Towards Sagnac speed meter interferometers for gravitational wave detection
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1 Towards Sagnac speed meter interferometers for gravitational wave detection Christian Gräf for the Glasgow Sagnac Speed Meter Team ICONO/LAT Conference, September 2016 Minsk, Belarus LIGO-G
2 Outline Motivation for Speed Meter GW detectors Quantum noise Speed meter configurations Introducing the Glasgow Sagnac Speed Meter proof of concept experiment Design and scientific aims Current status of the experiment Future directions in Speed Meter research at Glasgow Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
3 Gravitational wave detectors NAM Portsmouth, 26 June 2014 Christian Gräf 2
4 Second generation detector network Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
5 Detecting gravitational waves with light Use speed of light as meter stick Compare travel time along two orthogonal arms h 0 <10-21 Phase Laser frequency Current detectors achieve m/ Hz Image: W. Benger AEI/ZIB Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
6 Position measurement LIGO Laboratory, MIT/Caltech Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
7 Quantum noise in 2nd generation detectors The LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2015 Class. Quantum Grav Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
8 The speed meter concept Speed can be regarded as a proxy for momentum. QRPN is naturally reduced in speed meters! Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
9 Early ideas Speed meter concept proposed by Braginsky & Khalili (1990) Idea based around weakly coupled resonators, transforming a position signal in one resonator into a velocity signal in the other Implementation ideas for actual interferometers, e.g. coupled cavities by BGKT (2000), sloshing cavity approach by Purdue & Chen (2002) Sagnac speed meter proposed by Chen in (2003) V. Braginsky and F. Khalili. Physics Letters A, 147(5): , 1990.» Christian Gräf
10 Sagnac speed meter interferometers Y. Chen (2003): Sangac interferometers measure the relative velocity their mirror test masses, position information cancels speed meters Sagnac Speed Meter Tech note Review of QND schemes for the Einstein Telescope (2009) emphasized the advantage of better low-frequency QN limited sensitivity of speed meters. Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
11 Speed meter vs position meter: quantum noise Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
12 Why speed meters? Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
13 Why speed meters? Modelled by N. Voronchev and S. Danilishin Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
14 Zoo of configurations Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
15 Outline Motivation for Speed Meters Quantum noise Speed meter configurations Introducing the Glasgow Sagnac Speed Meter proof of concept experiment Design and scientific aims Current status of the experiment Future directions in Speed Meter research at Glasgow Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
16 Glasgow Speed Meter proof-of-principle experiment The Glasgow Sagnac Speed Meter proof-of-principle experiment is an European Research Council funded project (project lead Prof. Stefan Hild) with three major goals: 1. Create an ultra-low noise speed meter testbed which is dominated by quantum radiation pressure noise 2. Demonstrate the back-action noise cancellation of the Sagnac topology 3. Explore speed meter technology for future GW detectors 15
17 Conceptual design In-vacuum operation, passive multistage seismic pre-isolation (+ maybe active as well) Triangular arm cavities with monolithically suspended mirrors 1g ITMs, 100g ETMs 2.8m cavity round trip length, Finesse ~9000, 20ppm 30ppm loss per round trip Approx. 5kW of intra-cavity power BHD Large laser beam spots to reduce coating Brownian thermal noise In vacuum suspended balanced homodyne detector More details: Ch. Gräf et al, CGQ 31, (2014) 100g 1g Target displacement sensitivity: better than m/ Hz at 1kHz Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
18 How will we reach this goal? Show that Sagnac configuration can beat the equivalent Michelson configuration Need low-mass optics and high laser powers so that Michelson would be backaction-noise limited Aim for 2-3x better sensitivity between 100Hz and 1kHz Assume Michelson is understood well enough Won t actually build it Go straight for Sagnac More details: Ch. Gräf et al, CGQ 31, (2014) Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
19 Refined quantum noise model Modelling QN of a realistic Sagnac with imperfections Approximations and simplifications restricted the validity of previous models New model based on twophoton transfer matrix approach, arm cavities modelled independently Small and large scale configurations with round trip loss, BS imperfections, ITM transmissivity imbalance,... now covered More details: S. L. Danilishin, et al., NJP, 17(4): (2015) Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
20 Vacuum system and seismic pre-isolation Two GEO600-style vacuum chambers Four layer seismic isolation stack: fluorel springs + 60kg stainless discs Custom-made circular optical breadboards Stiffening with a truss structure, to ensure rigid motion along the longitudinal axis at low freqencies Isometric view 19
21 Vacuum system and seismic pre-isolation Two GEO600-style vacuum chambers Four layer seismic isolation stack: fluorel springs + 60kg stainless discs Custom-made circular optical breadboards Stiffening with a truss structure, to ensure rigid motion along the longitudinal axis at low freqencies Isometric view 20
22 Optical layout One gram input test masses Triangular arm cavities, 2.83m round-trip length Main Sagnac beam splitter In-vacuum balanced homodyne detector Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
23 Beam splitter and detection chamber >15 suspended optics Large BS for good separation of multiply reflected beams Curved mirror M9 to mode match the arm cavities among each other In-vacuum suspended balanced homodyne detector Local oscillator field for homodyne detection picked of from Sagnac common mode Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
24 Auxiliary suspensions Auxiliary suspension design complete Steering optics with coil/magnet actuators at upper mass Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
25 Auxiliary suspensions Auxiliary suspension design complete Steering optics with coil/magnet actuators at upper mass Two pendulum stages, steel wires; no vertical stage Double pendulum suspension for auxiliary optics Intermediate Mass ~ 25cm 50µm steel wire Optics (Test Mass) Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
26 Auxiliary suspensions before... Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
27 Auxiliary suspensions before... and after Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
28 End mirror suspensions Arm cavity end mirror suspensions Design based on AEI 10m SQL IFO suspensions Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
29 End mirror suspensions Arm cavity end mirror suspensions Design based on AEI 10m SQL IFO suspensions Triple pendulum stages with allmonolithic final stage ESD for fast actuation Vertical isolation (blade springs) Upper mass Designed for 10m SQL IFO, AEI, Germany Penultimate mass (fused silica) Monolithic suspension (bonded/welded fused silica fibres) Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
30 End mirror suspensions Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
31 End mirror suspensions Small input mirror suspensions Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
32 End mirror suspensions Small input mirror suspensions Mirror mass of about 0.8 grams Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
33 End mirror suspensions Small input mirror suspensions Mirror mass of about 0.8 grams Monolithic quadruple pendulum design 10cm long, 10µm thick fused silica fibres Upper mass Upper intermediate mass Penultimate mass (fused silica) 1g test mass Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
34 End mirror suspensions Small input mirror suspensions Mirror mass of about 0.8 grams Monolithic quadruple pendulum design 10cm long, 10µm thick fused silica fibres Fibre attached to cradle-type ear Upper mass Upper intermediate mass Penultimate mass (fused silica) 1g test mass Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
35 Scattering, loss and mirror specifications Very stringent loss & scattering requirements, < 30ppm/cavity Simulations with FFT tools (OSCAR), based on real mirror surface maps, to derive specs Manufacturing completed Substrates by Coastline, USA; coatings by LMA, France Under investigation: backscattered light coupling in triangular cavities, in collaboration with Prof. S. Vyatchanin, MSU D. Pascucci, paper in preparation Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
36 Novel electrostatic actuators Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
37 Novel electrostatic actuators Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
38 Novel electrostatic actuators Next: cavity-based characterisation of the actuator prototype ESD actuated mirror will form cavity end mirror cavity to boost SNR Remotely controlled kinematic stage for in-situ alignment Study mirror rotation in deliberately misaligned system, derive alignment requirements Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
39 Balanced homodyne readout DC readout won t work, need external LO Selecting the right quadrature angle is essential Well established tool in bench-top quantum optics experiments, less so in suspended interferometers... Investigated coupling of LO amplitude and phase noise to signal SSM More details: S. Steinlechner et al. Phys. Rev. D 92, (2015) Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
40 Balanced homodyne readout DC readout won t work, need external LO Selecting the right quadrature angle is essential Well established tool in bench-top quantum optics experiments, less so in suspended interferometers... Investigated coupling of LO amplitude and phase noise to signal Investigating Beam jitter coupling paper in preparation More details: T. Zhang, in preparation Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
41 Balanced homodyne readout DC readout won t work, need external LO Selecting the right quadrature angle is essential Well established tool in bench-top quantum optics experiments, less so in suspended interferometers... Investigated coupling of LO amplitude and phase noise to signal Investigating Beam jitter coupling paper in preparation Laser noise cancellation in BHD More details: E A Houston, in preparation Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
42 Balanced homodyne readout DC readout won t work, need external LO Selecting the right quadrature angle is essential Well established tool in bench-top quantum optics experiments, less so in suspended interferometers... Investigated coupling of LO amplitude and phase noise to signal Investigating Beam jitter coupling paper in preparation Laser noise cancellation in BHD Next: in-vacuum balanced homodyne experiment SSM Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
43 Speed meter signal extraction Michelson Contrary to Michelson IFO, the Sagnac output is always dark for any (stationary) round-trip length L Vanishing displacement sensitivity towards low frequencies How can we extract control signals for the lengths of the arm cavities? Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
44 Sensing and control scheme design Position Speed Full details: S. Leavey et al., arxiv: [gr-qc] Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
45 ... and much more Projects not covered in this talk: Laser stabilisation (amplitude, frequency, mode-cleaning) Detailed analyical and numerical modelling Analysis of ring cavity-specifc scattering effects Linear cavity test experiment Environmental monitoring (seismic, etc.) Digital control system prototyping and commissioning Electronics design and commissioning Interferometer lock acquisition studies Fused silica fibre pulling tests and optimisation Blade spring tests Characterisation of optical elements Etc, etc, etc... Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
46 Meet the ERC speed meter team Daniela Pascucci Teng Zhang Christian Gräf Alasdair Houston Russell Jones Stefan Hild Sebastian Steinlechner Sean Leavey Jan-Simon Hennig Stefan Danilishin With lots of help from: Ken Strain, Bryan Barr, Angus Bell, Liam Cunningham, Borja Sorazu, Sabina Huttner, Jennifer Wright, Andrew Spencer
47 ... and our international friends and colleagues Second international speed meter workshop at The Burn, Angus, Scotland, June 2016
48 Outline Motivation for Speed Meters Quantum noise Speed meter configurations Introducing the Glasgow Sagnac Speed Meter proof of concept experiment Design and scientific aims Current status of the experiment Future directions in Speed Meter research at Glasgow Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
49 Integrated research programme Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
50 Polarisation Sagnac configuration M. Wang, PhD thesis Requires large cavity optics because of 45deg AOI Possible issue of small-angle scattering coupling the two directions Requires high-quality, large-area polarising optics, possibly far beyond current technologies Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
51 Glasgow Polarisation Sagnac experiment Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
52 10m system upgrade Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
53 Early days... Christian Gräf ICONO/LAT, Minsk, September
54 Thank you for your attention! Visit us on
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