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1 E161 MEASUREMENT OF GLUON SPIN DISTRIBUTION IN NUCLEONS USING POLARIZED OPEN CHARM PHOTOPRODUCTION æ WHY MEASURE THIS æ SOME THEORY æ EXPERIMENTAL SETUP æ PROJECTED RESULTS æ OTHER EXPERIMENTS
2 E161 COLLABORATION æ UCLA æ Jeæerson Lab æ University of Liverpool æ Los Alamos æ University of Massachusetts æ SACLAY æ Institut fur Kernphysik, Mainz æ Old Dominion University æ Ruhr-UniversitBochum, í Germany æ Smith College æ SLAC æ University of Virginia æ College of William and Mary æ Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
3 WHY MEASURE THE GLUON POLARIZATION? 1. FUNDAMENTAL SUM RULE 1=2 = 1=2 æ ææ + æg + L z í ææ ç 0:23 æ 0:07 í L z includes quarks and gluons. Possible to measure it. 2. pqcd CONSISTENCY FOR ALL REACTIONS í g 1 èslac,cern,hermesè í PHOTOPRODUCTION ècompass, HERMES, SLAC?è í P-P at RHIC 3. FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY OF NUCLEON í 30 YEARS ON UNPOLARIZED PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS í 10 YEARS ON POLARIZED QUARKS
4 UNPOLARIZED QUARK DISTRIBUTIONS DIS LEPTON SCATTERING SLAC electrons HERA electrons EMC muons NMC muons BCDMS muon CCFR neutrino 1980's NuTeV neutrino 1995 PROTON-PROTON DIRECT PHOTON PRODUCTION High P T JETS Drell-Yan Z, W, top production è SEARCH FOR NEW PHYSICS
5 POLARIZED PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS FROM pqcd EVOLUTION EQUATIONS. THE FIT OF Gluck, Reya, Stratmann and Vogelsang è1999è æqèx; Q 2 è = q " i èx; Q2 è, q è i èx; Q2 è æg ONLY APPEARS in NLO Q 2 =4 GeV 2 x u new fit old fit x d 'static g' fit ' g=0' fit x s 0.3 x g SMC x x
6 POLARIZED PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS FROM pqcd EVOLUTION EQUATIONS. THE FIT OF E155 COLLABORATION è2000è æg = R 1 0 gèxèdx = 1:6 æ 0:8 æ 1:1 Polarized Gluon Distributions at Q 2 = 4 (GeV/c) 2 x G 0.4 E155 GRSV (NLO) GRSV (LO) x
7 POLARIZED GLUON DISTRIBUTIONS FROM pqcd EVOLUTION EQUATIONS. THE FITS OF Altarelli, Ball, Forte and Ridolæ è1998è æg = 1 to 2.2
8 POLARIZED GLUON DISTRIBUTIONS FROM pqcd EVOLUTION EQUATIONS. VARIOUS FITS í Brodsky è1995è æg = 0:7 í í í Sterling è1996è æg = 1:7 í æ í Forte AR Model è1996è æg = 1: Forte OS model è1996è æg = 1:0
9 HOW TO MEASURE ægèx; Q 2 è DIRECTLY POLARIZED PHOTON BEAM POLARIZED LiD TARGET PHOTON-GLUON FUSION γ Photon-Gluon Fusion c g c
10 TOTAL CHARM PHOTOPRODUCTION ç ç æp èkè = Z 1 xmin gèx; Q 2 èdx Z 1,1 çè^s; cosèç æ èè æ d cosèç æ è x min = 4m 2 c =2Mk s = 2Mk +M 2 æ = s 1,4m 2 c =^s is the c.m. velocity of c; çc ^s = xs is the energy of the photongluon system squared çè^s; cosèç æ èè is for the hard scattering Total Cross Section γp ccx (µb) Model Used in This Proposal W γp "" This proposal
11 POLARIZED cçc CROSS SECTION æç = ç "è, ç "" æçæpèkè = R 1 xmin ægèx; Q 2 èdx R 1,1 æçè^s; cosèç æ èè æè^s; cosèç æ èè æ d cosèç æ è where cosèç èè = 4 2çææsè^sè 9 ^s ë 4m4 c è^t 3 +^u 3 è æçè^s; 2^u 2 + 2^t 2 +^u 2,2m 2 c^s ë: ^t^u æ ^t Integrated over cosèç æ è, this becomes = 2çææsè^sè 4 ^s ë, 3æ + ln 1+æ 1,æ ë: 9 æçè^sè = æçæpèkè=çæpèkè = 1 PtP Accèkè f b "",N è" N +N è" N""
12 CROSS SECTION and æç DEPENDENCY ON CENTER OF MASS ANGLE
13 NLO pqcd 0.3 A c γp 0.2 NLO GRSV std. GS (A) GS (C) 0.1 LO NLO LO NLO LO - COMPASS S γp [GeV] """ This proposal èi. Bojak and M. Stratmannè also calculated by Z. Merebashvili et al.
14 EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY TAG CHARM WITH SINGLE DECAY ç D + D 0 D + s æ + c producedèèè Branching Ratioèèè decay to ç + èèè D, ç D 0 D, s æ, c producedèèè decay to ç, èèè Fraction of diæerent charmed particles produced with k=40 GeV photons and a deuterium target with p T é 0:5 GeV generated using PYTHIA 5.7. Also shown is the percent of muons of each charge which ORIGINATED from the parent charmed particle.
15 NUMBER OF EXPECTED COUNTS SIGNAL and BACKGROUNDS
16 BACKGROUNDS OTHER SOURCES OF ç æ ç FROM K and ç DECAY èlong Lifetimeè æ Bethe-Heitler ç PAIRS æ Jèè DECAY èsmallè æ VECTOR MESON DECAYS èsmallè PHYSICS BACKGROUND æ ASSOCIATED PRODUCTION èsmallè æ FINAL STATE INTERACTIONS èsmallè æ DIFFRACTIVE PRODUCTION èsmallè
17 EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY æ HIGH POLARIZATION TARGET æ HIGH POLARIZATION BEAM æ MOMENTUM of ç í High Field Magnet í Fine Grain Hodoscopes í Good Time Resolution æ ABSORB K and ç BEFORE DECAY í ç 10 Interaction Lengths í Monte Carlo Predicts Rates í Asymmetry Very Small èe155è í Two Absorber Setups 75è and 25è of Time í Multiple Scattering of ç Almost the Same æ VETO ç + ç, PAIRS èb-h, Jèè, VECTOR MESONSè í Some Singles Remain èacceptanceè
18 SIGNALèBACKGROUNDS BEFORE DECAY SUBTRACTION
19 SIGNALèBACKGROUNDS DECAY SUBTRACTED
20 ç SPECTROMETER NORMAL MODE TOP VIEW Coil. Return Yoke Coil. 7 SUBPLANES Lead Shielding Front View of Plane 1 (horizontal bars, simplified) Alumina Absorber Plane 1 Copper Pipe Plane 2 Plane 3 Photon Beam Target 15 GeV Lead Shielding 10 GeV 5 GeV Coil. Return Yoke Coil. 1 METER LASS DIPOLE Front View of Plane 1 (vertical bars, simplified)
21 ç SPECTROMETER BACKGROUND MODE TOP VIEW Coil. Return Yoke Coil. LASS DIPOLE Lead Shielding Copper Absorber Plane 2 Plane 3 Photon Beam Target 1 METER Lead Shielding 15 GeV 10 GeV 5 GeV Coil. Return Yoke Coil.
22 BACKGROUND: ç, K DECAY CROSS SECTION
23 BACKGROUND: ç, K DECAY E155 HADRON ASYMMETRY 5.5 æ ed π + X 50 GeV, 5.5 E or A LL E or A LL E, GRSV E, GS-A E, BBS E, BBS-newfrag h + π E, BBS-newfrag E, BBS E, GS-A E, GRSV h - π P (GeV) ed π X 50 GeV, 5.5
24 BACKGROUND: ç, K DECAY E155 HADRON ASYMMETRY 2.75 æ
25 PHYSICS BACKGROUND NORMAL HADRONIZATION γ Photon-Gluon Fusion c D Baryonic String g c D Mesonic string Κ π N π N
26 PHYSICS BACKGROUND ASSOCIATED PRODUCTION γ Photon Gluon Fusion c D g c Factorizaton π Q Λc π æ FACTORIZATION æ RELATIVE DETECTED CROSS SEC- TION èfew Percentè æ HOW DOES c INTERACT WITH POLARIZED TARGET FRAGMENTS?
27 PHYSICS BACKGROUND ASSOCIATED PRODUCTION PRODUCTION RATE LOW ç + Mostly from D èc quarkè è No æ + c ç, Mostly from ç D èçc quarkè è c quark can for
28 PHYSICS BACKGROUND ASSOCIATED PRODUCTION INTERACTION MECHANISM æ + c PRODUCTION INDEPENDENT OF TARGET FRAGMENT POLARIZATION æ æ + c = cud with ud in Spin=0 State æ Production does NOT Depend on Polarization of c Quark. æ Production Does NOT Depend on Polarization of Target Fragments. æ Decay of Polarized æ + c : small correction DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ç + and ç, æ Checks These Ideas æ Can Extrapolate to Zero Associated Product
29 BEAM PARAMETERS Electron Energy ègevè ** Electron Current è10 10 èspillè Peak Photon Energy ègevè Photons è10 7 èspillè ~ Circular Polarization High p t Muonsèday 160, , ,000 days èat 120 Hz, 100è eæciencyè ** Use 48.3 GeV, Diæerent Diamond Orientation ~ E155 had 3 æ 10 9 e, into ESA
30 BEAM POLARIZATION MEASUREMENT Use Bethe-Heitler Muon Pairs Calculated by Gehrmann and Stratmann µ+ γ µ Α æ Polarization Data taken Simultaneously with PGF æ Pairs with 1:2 é M çç é 2:8 GeV. æ é5 times the PGF rate. æ Elastic èfrom 6 Liè, Quasi Elastic and Inelastic Contributions. æ Relative importance depends on kinematics. æ Depends on Nuclear and Nucleon Form Factors and Polarized Structure Functions. æ Asymmetry about 3è depending on Kinematics.
31 EXPECTED RESULTS BY KINEMATICS
32 EXPECTED RESULTS AVERAGE SYSTEMATIC ERRORS ç 8è
33 OTHER EXPERIMENTS COMPASS æ NEXT GENERATION SMC 5 TIMES SMC LUMINOSITY æ ç + d! cçc èlid TARGETè æ DETECT D, ç D æ BEAM ENERGY = 160 GeV æ MOST OF DATA AT VERY LOW Q 2 æ ALSO USE HIGH P T JETS æ START UP JUNE 2001 æ PROBABLY SLOW STARTUP
34 OTHER EXPERIMENTS HERMES æ LOW ELECTRON ENERGY è27 GeVè æ LOW LUMINOSITY æ RUNNING NOW æ TWO ëhigh P T JETS" æ 0:06 é x é 0:28 æ FIRST RESULTS: æg=g = 0:41 æ 0:18 RHIC Gluon Compton Scattering g + q! æ + X A LL æ dç ç P a R æq a æ æg æ dæçèq a + g! æ + Xè Gluon Fusion g + g! jet + jet A LL ædç ç R æg ææg ædæçèg +g! X +Xè
35 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTS
36 REQUEST TO SLAC æ RESOURCES TO BUILD BEAM æ RESOURCES TO BUILD DETECTOR æ RESOURCES FOR TARGET MAGNET and çwave HARDWARE æ 3 WEEKS CHECKOUT AT LOW REPETITION RATE æ 2 MONTHS OF DATA TAKING í 120 Hz Parasite on PEP-II í 50è Data Collection Eæciency
37 CONCLUSIONS æ IMPORTANT TO MEASURE æg=g æ E161 CAN MEASURE æg=g DIRECTLY æ PRECISION ç OTHER EXPERIMENTS æ COMPLEMENTARY TO OTHER EXPERIMENTS USING DIFFERENT HARD SCATTERING PROCESSES
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