Innovation, Industry, and NIST

Transcription

1 Innovation, Industry, and NIST Dr. James K. Olthoff, Director Physical Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Metrology for Innovation Symposium 16 November 2016

2 Outline NIST and today s world of metrology NIST Industry interactions Innovative metrology Future Challenges 2

3 NIST: Innovation and Competiveness Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration International Trade Administration Patent and Trademark Office National Institute of Standards & Technology Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology Economics and Statistics Administration NIST s mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and Dr. technology Willie May NIST Director in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.

4 NIST: Who we are and what we do Scientific and Engineering Research Manufacturing Extension Partnership Centers Program in Performance Excellence Research at NIST has garnered five Nobel Prizes since 1997 Advanced Manufacturing National Program Office

5 An ever broadening mission The development and maintenance of standards provides the first and primary reason for NIST s existence. This standards work must keep abreast with the expansion of the frontiers of science. Our deep and broad research expertise and competencies support expanding standard needs as well as technological innovation Nanomanufacturing: New measurement tools for advanced materials manufacturing Cybersecurity: Improved response to cyber threats Advanced Communications: Testbeds, quality control, interoperability for next-generation communications Our non-regulatory status enables our important role as a convener to facilitate collaborations between industry and government

6 Evolution of the NIST role 1901 Support for the Industrial Revolution 2016 Advanced Communications Interoperability of fire hose screw threads Light bulb standards Advanced Manufacturing Advanced Materials Biosciences Cyber-physical Systems Standards for Iron and Steel Work to reduce railway accidents Cybersecurity Disaster Resilience Forensic Science Quantum Science

7 Metrology The science of measurement; a system of measures When you can measure what you are speaking about, you know something about it. But when you cannot measure it, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind. It may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely advanced to the stage of science. William Thomson, Lord Kelvin

8 PML: Core Mission The System of Physical Measurements in the U.S. PML seeks to ensure that the US measurement system is Scientifically based Internationally accepted Realized in practice Disseminated for routine uses Disseminated for new and novel uses Maintained and improved 8

9 SI dissemination methodologies in practice Send us an artifact; We ll measure it and return it. Send us an instrument; We ll calibrate it and return it. Don t send us anything; Buy one, and we ll ship it to you. Don t send us anything; We ll observe something together. Example shown here: Gauge blocks and other artifacts used as dimensional metrology standards. Other examples: masses, resistors and other electrical devices. Example shown here: Proving ring for force metrology. Other examples: thermometers, pressure gauges, photodiodes (e.g., for optical power). Example shown here: Ocean Shellfish Radionuclide Standard (SRM 4358). Other examples: certain lamps and photodiodes for photometry and radiometry. Example shown here: GPS satellite constellation (atomic clocks on orbit). Satellite common-view used to transfer precision time and frequency standards. 9

10 NIST calibration services 591 services in eight metrology areas Dimensional Electromagnetic Environmental Ionizing Radiation Length Voltage Ozone Measurements Radioactivity Angular Resistance Mercury Measurements Sources & Dosimetry Diameter and Roundness Power and Energy (Neutron, x ray, gamma Complex Dimensional EM Field Strength ray, and electron) Surface Texture Precision Ratios High Dose Applications Mechanical Optical Radiation Thermodynamic Time and Frequency Mass Photometry Thermometry Time Dissemination Force Optical Properties of Mtls Pressure and Vacuum Frequency Measurement Volume and Density Color and Appearance Humidity Oscillator Characterization Fluid Flow Spectroradiometry Radiance Temperature Noise Measurement Acoustics and Vibration Laser Power and Energy Thermal Resistance GPS Receiver Analysis 10 Representative selection Catalog online at:

11 Redefinition: The New SI FOR THE KILOGRAM Artefact based Only accessible at one location Only accessible at certain times (3 x in 100 years) Only at one nominal value.

12 Redefinition: The New SI FOR THE KILOGRAM Artefact based Only accessible at one location Only accessible at certain times (3 x in 100 years) Only at one nominal value. Definition is based on fixed h Scalable Realization can be performed at any time, anywhere

13 Redefinition: The new SI Quantum SI Quantum phenomena Fundamental and atomic constants Tying metrology to fundamental properties of nature Removing artifacts as defining the SI kelvin Boltzmann constant kilogram Planck constant ampere Elementary electric charge mole Avogadro constant

14 Techniques for Small Masses and Forces Optomechanical system can balance mechanical force with photon pressure force Superluminescent diode Fabry-Perot (for photon momentum force) Interferometer (for displacement) Flexure Stage (for mass and restoring force) Integrated interferometer and calibrated light source Optical power standards provide low uncertainty for small force measurements Scales down to the single photon level Femtonewton resolution Calibration of atomic force microscopy um See: J. Melcher, et al., A self-calibrating optomechanical force sensor with femtonewton resolution, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, (2014);

15 Outline NIST and today s world of metrology NIST Industry interactions Innovative metrology Future Challenges 15

16 An example: Laser Welding Laser welding is an enabling technology - but no measurement standards Goal: Calibrated laser power measurement during a laser weld New radiation pressure technique measures the very small force of light as it reflects from a mirror Force is proportional to laser power Laser beam not absorbed, also used for the weld Force measured with commercial scale Scale Sensing mirror Aluminum housing

17 Progress towards a calibrated laser weld B. Simonds, P. Williams, J. Sowards, J. Hadler 17

18 Laser welding: A cooperative effort Partners provide: Samples Welds for structural analysis Weld processing materials for chemical analysis Beta testing of metrology tools Power meters, beam profiles, in-situ spectroscopy Graduate students Tech transfer

19 Another example: Laser trackers Used by aerospace industry for large scale dimensional metrology Capable of measuring large-scale dimensions (up to approximately 120 meters in length) with 60 µm precision Example application: measurement of airplane subassemblies at different supply chain partner sites No standards or calibration protocols

20 Laser trackers: Partnering with industry Field calibrations Develop testing equipment and artifacts Adequate artifacts nonexistent Worked with industry and commercial partners to develop calibration artifacts develop calibration artifacts Documentary standards Develop test methods and error correction analysis Develop geometric and optical error propagation models Provide technical support to standards writing organizations Two major standards published 20

21 Last example: Quantitative imaging Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Industry Need 2 million PET procedures in U.S. annually Primary method for monitoring cancer treatment Lack of absolute and precise results for comparison NIST Solution Create a S.I.-traceable long-lived (Ge-68) PET phantom Commercial NIST-traceable phantoms now shipped by scanner manufacturers Recommended by professional societies and funding agencies

22 Outline NIST and today s world of metrology NIST Industry interactions Innovative metrology Future Challenges 22

23 Quantum-based voltage standards DC Volt Programmable Josephson Volt Standard Quantized voltages: ±10 V AC Volt Programmable Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer Quantum accuracy up to 1 MHz 23

24 24 Josephson voltage systems

25 Next generation JVS system Off-the-shelf instrumentation Electronic cyrocooler No liquid He More user friendly Fully automated Identical performance Cryocooler 25

26 Quantum Hall standards GaAs Quantum Hall Resistance Basis for the Ohm Runs at 12.9 kω Difficult to scale Specialized equipment and training Graphene Quantum Hall Resistance Runs at 12.9 kω Runs at higher temperatures More easily scalable Possible future basis for the Ohm 26

27 Make devices to shuttle one electron at a time at a high frequency using physics of Coulomb blockade (i.e., charge pump). The ampere by counting e island Modulate this gate fast Electrons shuttling through a Coulomb blockade device made at NIST Need lots of electrons to make a measureable current, so need many parallel pumps, like concept above An historic problem is that traditional metal gated pumps aren t as stable as we would like NIST is developing an all silicon approach to solve this problem

28 Pressure standard: Mercury manometer 400 year old manometer technology 230 kg of mercury Extensive instrumentation Slow Very expensive Jay Hendricks at the 3 meter Ultrasonic Mercury Interferometer Manometer 28

29 Photonic pressure standard Jay Hendricks at the 3 meter Ultrasonic Mercury Interferometer Manometer 29

30 Photonic pressure standard Compact, portable, quantum-based primary barometric pressure standard based on the refractive index of nitrogen Range of 0.1 mpato 360 kpa(3 ½ atm) Eight decades of pressure measurement in one instrument, replaces multiple commercial gauge technologies Motivates elimination of mercury-based pressure standards (manometers) Resolution of 0.1 mpa, 35x more sensitive 100x as fast 1000x lower pressure range Accuracy of 10 ppm Fixed Length Optical Cavity (FLOC) gauge measures pressure from optical phase shift between lower channel (high vacuum) and upper channel (gas filled) 30

31 Outline NIST and today s world of metrology NIST Industry interactions Innovative metrology Future Challenges 31

32 Measurements are used everywhere... Goal: NIST-quality measurements and physical standards available directly where the customer/user needs them.

33 A vision: Intelligent embedded sensors Embed sensors during the manufacturing process Temperature and strain monitoring during fabrication Improved manufacturing reliability Reduced development costs Integrated sensor network Monitor thermal and pressure cycling during use Improved safety and long-term reliability

34 Emerging technologies enable disruptive change Micro- and Nano-fabrication Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Nanoelectronic Microfluidics Integrated photonics (solid state lasers) Superconducting systems Quantum-based standards and phenomena Fundamental atomic and molecular properties New material properties Ultracold systems Commercialized (2011) NIST Prototype (2004) 34

35 Emerging technologies enable disruptive change Micro- and Nano-fabrication Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Nanoelectronic Microfluidics Integrated photonics (solid state lasers) Superconducting systems Quantum-based standards and phenomena Fundamental atomic and molecular properties New material properties Ultracold systems A 21 st century toolkit can enable the development of a new generation of artifacts and instruments with capabilities that far exceed those traditionally used for traceability In some cases, they might rival the capabilities of NMI! 35

36 Embedded standards Develop SI-traceable measurements and physical standards that are: Deployablein a factory, lab, device, system, home, anywhere... Usable:. Small size (usually), low power consumption, rugged, easily integrated and operated Flexible: Provide a range of SI-traceable measurements and standards (often quantum-based) relevant to the customer s needs / applications One, few, or many measurements from a single small form package Manufacturable: Potential for production costs commensurate with the applications Low cost for broad deployment; or Acceptable cost for high-value applications 36

37 Photonic temperature standard Legacy technology: Electrical temperature sensors 2 mm o Standard in industrial settings o σ 10 (-196 to 500 ) o Hysteresis o Mechanical or thermal shock resets calibration Standard platinum resistance thermometer Industrial Pt PRT Replacement technology: Photonic crystal cavity sensors 2 µm 100 µm Photonic thermometer (Thermodynamic Metrology Group, PML, NIST) 37 o o o o o o o o Micro/nano-scale size Can be embedded Low cost and weight Immune to electromagnetic interference Negligible hysteresis Fast response time Can tolerate harsh conditions CMOS technology compatible

38 New photonic sensors Si 3 N 4 nanobeamoptomechanicalcrystal A 2B = k B T hω m A Extremely stable, precise compact optical temperature sensors on a chip Comparable in performance to state-of-the-art transfer standards Working toward quantum standards B correlation

39 New approach to E-field measurements Electromagnetically induced transparency of alkali atoms in Rydberg states Stark splitting Amplitude measurement becomes a frequency measurement Self calibrating Very weak E-fields, < 1 mv/m, to strong fields Broadband: 1 GHz to 500 GHz (maybe 1 THz) Less perturbative than conventional probe Potentially small and compact probes At end of optical fibers Small cells to have reduced uncertainties Probe (red light) (a) RF Source Coupling (blue light) Vapor Cell (Rb atoms) L (b) Detector 39

40 Chip-scale atomic magnetometers Derived from Chip-Scale Atomic Clock research Similar technology Optimized to be sensitive to small magnetic fields May replace some SQUIDs Femtotesla sensitivity Operates at room temperature Application areas include: Magnetoencephalography Fetal magnetocardiography See: Phys. Med. Biol. 60, (2015) doi: / /60/12/

41 Chip-scale optical atomic clock Miniaturization of frequency comb allows design of chip-scale optical atomic clocks Applications in communication, navigation, and spectroscopy Technical path forward for 1000 times better performance on all sensors derived from microwave CSAC design (magnetometers, gyroscopes, gravimeters, etc.) Microcomboptical clock with Rbatoms. A pump laser excites a chip-based microresonator(see micrograph at right) to create a 33 GHz spacing comb. Two lines of the comb 108 modes apart are stabilized to Rbtransitions. The output is the 33 GHz microcombline spacing, with stability better than the rubidium transitions by a factor of 108. See: Optica 1(1), (2014) 41

42 Another possibility: Dosimetry on a chip Industry Need Phase out Co-60 Low-energy e-beam processing Personalized medicine NIST Solution e-gray absolute dose with electrons Chip-scale photonic sensors Potential Impacts in manufacturing, trade, medicine, biology, security

43 Shape-shifting sensor of conditions deep within the body NIST and National Institutes of Health (NIH) have devised and demonstrated a new, micrometer-scale probe for highresolution chemical sensing deep within living organisms Novel devices, called geometrically encoded magnetic sensors (GEMs), are microengineeredmetal-gel sandwiches about 5 to 10 times smaller than a single red blood cell Magnetic, MRI biosensors can be used deeper in body than optical, infrared techniques See: G. Zabow, S.J. Dodd and A.P. Koretsky, Shape-changing magnetic assemblies as high-sensitivity NMR-readable nanoprobes, Nature, Online March 16, Example sensor for local ph. Hydrogel between two magnetic disks shrinks with decreasing ph, changing resonance frequency of the device. Locations are mapped using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Credit: Sean Kelley / NIST

44 44 Possible Implications

45 Possible Implications For NIST Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST Technology transfer For NMIs What is the future of calibrations? What about mutual recognition? Measurement expertise still essential Training For industry and users of metrology How will we obtain traceability? How will new sensor technology impact products? How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation? 45

46 Possible Implications For NIST Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST Technology transfer For NMIs What is the future of calibrations? What about mutual recognition? Measurement expertise still essential Training For industry and users of metrology How will we obtain traceability? How will new sensor technology impact products? How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation? 46

47 Possible Implications For NIST Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST Technology transfer For NMIs What is the future of calibrations? What about mutual recognition? Measurement expertise still essential Training For industry and users of metrology How will we obtain traceability? How will new sensor technology impact products? How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation? 47

48 Possible Implications For NIST Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST Technology transfer For NMIs What is the future of calibrations? What about mutual recognition? Measurement expertise still essential Training For industry and users of metrology How will we obtain traceability? How will new sensor technology impact products? How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation? For metrologists Exciting times 48

49 Thank you! Any questions? 49

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