Interpreting quotations
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1 There s treasure everywhere: a Calvin and Hobbes collection by Bill Watterson Interpreting quotations Chung-chieh Shan, Rutgers University Semantics Research Group, 21 March 2008
2 2 Mixing mention and use Pure/direct quotation Quine says quotation has a certain anomalous feature (which has 6 words). Indirect quotation Quine says quotation has a certain anomalous feature (which he asserted using a negative tag question in Japanese). Mixed quotation Quine says quotation has a certain anomalous feature (but he refered to quotation only deictically). (Davidson 1979)
3 3 Most speech is made of mixed quotes. Empirical observations Nested mixed quotes Mixed quotes of constructions The essence of mixed quotation An abstract formalization Formal languages The prevalence of mixed quotation Names, definitions, non-coinages Quantification and polarity
4 4 Internalizing interpretation A mixed quote means what someone uses the quoted expression to mean (Geurts and Maier 2003). The journalist The president said he has an ecelectic reading list. The politician I am sorry to have used an epithet.
5 5 Nested mixed quotes The journalist The politician said she is sorry to have used an epithet. Just like mixed-quoting any other form.
6 5 Nested mixed quotes The journalist The politician said she is sorry to have used an epithet. The politician said she is sorry to have used an epithet. Just like mixed-quoting any other form.
7 6 Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist The politician admitted that she lied [her] way into [her job]. The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception.
8 6 Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist The politician admitted that she lied [her] way into [her job]. The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception. Mary John doesn t know much French, but he thinks he does and tries to show it off whenever possible. At dinner, he ordered not [some dessert] à la mode but à la mode [some dessert]. John I would like some à la mode [apple pie] please.
9 7 Mixed quotes of constructions Abbott 2003: Mixed quotes of non-constituents? Mary allowed as how her dog ate odd things, when left to his own devices. Mary Fido devoured odd things, when left to his own devices.
10 7 Mixed quotes of constructions Abbott 2003: Mixed quotes of non-constituents? Mary allowed as how her dog [ate] odd things, when left to his own devices. Mary Fido devoured odd things, when left to his own devices.
11 7 Mixed quotes of constructions Abbott 2003: Mixed quotes of non-constituents? Mary allowed as how her dog [ate] odd things, when left to his own devices. Mary Fido devoured odd things, when left to his own devices. Not Mary Whereas under human supervision Fido ate odd things, when left to his own devices he would only eat Nutrapup. Constructions are meaningful non-constituents?
12 8 Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist: semantic interjection The politician admitted that she lied [her] way into [her job]. The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception.
13 8 Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist: semantic interjection The politician admitted that she lied [her] way into [her job]. The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception. The journalist: syntactic interjection The secret guide suggested that interested eaters kiss up to [name redacted], class of 2008, for a good meal at the Ivy. The secret guide You should kiss up to John Doe, class of 2008, for a good meal if you are interested.
14 Mixed quotes of constructions The journalist: semantic interjection The politician admitted that she! lied %[her] way into %[her job]. The politician It is a long story how I lied my way into this despicable position of deception. The journalist: syntactic interjection The secret guide suggested that interested eaters! kiss up to ~[name redacted], class of 2008, for a good at the Ivy. meal The secret guide You should kiss up to John Doe, class of 2008, for a good meal if you are interested. Use notation for staging in programming languages. 8
15 9 Interpreting quotes If everyone spoke the same language The form f means f. If the form f means the form g, and in turn g means h, then!f means h. Hence reduce! f to f. If the form f means the form g, then the form ~[f] means g. Hence reduce ~[f] to f. If the form f means g, then the form %[f] means g 0, where g 0 is something (possibly formless) that means g. Kaplan s vivid names?
16 9 Interpreting quotes If everyone spoke the same language The form f means f. If the form f means the form g, and in turn g means h, then!f means h. Hence reduce! f to f. If the form f means the form g, then the form ~[f] means g. Hence reduce ~[f] to f. If the form f means g, then the form %[f] means g 0, where g 0 is something (possibly formless) that means g. Kaplan s vivid names?
17 9 Interpreting quotes If everyone spoke the same language The form f means f. If the form f means the form g, and in turn g means h, then!f means h. Hence reduce! f to f. If the form f means the form g, then the form ~[f] means g. Hence reduce ~[f] to f. If the form f means g, then the form %[f] means g 0, where g 0 is something (possibly formless) that means g. Kaplan s vivid names?
18 10 Most speech is made of mixed quotes. Empirical observations Nested mixed quotes Mixed quotes of constructions The essence of mixed quotation An abstract formalization Formal languages The prevalence of mixed quotation Names, definitions, non-coinages Quantification and polarity
19 11 An abstract formalization of constructions A construction has a form (function) and a meaning (function). John Mary saw
20 11 An abstract formalization of constructions A construction has a form (function) and a meaning (function). John Mary saw A grammar is a set of constructions closed under identity and composition. saw saw Mary No higher-order constructions for now. John Mary
21 12 An abstract formalization of construction use A speaker uses the closure conditions to generate derived constructions from primitive ones. To use a construction is to use its form to mean its meaning. If you use a construction derived from other constructions (in multiple equivalent ways), then you also use these other constructions. saw saw Mary John In general, any connected subgraph of the derivation tree.
22 13 An abstract formalization of mixed quotes For a mixed quote: The form is Qf where f is a form. For example, Qf x 1 : : : x n = f([ x 1 ]) : : : ([ x n ]) in written English. The meaning is g: x uses the form f to mean g with unresolved anaphora and presupposition. Desugar staging notation into mixed-quote constructions.
23 13 An abstract formalization of mixed quotes For a mixed quote: The form is Qf where f is a form. For example, Qf x 1 : : : x n = f([ x 1 ]) : : : ([ x n ]) in written English. The meaning is g: x uses the form f to mean g with unresolved anaphora and presupposition. Desugar staging notation into mixed-quote constructions.
24 13 An abstract formalization of mixed quotes For a mixed quote: The form is Qf where f is a form. For example, Qf x 1 : : : x n = f([ x 1 ]) : : : ([ x n ]) in written English. The meaning is g: x uses the form f to mean g with unresolved anaphora and presupposition. Desugar staging notation into mixed-quote constructions.
25 14 Formal languages Code switching Alice said (2) is negative. Paraphrase Alice said what mathematicians use (2) to mean is negative. A mixed quote is an interpreted Gödel number.
26 15 Most speech is made of mixed quotes. Empirical observations Nested mixed quotes Mixed quotes of constructions The essence of mixed quotation An abstract formalization Formal languages The prevalence of mixed quotation Names, definitions, non-coinages Quantification and polarity
27 16 Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming (Kripke) Aristotle
28 16 Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming (Kripke)!!! Aristotle Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers.
29 16 Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming (Kripke)!!! Aristotle Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions Let e = lim n! n. n The number e i is equal to 1.
30 16 Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming (Kripke)!!! Aristotle Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions Let e = lim n! n n.! The number e i is equal to 1.
31 16 Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming (Kripke)!!! Aristotle Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions Let e = lim n! n n.! The number e i is equal to 1. Non-coinages; deference Aristotle saw his sister
32 16 Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming (Kripke)!!! Aristotle Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions Let e = lim n! n n.! The number e i is equal to 1. Non-coinages; deference! %[! Aristotle ] saw %[! %[! him ] s sister ]
33 16 Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming (Kripke)!!! Aristotle Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions Let e = lim n! n n.! The number e i is equal to 1. Non-coinages; deference! %[! Aristotle ] saw %[! %[! him ] s sister Do they have children? Yes, they have one child. (de Swart) ]
34 16 Names, definitions, non-coinages A causal chain of naming (Kripke)!!! Aristotle Perhaps with generic events and institutional speakers. Definitions Let e = lim n! n n.! The number e i is equal to 1. Non-coinages; deference! %[! Aristotle ] saw %[! %[! him ] s sister Do they have children? Yes, they! have children. (de Swart) ]
35 17 Scope freedom in mixed quotes? Names take scope differently from ordinary mixed quotes (Michael Johnson, p.c.). 1. It might have been the case that Quine said quotation sucks. 2. It might have been the case that Aristotle was not named Aristotle.
36 17 Scope freedom in mixed quotes? Names take scope differently from ordinary mixed quotes (Michael Johnson, p.c.). 1. It might have been the case that Quine said quotation sucks. 2. It might have been the case that Aristotle was not named Aristotle. Ordinary constructions allow wh-extraction and quantifying-in. 1. Who did! %[! 2.! %[! Aristotle Aristotle ] see %[_]? ] saw %[nobody]
37 18 Quantification Think of a quantifier as a higher-order construction, as usual. Suppose construction abstraction is not freely available. everyone : (e! t)! t someone : (e! t)! t Everyone saw Mary. Mary saw someone.
38 18 Quantification Think of a quantifier as a higher-order construction, as usual. Suppose construction abstraction is not freely available. everyone : (e! t)! t someone : (e! t)! t Everyone saw Mary. Mary saw someone. Everyone saw someone.
39 18 Quantification Think of a quantifier as a higher-order construction, as usual. Suppose construction abstraction is not freely available. everyone : (e! t)! t someone : (e! t)! t someone : (e! e 0! t)! (e 0! t) someone : (e 0! e! t)! (e 0! t) Everyone saw Mary. Mary saw someone. Everyone saw someone. Everyone saw someone.
40 18 Quantification Think of a quantifier as a higher-order construction, as usual. Suppose construction abstraction is not freely available. everyone : (e! t)! t someone : (e! t)! t someone : (e! e 0! t)! (e 0! t) someone : (e 0! e! t)! (e 0! t) Everyone saw Mary. Mary saw someone. Everyone saw someone. Everyone saw someone. Want to maintain uniform left-to-right evaluation. (Barker)
41 19 Inverse scope Mixed-quote the scope of the later quantifier! Someone saw %[everyone]. For everyone y, the sentence Someone saw %[y] is true.
42 19 Inverse scope Mixed-quote the scope of the later quantifier! Someone saw %[everyone]. For everyone y, the sentence Someone saw %[y] is true. Polarity licensing Alice introduced nobody to anybody.
43 19 Inverse scope Mixed-quote the scope of the later quantifier! Someone saw %[everyone]. For everyone y, the sentence Someone saw %[y] is true. Polarity licensing Alice introduced nobody to anybody. No inverse polarity licensing *! Alice introduced anybody to %[nobody]. For nobody y, the sentence Alice introduced anybody to %[y] is true.
44 20 Conclusion Most speech is made of mixed quotes. Names Definitions Non-coinages; deference Quantifier scope Quotation is modality. What does use to mean mean?
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