Integral Closure of Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials on Algebras

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1 Integral Closure of Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials on Algebras Giulio Peruginelli and Nicholas J. Werner Abstract Let D be an integrally closed domain with quotient field K. Let A be a torsion-free D-algebra that is finitely generated as a D-module. For every a in A we consider its minimal polynomial a.x/ 2 DŒX, i.e. the monic polynomial of least degree such that a.a/ D 0. The ring Int K.A/ consists of polynomials in KŒX that send elements of A back to A under evaluation. If D has finite residue rings, we show that the integral closure of Int K.A/ is the ring of polynomials in KŒX which map the roots in an algebraic closure of K of all the a.x/, a 2 A, into elements that are integral over D. The result is obtained by identifying A with a D-subalgebra of the matrix algebra M n.k/ for some n and then considering polynomials which map a matrix to a matrix integral over D. We also obtain information abo polynomially dense subsets of these rings of polynomials. Keywords Integer-valued polynomial Matrix Triangular matrix Integral closure Pullback Polynomially dense MSC(2010) classification: []13B25, 13B22 11C20. G. Peruginelli ( ) Instit für Analysis und Comp. Number Theory, Technische University, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria peruginelli@math.tugraz.at N.J. Werner The Ohio State University-Newark, 1179 University Drive, Newark, OH 43055, USA nwerner@newark.osu.edu M. Fontana et al. (eds.), Commative Algebra: Recent Advances in Commative Rings, 293 Integer-Valued Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

2 294 G. Peruginelli and N.J. Werner 1 Introduction Let D be a (commative) integral domain with quotient field K. The ring Int.D/ of integer-valued polynomials on D consists of polynomials in KŒX that map elements of D back to D. More generally, if E K, then one may define the ring Int.E; D/ of polynomials that map elements of E into D. One focus of recent research ([4 6, 9 11]) has been to generalize the notion of integer-valued polynomial to D-algebras. When A D is a torsion-free module finite D-algebra we define Int K.A/ WD ff 2 KŒX j f.a/ Ag. Theset Int K.A/ forms a commative ring. If we assume that K \ A D D, then Int K.A/ is contained in Int.D/ (these two facts are indeed equivalent), and often Int K.A/ shares properties similar to those of Int.D/ (see the references above, especially [6]). When A D M n.d/, the ring of n n matrices with entries in D, Int K.A/ has proven to be particularly amenable to investigation. For instance, [9, Thm. 4.6] shows that the integral closure of Int Q.M n.z// is Int Q.A n /, where A n is the set of algebraic integers of degree at most n, and Int Q.A n / Dff 2 QŒX j f.a n / A n g. In this paper, we will generalize this theorem and describe the integral closure of Int K.A/ when D is an integrally closed domain with finite residue rings. Our description (Theorem 13) may be considered an extension of both [9, Thm. 4.6] and [2, Thm. IV.4.7] (the latter originally proved in [7, Prop. 2.2]), which states that if D is Noetherian and D 0 is its integral closure in K, then the integral closure of Int.D/ equals Int.D; D 0 / Dff 2 KŒX j f.d/ D 0 g. Key to our work will be rings of polynomials that we dub integral-valued polynomials and which act on certain subsets of M n.k/. LetK be an algebraic closure of K. We will establish a close connection between integral-valued polynomials and polynomials that act on elements of K that are integral over D. We will also investigate polynomially dense subsets of rings of integral-valued polynomials. In Sect. 2, we define what we mean by integral-valued polynomials, discuss when sets of such polynomials form a ring, and connect them to the integral elements of K. In Sect. 3, we apply the results of Sect. 2 to Int K.A/ and prove the aforementioned theorem abo its integral closure. Section 4 covers polynomially dense subsets of rings of integral-valued polynomials. We close by posing several problems for further research. 2 Integral-Valued Polynomials Througho, we assume that D is an integrally closed domain with quotient field K. We denote by K a fixed algebraic closure of K. When working in M n.k/, we associate K with the scalar matrices, so that we may consider K (and D) tobe subsets of M n.k/. For each matrix M 2 M n.k/, welet M.X/ 2 KŒX denote the minimal polynomial of M, which is the monic generator of N KŒX.M / Dff 2 KŒX j

3 Integral Closure of Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials on Algebras 295 f.m/ D 0g, called the null ideal of M. We define M to be the set of eigenvalues of M considered as a matrix in M n.k/, which are the roots of M in K. For a subset S M n.k/, we define S WD S M 2S M. Note that a matrix in M n.k/ may have minimal polynomial in DŒX even though the matrix itself is not in M n.d/. A simple example is given by 0q 00 2 M2.K/, where q 2 K n D. Definition 1. We say that M 2 M n.k/ is integral over D (or just integral, orisan integral matrix) ifm solves a monic polynomial in DŒX. A subset S of M n.k/ is said to be integral if each M 2 S is integral over D. Our first lemma gives equivalent definitions for a matrix to be integral. Lemma 2. Let M 2 M n.k/. The following are equivalent: (i) M is integral over D (ii) M 2 DŒX (iii) Each 2 M is integral over D Proof..i/ ).iii/ Suppose M solves a monic polynomial f.x/with coefficients in D. As M.X/ divides f.x/, its roots are then also roots of f.x/. Hence, the elements of M are integral over D..iii/ ).ii/ The coefficients of M 2 KŒX are the elementary symmetric functions of its roots. Assuming.iii/ holds, these roots are integral over D; hence, the coefficients of M are integral over D. Since D is integrally closed, we must have M 2 DŒX..ii/ ).i/ Obvious. For the rest of this section, we will study polynomials in KŒX that take values on sets of integral matrices. These are the integral-valued polynomials mentioned in the introduction. Definition 3. Let S M n.k/. LetKŒS denote the K-subalgebra of M n.k/ generated by K and the elements of S. Define S 0 WD fm 2 KŒS j M is integralg and Int K.S; S 0 / WD ff 2 KŒX j f.s/ S 0 g. We call Int K.S; S 0 / a set of integralvalued polynomials. Remark 4. In the next lemma, we will prove that forming the set S 0 is a closure operation in the sense that.s 0 / 0 D S 0. We point o that this construction differs from the usual notion of integral closure in several ways. First, if S itself is not integral, then S 6 S 0. Second, S 0 need not have a ring structure. Indeed, if D D Z and S D M 2.Z/, then both and 1=2 1=2 1=2 1=2 are in S 0, b neither their sum nor their product is integral. Lastly, if S is a commative ring, then S 0 need not be the same as the integral closure of S in KŒS, because we insist that the elements of S satisfy a monic polynomial in DŒX rather than SŒX. However, if S is a commative D-algebra and it is an integral subset of M n.k/, then S 0 is equal to the integral closure of S in KŒS (see Corollary 1 to Proposition 2 and Proposition 6 of [1, Chapt. V]).

4 296 G. Peruginelli and N.J. Werner Lemma 5. Let S M n.k/. Then,.S 0 / 0 D S 0. Proof. We just need to show that KŒS 0 D KŒS. By definition, S 0 KŒS, so KŒS 0 KŒS. For the other containment, let M 2 KŒS.Letd 2 D be a common multiple for all the denominators of the entries in M. Then, dm 2 S 0 KŒS 0. Since 1=d 2 K, we get M 2 KŒS 0. An integral subset of M n.k/ need not be closed under addition or multiplication, so at first glance it may not be clear that Int K.S; S 0 / is closed under these operations. As we now show, Int K.S; S 0 / is in fact a ring. Proposition 6. Let S M n.k/. Then, Int K.S; S 0 / is a ring, and if D S, then Int K.S; S 0 / Int.D/. Proof. Let M 2 S and f; g 2 Int K.S; S 0 /. Then, f.m/;g.m/are integral over D. By Corollary 2 after Proposition 4 of [1, Chap. V], the D-algebra generated by f.m/and g.m/ is integral over D. So, f.m/c g.m/ and f.m/g.m/ are both integral over D and are both in KŒS. Thus, f.m/c g.m /; f.m /g.m / 2 S 0 and f C g; fg 2 Int K.S; S 0 /. Assuming D S,letf 2 Int K.S; S 0 / and d 2 D. Then, f.d/ is an integral element of K. Since D is integrally closed, f.d/ 2 D. Thus, Int K.S; S 0 / Int.D/. We now begin to connect our rings of integral-valued polynomials to rings of polynomials that act on elements of K that are integral over D. For each n>0,let n WD f 2 K j solves a monic polynomial in DŒX of degree ng: In the special case D D Z, weleta n WD n Dfalgebraic integers of degreeg fat most n gq. For any subset E of n, define Int K.E ; n / WD ff 2 KŒX j f.e / n g: to be the set of polynomials in KŒX mapping elements of E into n.ife D n, then we write simply Int K. n /. As with Int K.S; S 0 /,Int K.E ; n / is a ring despite the fact that n is not. Proposition 7. For any E n, Int K.E ; n / is a ring and is integrally closed. Proof. Let 1 be the integral closure of D in K. WesetInt K.E ; 1 / Dff 2 KŒX j f.e / 1 g. Then, Int K.E ; 1 / is a ring, and by [2, Prop. IV.4.1] it is integrally closed. Let Int K.E ; 1 / D ff 2 KŒX j f.e / 1 g. Clearly, Int K.E ; n / Int K.E ; 1 /. However, if 2 E and f 2 KŒX, then ŒK.f. // W K ŒK. / W K n, so in fact Int K.E ; n / D Int K.E ; 1 /. Finally, since Int K.E ; 1 / D Int K.E ; 1 / \ KŒX is the contraction of Int K.E ; 1 / to KŒX,itisanintegrally closed ring, proving the proposition.

5 Integral Closure of Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials on Algebras 297 Theorem 4.6 in [9] shows that the integral closure of Int Q.M n.z// equals the ring Int Q.A n /. As we shall see (Theorem 9), this is evidence of a broader connection between the rings of integral-valued polynomials Int K.S; S 0 / and rings of polynomials that act on elements of n. The key to this connection is the observation contained in Lemma 2 that the eigenvalues of an integral matrix in M n.k/ lie in n and also the well-known fact that if M 2 M n.k/ and f 2 KŒX, then the eigenvalues of f.m/ are exactly f. /, where is an eigenvalue of M. More precisely, if M.X/ D Q id1;:::;n.x i/ is the characteristic polynomial of M (the roots i are in K and there may be repetitions), then the characteristic polynomial of f.m/is f.m/.x/ D Q id1;:::;n.x f. i//. Phrased in terms of our -notation, we have if M 2 M n.k/ and f 2 KŒX, then f.m/ D f. M / Dff. /j 2 M g: (8) Using this fact and our previous work, we can equate Int K.S; S 0 / with a ring of the form Int K.E ; n /. Theorem 9. Let S M n.k/. Then, Int K.S; S 0 / D Int K. S; n /, and in particular Int K.S; S 0 / is integrally closed. Proof. We first prove this for S DfM g. Using Lemma 2 and (8), for each f 2 KŒX we have f.m/2 S 0 f.m/is integral f.m/ n f. M / n : This proves that Int K.fM g; fm g 0 / D Int K. M ; n /. For a general subset S of M n.k/,wehave Int K.S; S 0 / D \ Int K.fM g;s 0 / D \ Int K. M ; n / D Int K. S; n /: M 2S M 2S The above proof shows that if a polynomial is integral-valued on a matrix, then it is also integral-valued on any other matrix with the same set of eigenvalues. Note that for a single integral matrix M we have these inclusions: D DŒM fm g 0 KŒM : Moreover, fm g 0 is equal to the integral closure of DŒM in KŒM (because DŒM is a commative algebra). 3 The Case of a D-Algebra We now use the results from Sect. 2 to gain information abo Int K.A/, where A is a D-algebra. In Theorem 13 below, we shall obtain a description of the integral closure of Int K.A/.

6 298 G. Peruginelli and N.J. Werner As mentioned in the introduction, we assume that A is a torsion-free D-algebra that is finitely generated as a D-module. Let B D A D K be the extension of A to a K-algebra. Since A is a faithful D-module, B contains copies of D, A, and K. Furthermore, K is contained in the center of B, so we can evaluate polynomials in KŒX at elements of B and define Int K.A/ WD ff 2 KŒX j f.a/ Ag: Letting n be the vector space dimension of B over K, we also have an embedding B,! M n.k/, b 7! M b. More precisely, we may embed B into the ring of K-linear endomorphisms of B (which is isomorphic to M n.k/) via the map B,! End K.B/ sending b 2 B to the endomorphism x 7! b x. Consequently, starting with just D and A, we obtain a representation of A as a D-subalgebra of M n.k/. Note that n may be less than the minimum number of generators of A as a D-module. In light of the aforementioned matrix representation of B, several of the definitions and notations we defined in Sect. 2 will carry over to B. Since the concepts of minimal polynomial and eigenvalue are independent of the representation B,! M n.k/, the following are well defined: For all b 2 B, b.x/ 2 KŒX is the minimal polynomial of b. So, b.x/ is the monic polynomial of minimal degree in KŒX that kills b. Equivalently, b is the monic generator of the null ideal N KŒX.b/ of b. Thisisthesame as the minimal polynomial of M b 2 M n.k/, since for all f 2 KŒX we have f.m b / D M f.b/. To ease the notation, from now on we will identify b with M b. By the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, deg. b / n, for all b 2 B. For all b 2 B, b D froots of b in Kg. The elements of b are nothing else than the eigenvalues of b under any matrix representation B,! M n.k/. If S B, then S D S b2s b. b 2 B is integral over D (or just integral) ifb solves a monic polynomial in DŒX. B D KŒA, since B is formed by extension of scalars from D to K. A 0 D fb 2 B j b is integralg. By[1, Theorem 1, Chapt. V] A A 0.In particular, this implies A \ K D D (because D is integrally closed), so that Int K.A/ Int.D/ (see the remarks in the introduction). Int K.A; A 0 / Dff 2 KŒX j f.a/ A 0 g. Working exactly as in Proposition 6, we find that Int K.A; A 0 / is another ring of integral-valued polynomials. Additionally, Lemma 2 and (8) hold for elements of B. Consequently, we have Theorem 10. Int K.A; A 0 / is an integrally closed ring and is equal to Int K. A; n /. By generalizing results from [9], we will show that if D has finite residue rings, then Int K.A; A 0 / is the integral closure of Int K.A/. This establishes the analogue of [2, Thm. IV.4.7] (originally proved in [7, Prop. 2.2]) mentioned in the introduction.

7 Integral Closure of Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials on Algebras 299 We will actually prove a slightly stronger statement and give a description of Int K.A; A 0 / as the integral closure of an intersection of pullbacks. Notice that \.DŒX C a.x/ KŒX / Int K.A/ a2a because if f 2 DŒX C a.x/ KŒX, then f.a/ 2 DŒa A. We thus have a chain of inclusions: \.DŒX C a.x/ KŒX / Int K.A/ Int K.A; A 0 / (11) a2a and our work below will show that this is actually a chain of integral ring extensions. Lemma 12. Let f 2 Int K.A; A 0 /, and write f.x/ D g.x/=d for some g 2 T DŒX and some nonzero d 2 D. Then, for each h 2 DŒX, d n 1 h.f.x// 2 a2a.dœx C a.x/ KŒX /. Proof. Let a 2 A. Since f 2 Int K.A; A 0 /, m WD f.a/ 2 DŒX, and deg.m/ n. Now, m is monic, so we can divide h by m to get h.x/ D q.x/m.x/ C r.x/, where q; r 2 DŒX, and either r D 0 or deg.r/ < n. Then, d n 1 h.f.x// D d n 1 q.f.x//m.f.x// C d n 1 r.f.x// The polynomial d n 1 q.f.x//m.f.x// 2 KŒX is divisible by a.x/ because m.f.a// D 0. Since deg.r/ < n, d n 1 r.f.x// 2 DŒX. Thus, d n 1 h.f.x// 2 DŒX C a.x/ KŒX, and since a was arbitrary the lemma is true. For the next result, we need an additional assumption. Recall that a ring D has finite residue rings if for all proper nonzero ideal I D, the residue ring D=I is finite. Clearly, this condition is equivalent to asking that for all nonzero d 2 D, the residue ring D=dD is finite. Theorem 13. Assume that D has finite residue rings. Then, Int K.A; A 0 / D Int K. A; n / is the integral closure of both T a2a.dœx C a.x/ KŒX / and Int K.A/. Proof. Let R D T a2a.dœx C a.x/ KŒX /.By(11), it suffices to prove that Int K.A; A 0 / is the integral closure of R. Letf.X/ D g.x/=d 2 Int K.A; A 0 /. By Theorem 10, Int K.A; A 0 / is integrally closed, so it is enough to find a monic polynomial 2 DŒX such that.f.x// 2 R. Let P DŒX be a set of monic residue representatives for f f.a/.x/g a2a modulo.d n 1 / 2. Since D has finite residue rings, P is finite. Let.X/ be the product of all the polynomials in P. Then, is monic and is in DŒX. Fix a 2 A and let m D f.a/. There exists p.x/ 2 P such that p.x/ is equivalent to m mod.d n 1 / 2,sop.X/ D m.x/ C.d n 1 / 2 r.x/ for some r 2 DŒX. Furthermore, p.x/ divides.x/, so there exists q.x/ 2 DŒX such that.x/ D p.x/q.x/. Thus,

8 300 G. Peruginelli and N.J. Werner.f.X// D p.f.x//q.f.x// D m.f.x//q.f.x// C.d n 1 / 2 r.f.x//q.f.x// D m.f.x//q.f.x// C d n 1 r.f.x// d n 1 q.f.x// As in Lemma 12, m.f.x//q.f.x// 2 a.x/ KŒX because m.f.a// D 0. By Lemma 12, d n 1 r.f.x// and d n 1 q.f.x// are in DŒX C a.x/ KŒX. Hence,.f.X// 2 DŒX C a.x/kœx, and since a was arbitrary,.f.x// 2 R. Theorem 13 says that the integral closure of Int K.A/ is equal to the ring of polynomials in KŒX which map the eigenvalues of all the elements a 2 A to integral elements over D. Remark 14. By following essentially the same steps as in Lemma 12 and Theorem 13, one may prove that Int K.A; A 0 / is the integral closure of Int K.A/ witho the use of the pullbacks DŒX C a.x/ KŒX. However, employing the pullbacks gives a slightly stronger theorem witho any additional difficulty. In the case A D M n.d/, Int K.M n.d// is equal to the intersection of the pullbacks DŒX C M.X/ KŒX,forM 2 M n.d/. Indeed, let f 2 Int K.M n.d// and M 2 M n.d/. By[11, Remark 2.1 & (3)], Int K.M n.d// is equal to the intersection of the pullbacks DŒX C M.X/KŒX,forM 2 M n.d/, where M.X/ is the characteristic polynomial of M. By the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, M.X/ divides M.X/ so that f 2 DŒX C M.X/KŒX DŒX C M.X/KŒX and we are done. Remark 15. TheassumptionthatD has finite residue rings implies that D is Noetherian (and in fact that D is a Dedekind domain, because D is integrally closed). Given that [2, Thm. IV.4.7] (or [7, Prop. 2.2]) requires only the assumption that D is Noetherian, it is fair to ask if Theorem 13 holds under the weaker condition that D is Noetherian. Note that Mn.D/ D n (and in particular, Mn.Z/ D A n ). Hence, we obtain the following (which generalizes [9, Thm.4.6]): Corollary 16. If D has finite residue rings, then the integral closure of Int K.M n.d// is Int K. n /. The algebra of upper triangular matrices yields another interesting example. Corollary 17. Assume that D has finite residue rings. For each n>0,lett n.d/ be the ring of n n upper triangular matrices with entries in D. Then, the integral closure of Int K.T n.d// equals Int.D/. Proof. For each a 2 T n.d/, a splits completely and has roots in D, so Tn.D/ D D. Hence, the integral closure of Int K.T n.d// is Int K. Tn.D/; n / D Int K.D; n /. B, polynomials in KŒX that move D into n actually move D into n \ K D D. Thus, Int K.D; n / D Int.D/.

9 Integral Closure of Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials on Algebras 301 Since Int K.T n.d// Int K.T n 1.D// for all n>0, the previous proposition proves that Int K.T n.d// Int K.T n 1.D// Int.D/ is a chain of integral ring extensions. 4 Matrix Rings and Polynomially Dense Subsets For any D-algebra A, wehave.a 0 / 0 D A 0,soInt K.A 0 / is integrally closed by Theorem 10. Furthermore, Int K.A 0 / is always contained in Int K.A; A 0 /.Onemay then ask: when does Int K.A 0 / equal Int K.A; A 0 /? In this section, we investigate this question and attempt to identify polynomially dense subsets of rings of integralvalued polynomials. The theory presented here is far from complete, so we raise several related questions worthy of fure research. Definition 18. Let S T M n.k/. Define Int K.S; T / WD ff 2 KŒX j f.s/ T g and Int K.T / WD Int K.T; T /. To say that S is polynomially dense in T means that Int K.S; T / D Int K.T /. Thus, the question posed at the start of this section can be phrased as: is A polynomially dense in A 0? In general, it is not clear how to produce polynomially dense subsets of A 0,b we can describe some polynomially dense subsets of M n.d/ 0. Proposition 19. For each n of cardinality at most n, choose M 2 M n.d/ 0 such that M D. Let S be the set formed by such matrices. Then, S is polynomially dense in M n.d/ 0. In particular, the set of companion matrices in M n.d/ is polynomially dense in M n.d/ 0. Proof. We know that Int K.M n.d/ 0 / Int K.S; M n.d/ 0 /, so we must show that the other containment holds. Let f 2 Int K.S; M n.d/ 0 / and N 2 M n.d/ 0.LetM 2 S such that M D N. Then, f.m/is integral, so by Lemma 2 and (8), f.n/is also integral. The proposition holds for the set of companion matrices because for any n, we can find a companion matrix in M n.d/ whose eigenvalues are the elements of. By the proposition, any subset of M n.d/ containing the set of companion matrices is polynomially dense in M n.d/ 0. In particular, M n.d/ is polynomially dense in M n.d/ 0. When D D Z, we can say more. In [10] it is shown that Int Q.A n / D Int Q.A n ; A n /, where A n is the set of algebraic integers of degree equal to n. Letting I be the set of companion matrices in M n.z/ of irreducible polynomials, we have I D A n. Hence, by Corollary 16 and Theorem 9, I is polynomially dense in M n.z/ 0.

10 302 G. Peruginelli and N.J. Werner Returning to the case of a general D-algebra A, the following diagram summarizes the relationships among the various polynomial rings we have considered: Int K.A/ Int K.A; A 0 / D Int K. A; n / Int K.A 0 / D Int K. A0; n / (20) Int K.M n.d/ 0 / D Int K. n / From this diagram, we deduce that A is polynomially dense in A 0 if and only if A is polynomially dense in A0. It is fair to ask what other relationships hold among these rings. We present several examples and a proposition concerning possible equalities in the diagram. Again, we point o that such equalities can be phrased in terms of polynomially dense subsets. First, we show that Int K.A/ need not equal Int K.A; A 0 / (i.e., A need not be polynomially dense in A 0 ). Example 21. Take D D Z and A D ZŒ p 3. Then, A 0 D ZŒ, where D 1Cp 3. 2 The ring Int K.A; A 0 / contains both Int K.A/ and Int K.A 0 /. If Int K.A; A 0 / equaled Int K.A 0 /, then we would have Int K.A/ Int K.A 0 /. However, this is not the case. Indeed, working mod 2, we see that for all D a C b p 3 2 A, 2 a 2 3b 2 a 2 C b 2. So, 2. 2 C 1/ is always divisible by 2, and hence x2.x 2 C1/ 2 Int 2 K.A/. On the other hand, 2. 2 C1/ D 1 2 2,so x 2.x 2 C1/ Int 2 K.A 0 /. Thus, we conclude that Int K.A 0 / Int K.A; A 0 /. The work in the previous example suggests the following proposition. Proposition 22. Assume that D has finite residue rings. Then, A is polynomially dense in A 0 if and only if Int K.A/ Int K.A 0 /. Proof. This is similar to [2, Thm. IV.4.9]. If A is polynomially dense in A 0, then Int K.A 0 / D Int K.A; A 0 /, and we are done because Int K.A; A 0 / always contains Int K.A/. Conversely, assume that Int K.A/ Int K.A 0 /. Then, Int K.A/ Int K.A 0 / Int K.A; A 0 /. Since Int K.A 0 / is integrally closed by Theorem 10 and Int K.A; A 0 / is integral over Int K.A/ by Theorem 13, wemust have Int K.A 0 / D Int K.A; A 0 /. By Proposition 19, Int K.M n.d/ 0 / D Int K.M n.d/; M n.d/ 0 /. There exist algebras other than matrix rings for which Int K.A 0 / D Int K.A; A 0 /. We now present two such examples. Example 23. Let A D T n.d/, the ring of n n upper triangular matrices with entries in D. Define T n.k/ similarly. Then, A 0 consists of the integral matrices in T n.k/, and since D is integrally closed, such matrices must have diagonal entries in D. Thus, A0 D D D A.ItfollowsthatInt K.T n.d/; T n.d/ 0 / D Int K.T n.d/ 0 /.

11 Integral Closure of Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials on Algebras 303 Example 24. Let i, j, and k be the standard quaternion units satisfying i 2 D j 2 D k 2 D 1 and ij D k D ji (see, e.g., [8, Ex. 1.1, 1.13] or [3] for basic material on quaternions). Let A be the Z-algebra consisting of Hurwitz quaternions: A Dfa 0 C a 1 i C a 2 j C a 3 k j a` 2 Z for all ` or a` 2 Z C 1 for all `g 2 Then, for B we have B Dfq 0 C q 1 i C q 2 j C q 3 k j q` 2 Qg It is well known that the minimal polynomial of the element q D q 0 C q 1 i C q 2 j C q 3 k 2 B n Q is q.x/ D X 2 2q 0 X C.q 2 0 C q2 1 C q2 2 C q2 3 /,soa0 is the set A 0 Dfq 0 C q 1 i C q 2 j C q 3 k 2 B j 2q 0 ;q 2 0 C q2 1 C q2 2 C q2 3 2 Zg As with the previous example, by (20), it is enough to prove that A0 D A. Let q D q 0 C q 1 i C q 2 j C q 3 k 2 A 0 and N D q0 2 C q2 1 C q2 2 C q2 3 2 Z. Then, 2q 0 2 Z,soq 0 is either an integer or a half-integer. If q 0 2 Z, then q1 2 C q2 2 C q2 3 D N q0 2 2 Z. It is known (see for instance [12, Lem. B p. 46]) that an integer which is the sum of three rational squares is a sum of three integer squares. Thus, there exist a 1 ;a 2 ;a 3 2 Z such that a1 2 C a2 2 C a2 3 D N q2 0. Then, q0 D q 0 C a 1 i C a 2 j C a 3 k is an element of A such that q0 D q. If q 0 is a half-integer, then q 0 D t 2 for some odd t 2 Z. In this case, q2 1 Cq2 2 Cq2 3 D 4N t 2 D u 4 4, where u 3 mod 4. Clearing denominators, we get.2q 1/ 2 C.2q 2 / 2 C.2q 3 / 2 D u. As before, there exist integers a 1 ;a 2, and a 3 such that a1 2 Ca2 2 Ca2 3 D u. B since u 3 mod 4, each of the a` must be odd. So, q 0 D.t C a 1 i C a 2 j C a 3 k/=2 2 A is such that q0 D q. It follows that A0 D A and thus that Int K.A; A 0 / D Int K.A 0 /. Example 25. In contrast to the last example, the Lipschitz quaternions A 1 D Z Zi Zj Zk (where we only allow a` 2 Z) are not polynomially dense in A 0 1. With A as in Example 24,wehaveA 1 A, and both rings have the same B,soA 0 1 D A0. Our proof is identical to Example 21. Working mod 2, the only possible minimal polynomials for elements of A 1 n Z are X 2 and X 2 C 1. Itfollowsthatf.X/ D x 2.x 2 C1/ 2 Int 2 K.A 1 /.Let D 1CiCjCk 2 A 0. Then, the minimal polynomial of 2 is X 2 X C 1 (note that this minimal polynomial is shared by D 1Cp 3 2 in Example 21). Just as in Example 21, f. / D 1 2, which is not in A0. Thus, Int K.A 1 / 6 Int.A 0 /,soa 1 is not polynomially dense in A 0 1 D A0 by Proposition 22.

12 304 G. Peruginelli and N.J. Werner 5 Further Questions Here, we list more questions for further investigation. Question 26. Under what conditions do we have equalities in (20)? In particular, what are necessary and sufficient conditions on A for A to be polynomially dense in A 0? In Examples 23 and 24, we exploited the fact that if A D A0, then Int K.A; A 0 / D Int K.A 0 /. It is natural to ask whether the converse holds. If Int K.A; A 0 / D Int K.A 0 /, does it follow that A D A0? In other words, if A is polynomially dense in A 0, then is A equal to A0? Question 27. By [2, Proposition IV.4.1] it follows that Int.D/ is integrally closed if and only if D is integrally closed. By Theorem 10 we know that if A D A 0, then Int K.A/ is integrally closed. Do we have a converse? Namely, if Int K.A/ is integrally closed, can we deduce that A D A 0? Question 28. In our proof (Theorem 13) that Int K.A; A 0 / is the integral closure of Int K.A/, we needed the assumption that D has finite residue rings. Is the theorem true witho this assumption? In particular, is it true whenever D is Noetherian? Question 29. When is Int K.A; A 0 / D Int K. A; n / a Prüfer domain? When D D Z,Int Q.A; A 0 / is always Prüfer by [9, Cor. 4.7]. On the other hand, even when A D D is a Prüfer domain, Int.D/ need not be Prüfer (see [2, Sec. IV.4]). Question 30. In Remark 14, we proved that Int K.M n.d// equals an intersection of pullbacks: \.DŒX C M.X/ KŒX / D Int K.M n.d// M 2M n.d/ Does such an equality hold for other algebras? Acknowledgements The ahors wish to thank the referee for his/her suggestions. The first ahor wishes to thank Daniel Smertnig for useful discussions during the preparation of this paper abo integrality in noncommative settings. The same ahor was supported by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF), Project Number P23245-N18. References 1. N. Bourbaki, Commative Algebra (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, Mass, Hermann, Paris 1972) 2. J.-P. Cahen, J.-L. Chabert, Integer-Valued Polynomials, vol. 48 (American Mathematical Society Surveys and Monographs, Providence, RI 1997) 3. L.E. Dickson, Algebras and their Arithmetics (Dover Publications, New York 1960) 4. S. Evrard, Y. Fares, K. Johnson, Integer valued polynomials on lower triangular integer matrices. Monats. für Math. 170(2), (2013)

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