Z uniform magnetic field into the page Point Z is where a high energy photon interaction occurs which causes two particles to be formed. Describe, with reasons, what can be deduced about the photon and the two particles that are formed in this interaction. (5) (Total for Question 14 = 7 marks) *P43120A01124* 11 Turn over

64 15 (a) A magnetic field can be measured with a device called a Hall probe. The probe is connected to a voltmeter. When the probe is placed at right angles to a magnetic field, a potential difference is recorded on the voltmeter. The potential difference increases with increasing magnetic flux density. A wire carries a constant current. A Hall probe is used to investigate how the magnetic flux density produced by the wire varies with distance from the wire. The potential difference V was recorded for a range of distances r. r/cm V/V (i) Criticise these results. (2) (ii) It is suggested that V and r are related by the equation where k is a constant. V = k r Determine by calculation whether this suggestion is valid. (2) 12 *P43120A01224*

65 (2) A graph of 1 is plotted against r. V State how the graph would indicate that the equation is correct. (b) The Hall probe can be replaced with a small coil of wire which is connected to a sensitive voltmeter. The plane of the coil is at right angles to the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying wire. (i) Explain, with reference to Faraday s law, why the voltmeter reading would be zero. (2) (ii) State three different ways in which an e.m.f. could be induced in this coil. (3) (Total for Question 15 = 10 marks) *P43120A01324* 13 Turn over

66 16 (a) Explain what is meant by the term electric field strength. (2) (b) (i) Two point charges Q 1 and Q 2 are placed 20 cm apart. Q 1 and Q cm Q 1 20 cm P Q 2 At point P, a distance 8.1 cm from Q 1, the electric field strength is approximately zero. Demonstrate by calculation that this statement is correct. (3) 14 *P43120A01424*

67 (ii) A charge of +4.5 μc is placed at point P. State the magnitude of the force acting on this charge. P to a point half way between Q 1 and Q 2. Explain qualitatively why energy would be needed for this movement. (2) (Total for Question 16 = 8 marks) *P43120A01524* 15 Turn over

68 BLANK PAGE 16 *P43120A01624*

69 17 In recent years there has been a development of ultracapacitors which have much higher capacitance than traditional capacitors. Capacitors store energy due to charge in an electric field whereas batteries store energy due to a chemical reaction. There are several applications where ultracapacitors have an advantage over batteries; for example storing energy from rapidly fluctuating supplies or delivering charge very quickly. (a) A typical ultracapacitor has a capacitance of 1500 F and a maximum operating potential difference of 2.6 V. (i) Show that the charge on this capacitor when fully charged is about 4000 C. (2) (ii) Complete the graph on the axes below to show how the potential difference varies with charge for this capacitor. 3 (2) potential difference / V charge / C 4000 (iii) Calculate the energy stored in this capacitor when fully charged. (2) Energy =... *P43120A01724* 17 Turn over

70 (b) The graph below shows how the current varies with time as the capacitor is discharged through a circuit current / A time / s (i) Describe and explain the shape of the graph. (2) (ii) Calculate the resistance of the circuit. (4) Resistance = *P43120A01824*

71 (c) There is a limit to the amount of charge an ultracapacitor can hold but it can deliver the charge very quickly. A battery can deliver much more charge but only at a slower rate. For electric powered vehicles it is suggested that using a combination of batteries and ultracapacitors would give the best performance. Suggest, with reasons, which stages of a journey would be more suited to ultracapacitors and which would be more suited to batteries. (3) (Total for Question 17 = 15 marks) *P43120A01924* 19 Turn over

72 18 Subatomic particles such as pions are produced after collisions between protons that have been accelerated in a cyclotron. *(a) Explain briefly the role of electric and magnetic fields in the cyclotron. (5) (b) The mass of a pion is kg. Calculate the mass of a pion in GeV/c 2. (3) Mass =... GeV/c 2 20 *P43120A02024*

73 (c) The table shows the charge of some quarks. Type of quark Charge/e u +2/3 d s Explain what is meant by a charge of +2/3 following interaction. K + + K 0 Kaons are mesons and consist of a strange quark and either an up or a down quark. (i) Complete the table to show a possible quark combination for each kaon. Particle Quark combination (3) K K + K 0 (ii) The total mass of the particles produced in this interaction is greater than the total mass of the two particles that collided. Explain this increase in mass. (3) (Total for Question 18 = 15 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPERS = 80 MARKS *P43120A02124* 21

74 List of data, formulae and relationships Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s (close to Earth s surface) Boltzmann constant k = J K Coulomb s law constant k = 1/4 0 = N m 2 C 2 Electron charge e C Electron mass m e = kg Electronvolt 1 ev = J Gravitational constant G = N m 2 kg Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg (close to Earth s surface) 0 = F m Planck constant h = J s Proton mass m p = kg Speed of light in a vacuum c = m s 8 W m 2 K 4 Unified atomic mass unit u = kg Unit 1 Mechanics Kinematic equations of motion Forces Materials Stokes law Hooke s law Density Pressure Young modulus Elastic strain energy v = u + at s = ut + ½at 2 v 2 = u 2 + 2as F = ma g = F/m W = mg W = Fs E k = ½mv 2 E grav = mgh Frv F = kx = m/v p = F/A E = / where Stress = F/A Strain = x/x E el = ½Fx 22 *P43120A02224*

75 Unit 2 Waves Wave speed v = f Refractive index 1 2 = sin i/sin r = v 1 /v 2 Electricity Potential difference V = W/Q Resistance R = V/I Electrical power, energy and efficiency P = VI P = I 2 R P = V 2 /R W = VIt % efficiency = useful energy output total energy input 100 % efficiency = useful power output total power input 100 Resistivity R = l/a Current I = Q/t I = nqva Resistors in series R = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 Resistors in parallel Quantum physics Photon model Einstein s photoelectric equation = + + R R R R E = hf hf = o/ + ½mv 2 max *P43120A02324* 23 Turn over

76 Unit 4 Mechanics Fields Momentum p = mv Kinetic energy of a non-relativistic particle E k = p 2 /2m Motion in a circle v = r T = F = ma = mv 2 /r a = v 2 /r a = r 2 Coulomb s law F = kq 1 Q 2 /r 2 where k = 0 Electric field E = F/Q E = kq/r 2 E = V/d Capacitance Energy stored in capacitor Capacitor discharge In a magnetic field C = Q/V W = ½QV Q = Q 0 e t/rc F = BIl sin F = Bqv sin r = p/bq No/ )/dt Particle physics E = c 2 m de Broglie wavelength = h/p 24 *P43120A02424*

77 Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel GCE Centre Number Physics Advanced Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse Candidate Number Thursday 19 June 2014 Morning Time: 1 hour 35 minutes You do not need any other materials. Paper Reference 6PH05/01 Total Marks P43124A 2014 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/ Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided there may be more space than you need. Information The total mark for this paper is 80. The marks for each question are shown in brackets use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet. Candidates may use a scientific calculator. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. *P43124A0128* Turn over

78 SECTION A Answer ALL questions. For questions 1 10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box. If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross. 1 Radioactive decay is said to be a spontaneous process. This means that A we cannot know when a nucleus will decay. B we cannot know which nucleus will decay next. C we cannot know how many nuclei will decay. D we cannot influence when a nucleus will decay. (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) 2 A standard candle, within a nearby star cluster, is a distance D from the Earth. It produces a radiation flux F at the surface of the Earth. The flux at the surface of the Earth, for a standard candle of the same luminosity in a second star cluster, is 4F. The distance of the second star cluster from the Earth is A 4D B 2D C D 2 D D 4 (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) 2 *P43124A0228*

79 3 In an experiment to measure the activity of a radioactive source the measured activity should always be corrected by A adding the background count. B adding the background count rate. C subtracting the background count. D subtracting the background count rate. (Total for Question 3 = 1 mark) 4 Exoplanets are planets orbiting stars other than our own Sun. Most exoplanets discovered so far are giant planets similar to the planet Jupiter. The exoplanet Kepler-7b has a mass about 0.43 times the mass of Jupiter, and a radius about 1.6 times the radius of Jupiter. Take the gravitational field strength at the surface of Kepler-7b to be g K, and the gravitational field strength at the surface of Jupiter to be g J. The ratio g K gj is A 0.17 B 0.27 C 0.69 D 1.1 (Total for Question 4 = 1 mark) 5 Star A has twice the radius of star B but only half the surface temperature. The ratio of the luminosity of star A to luminosity of star B is A 1:4 B 1:2 C 2:1 D 4:1 (Total for Question 5 = 1 mark) *P43124A0328* 3 Turn over

80 6 Whilst a car is being driven over a bridge, it sets the bridge into vibration. Which of the following terms definitely describes the oscillations of the bridge? The oscillations of the bridge are A free. B forced. C natural. D resonant. (Total for Question 6 = 1 mark) 7 The damping force acting on an oscillating system is always A in the opposite direction to the acceleration. B in the opposite direction to the velocity. C in the same direction as the acceleration. D in the same direction as the velocity. (Total for Question 7 = 1 mark) 4 *P43124A0428*

81 8 The graph shows how the acceleration varies with time for an object undergoing simple harmonic motion. a 0 t Which of the following graphs, A, B, C or D, shows how the velocity of the object varies with time? v v 0 t 0 t A B v v 0 t 0 t C D A B C D (Total for Question 8 = 1 mark) *P43124A0528* 5 Turn over

82 Questions 9 and 10 refer to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram below. A D Luminosity B C Temperature / K 9 Which letter, A, B, C or D, indicates the region where a white dwarf star would be shown? A B C D (Total for Question 9 = 1 mark) 10 Which letter, A, B, C or D, indicates the region where a blue giant star would be shown? A B C D (Total for Question 10 = 1 mark) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS 6 *P43124A0628*

83 SECTION B Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. 11 Mars is our nearest neighbour in the solar system. In August 2003 the distance between Mars and the Earth was the closest in recorded history at m. mass of Mars = kg mass of Earth = kg Calculate the gravitational force between Mars and the Earth when they were at this distance. (2) Gravitational force =... (Total for Question 11 = 2 marks) *P43124A0728* 7 Turn over

84 12 The spectra below show dark absorption lines against a continuous visible spectrum. light from a source in the laboratory light from a distant galaxy frequency A particular line in the spectrum of light from a source in the laboratory has a frequency of Hz. The same line in the spectrum of light from a distant galaxy has a frequency of Hz. With the aid of a calculation state what should be concluded about the distant galaxy. (3) (Total for Question 12 = 3 marks) 8 *P43124A0828*

85 13 (a) Explain what is meant by internal energy of a liquid. (2) (b) A cup of tea contains 175 g of water at a temperature of 85.0 C. Milk at a temperature of 4.5 C is added to the tea and the temperature of the mixture becomes 74.0 C. (i) Show that the internal energy of the water decreases by about 8 kj as its temperature decreases. Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg 1 K 1 (2) (ii) Calculate the mass of milk that was added to the tea. State an assumption that must be made. Specific heat capacity of milk = 3900 J kg 1 K 1 (3) Mass of milk =... Assumption... (Total for Question 13 = 7 marks) *P43124A0928* 9 Turn over

86 14 A bicycle tyre contains air at 20 C. The volume occupied by the air is m 3. Assume that this volume remains fixed. (a) The pressure of the air in the tyre is Pa. In an attempt to improve performance air is pumped into the tyre until the pressure at 20 C is Pa. Calculate the number of air molecules that must be pumped into the tyre. (3) Number of molecules =... (b) After cycling in a race the air pressure in the tyre has risen from Pa to Pa. Calculate the increase in temperature of the air in the tyre. (3) Increase in temperature = *P43124A01028*

87 (c) Explain why the pressure increases when the air is heated in a tyre of fixed volume. (3) (Total for Question 14 = 9 marks) *P43124A01128* 11 Turn over

88 15 When a photographic film that is not exposed to light is placed near to a source of ionising radiation the film darkens. (a) (i) State what is meant by ionising radiation. power. Least ionising Most ionising (b) In a physics lesson some students are learning about the use of a film badge to monitor exposure to ionising radiation. Each absorber window is made from a different material and the type of radiation can be determined from the extent to which the film is darkened. absorber windows photographic film film badge incident upon absorber windows made from paper, aluminium and lead. material. Use the words passes through or stopped. Paper 0.5 cm aluminium 0.5 cm lead (3) radiation stopped radiation stopped radiation passes through 12 *P43124A01228*

89 (ii) In a nuclear power plant there may be other radiation present which would not be detected by a film badge. Suggest what type of radiation this is and why it would not be detected by a film badge. (2) (Total for Question 15 = 7 marks) *P43124A01328* 13 Turn over

90 16 Almost a century ago Edwin Hubble was investigating the light spectra emitted from a large number of galaxies. He used redshift values obtained from these spectra to determine the velocity of the galaxies relative to the Earth. He also measured the distances to each galaxy using Cepheid variable stars, which are a type of standard candle. From these measurements Hubble was able to formulate a law linking the velocity of distant galaxies to their distance from the Earth. (a) (i) Explain what is meant by redshift. (2) *(ii) Explain how redshift can be used to determine the velocity of a galaxy relative to the Earth. (3) (b) State what is meant by a standard candle. (c) Explain how Hubble s law can be used to find a value for the age of the universe. (2) 14 *P43124A01428*