Future Colliders. Albert De Roeck CERN and University of Antwerp and the IPPP Durham and UC-Davis, California

Transcription

1 Future Colliders Albert De Roeck CERN and University of Antwerp and the IPPP Durham and UC-Davis, California 1

2 The LHC: a proton proton collider 7 TeV + 7 TeV Primary physics targets Origin of mass Nature of Dark Matter Understanding space time Matter versus antimatter Primordial plasma The LHC will determine the Future course of High Energy Physics The LHC started operation end of

3 Physics case for new High Energy Machines Understand the mechanism Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Discover physics beyond the Standard Model Reminder: The Standard Model - tells us how but not why (contains 19 parameters!) 3 flavour families? Mass spectra? Hierarchy? - needs fine tuning of parameters to level of 10-30! - has no connection with gravity - no unification of the forces at high energy Most popular extensions these days If a Higgs field exists: - Supersymmetry - Extra space dimensions If there is no Higgs below ~ 700 GeV - Strong electroweak symmetry breaking around 1 TeV Other ideas: more gauge bosons/quark & lepton substructure, Little Higgs models 3 S S

4 What are the next possible machines after the LHC? 4

5 January 06 The Orsay Symposium : HEP in Europe About 400 participants 47 documents submitted the European Strategy Document Consequences for CERN New workshop in early

6 What machines are being discussed? LHC upgrade Higher energy hadron colliders High energy electron colliders High energy muon colliders Heavy flavor factories Will discuss only the first three 6

7 The LHC Upgrade Making the most of the LHC 7

8 LHC is 100m underground LHC is 27 km long Magnet Temperature is 1.9 Kelvin = -271 Celsius LHC has ~ 9000 magnets LHC: 40 million proton-proton collisions per second LHC: Luminosity fb -1 /year (after start-up phase) moedal (LHCf) totem High Energy factor 7 increase w.r.t. present accelerators High Luminosity (# events/cross section/time) 8 factor 100 increase

9 LHC: Expected Luminosity in the next years O(10 fb -1 ) in

10 What can we expect with 10 fb -1? 10

11 LHC Luminosity/Sensitivity with time 11

12 The European Strategy for Particle Physics One possible way : LHC luminosity upgrade slhc 10 times more luminosity.ie. L~10 35 cm -2 s -1

13 Upgrade Plan Higher Luminosity for the LHC Outcome of Chamonix February 2010: 7 TeV and L >10 32 in with the goal to collect 1fb -1 A first long shutdown to raise the energy in /14TeV and L >10 33 for (2015?) A second long shutdown to raise the luminosity in 2015 (2016?). 13/14 TeV and L >10 34 for A longer term program to reach S-LHC like integrated luminosities with luminosity leveling at L ~4-5x10 34 LHC has definitely adopted a different operation mode: 2/3 years of running interleaved by major shutdowns periods A change in our strategy for the upgrades is needed. What upgrades can we plan to do in each of these shutdowns to maintain/increase the physics potential of the experiment?

14 Detector Upgrade Opportunities Discussion in CMS System Phase Phase 2 Beyond Pixel New Pixel Detector (1 or 2 iterations?) Tracker FEDs? New Tracking System (incl Pixel) HCAL Electronics + PD replacement HF/HE? ECAL TP (Off Detector Electronics)? EE? 2012 Muons ME4/2, ME1/1,RPC endcap, Minicrate spares, some CSC Electronics Electronics replacement 2015 Trigger HCAL/RCT/GCT to TCA Complete replacement

15 The CERN Accelerator Complex 15

16 Present Accelerators Future Accelerators Proton flux / Beam power Output energy 50 MeV 160 MeV 1.4 GeV 4 GeV 26 GeV 50 GeV 450 GeV 1 TeV 7 TeV ~ 14 TeV Linac2 PSB PS SPS LHC / SLHC Linac4 LPSPL PS2 SPS+ DLHC LPSPL: Low Power Superconducting Proton Linac (4 GeV) PS2: High Energy PS (~ 5 to 50 GeV 0.3 Hz) SPS+: Superconducting SPS (50 to1000 GeV) SLHC: Superluminosity LHC (up to cm -2 s -1 ) DLHC: Double energy LHC (1 to ~14 TeV) Intermediate step in reaching cm -2 s -1

17 SPS PS2 ISOLDE PS SPL Linac4

18 SLHC Machine Parameters W. Scandale HCP07 18

19 Extending the Physics Potential of LHC Electroweak Physics Production of multiple gauge bosons (n V 3) Examples studied triple and quartic gauge boson couplings in some detail Top quarks/rare decays Higgs physics Rare decay modes Higgs couplings to fermions and bosons Higgs self-couplings Heavy Higgs bosons of the MSSMM Supersymmetry (up to masses of 3 TeV) Extra Dimensions Include pile up, detector Direct graviton production in ADD models Resonance production in Randall-Sundrum models TeV -1 scale models Black Hole production Quark substructure Strongly-coupled vector boson system hep-ph/ W L Z L g W L Z L, Z L Z L scalar resonance, W + LW + L New Gauge Bosons Extend discovery range by ~ 25% in mass 19

20 First step Example: The Higgs at the LHC Discover a new Higgs-like particle at the LHC, or exclude its existence Second step SLHC added value Measure properties of the new particle to prove it is the Higgs Measure the Higgs mass Measure the Higgs width Measure cross sections x branching ratios Ratios of couplings to particles (~m particle ) Measure decays with low Branching ratios (e.g H ) Measure CP and spin quantum numbers (scalar particle?) Measure the Higgs self-coupling (H HH), in order to reconstruct the Higgs potential LHC~1 good year of data Only then we can be sure it is the Higgs particle we were looking for 20

21 W. Scandale HCP07 21

22 The SSC in the LHC tunnel? W. Scandale HCP07 22

23 W. Scandale HCP07 ADD two years To the timeline!! Note: this is just a possible scenario 23

24 VLHC: Very Large Hadron Collider Tunnel of 233 km (E.G could be somewhere near FNAL) Stage 1: 40 TeV collider with cheap 2T field magnets L=10 34 cm -2 s -1 Stage 2: 200 TeV collider with superconducting magnets. L= cm -2 s -1 Magnet & Vacuum R&D required (and ongoing) Detectors with good tracking up to 10 TeV (increase B,L), calorimeter coverage up to 6-7, good linearity up to 10 TeV, harsh forward radiation 24

25 Linear e+e- Colliders: The ILC Use electrons instead of protons for beams 25

26 Linear e+e- Colliders Since end of 2001 there seems to be a worldwide consensus in high energy physics (ECFA/HEPAP/Snowmass 2001 ) The machine which will complement and extend the LHC best, and is closest to be realized is a Linear e+e- Collider with a collision energy of at least 500 GeV PROJECTS: TeV Colliders (cms energy up to 1 TeV) Technology ~ready August 04 ITRP: NLC/GLC/TESLA ILC superconducting cavities Multi-TeV Collider (cms energies in multi-tev range) R&D CLIC (CERN + collaborators) Two Beam Acceleration 26

27 pp and e+e- colliders Different characteristics of the two machines Different virtues LHC pp collisions s = at 14 TeV Strong point: larger mass reach for direct discoveries Kinematics: can use conservation of p T Composite nature of colliding protons underlying remant event s of the hard interaction not fixed Strongly interacting particles huge QCD cross sec. (background) ILC: e+e- collisions s = TeV Strong point: high precision physics Kinematics: mom. conservation used to analyze the decays, Well defined initial state, beam polarization, s, Backgrounds smaller than LHC Options:, e, e-e- colliders. 27

28 A Generic Linear Collider km

29 Linear Collider Baseline LEP: 209 GeV next Electron-Positron Collider Centre-of-mass-energy: TeV Luminosity: >2*10 34 Physics motivation: "Physics at the CLIC Multi-TeV Linear Collider: Report of the CLIC Physics Working Group, CERN Report Storage Ring not possible, energy loss E ~ E 4 two linacs, experiment at centre total energy gain in one pass: highh acceleration gradient beam can only be used once: smalll beam dimensions at crossing point Boundary conditions: site length Power consumption 29

30 Higgs studies at a e+e- linear Collider Can detect the Higgs via the recoil to the Z Fully simulated+reconstructed HZ event Very clean compared to events at LHC Precision measurements! Observation of the Higgs independent of decay modes Precise determination of couplings 30

31 A LC is a Precision Instrument Clean e+e- (polarized intial state, controllable s for hard scattering) Detailed study of the properties of Higgs particles mass to 0.03%, couplings to 1-3%, spin & CP structure, total width (6%) factor 2-5 better than LHC/measure couplings in model indep. way Precision measurements of SUSY particles properties, i.e. slepton masses to better than 1%, if within reach Precision measurements a la LEP (TGC s, Top and W mass) Large indirect sensitivity to new phenomena (eg W L W L scattering) LC will very likely play important role to disentangle the underlying new theory 31

32 ILC: Few More Examples Understanding SUSY High accuracy of sparticle mass measurements relevant for reconstruction of SUSY breaking mechanism Dark Matter LC will accurately measure m and couplings, i.e. Higgsino/Wino/Bino content Essential input to cosmology & searches LC will make a prediction of DMh²~ ~ 3% (SPS1a) A mismatch with WMAP/Planck would reveal extra sources of DM (Axions, heavy objects) Quantum level consistency: M H (direct)= M H (indirect)? sin 2 W ~10-5 (GigaZ), M W ~ 6 MeV (+theory progress) M H (indirect) ~ 5% 1/M GeV -1 Gaugino mass parameters G. Blair et al F. Richard/SPS1a 32

33 Extrapolation to physics at high scales From a combination of LHC and ILC results, precise measurements of masses of SUSY particles, couplings: Evolution of gaugino mass parameters LHC LHC ILC Good case for LHC/ILC interplay, see G. Weiglein et al., hep-ph/

34 Input from the LHC for the LC F. Gianotti, ADR et al. Something to watch for the ILC LHC/ILC workshop 34

35 ILC Global Design Effort ~31 km (500 GeV) Luminosity ~ cm -2 s -1 Barry Barish GDE LCWS07 DESY LCWS06 Bangalore Active since March

36 The GDE Plan and Schedule for ILC CLIC Global Design Effort Project Baseline configuration Reference Design LHC Physics Technical Design ILC R&D Program Expression of Interest to Host International Mgmt Costing made public in February 2007: 6.6 GUSD+ manpower 36

37 Timeline for ILC options? Plan of 2007 optimistic J. Gronberg LCWS07 37

38 CLIC Compact LInear Collider A multi-tev e+e- collider High acceleration gradients CERN + 38

39 CLIC: a Multi-TeV Linear Collider Two beam acceleration presently only feasible way to reach multi-tev region Principle demonstrated with CTF2 More than 150 MV/m for short pulses but 100 MV/m for long pulses? Present R&D CTF3: drive beam CLIC: 3 TeV (5 TeV) LC L=O(10 35 )cm -2 s -1 CERN: accelerate CLIC R&D support to evaluate the technology by 2009/2010 CLIC collaboration. FAQs: CLIC technology O(5) years behind TeV class LCs CLIC can operate from 90 GeV 3 (5) TeV. Physics case for CLIC documented in a CERN yellow report CERN (June) 39

40 CLIC: Examples of the Large Reach E.g.: Contact interactions: Sensitivity to scales up to TeV (few years of data) Eur.Phys. J C (2004) E.g. Supersymmetry # sparticles that can be detected Expect higher precision at LC vs LHC 40

41 CLIC: Overview of Physics Reach M H =900 GeV New Z resonance s=5 Heavy Higgs s=3 ADD Extra Dimensions Measuring the Higgs self coupling to 5-10% 41

42 Indicative Physics Reach all Machines Units are TeV (except W L W L reach) Ldt correspond to 1 year of running Ellis, Gianotti, ADR hep-ex/ few updates at nominal luminosity for 1 experiment PROCESS LHC SLHC DLHC VLHC VLHC LC LC 14 TeV 14 TeV 28 TeV 40 TeV 200 TeV 0.8 TeV 5 TeV 100 fb fb fb fb fb fb fb -1 Squarks W L W L Z Extra-dim ( =2) q* compositeness TGC ( ) indirect reach (from precision measurements) Approximate mass reach machines: s = 14 TeV, L=10 34 (LHC) : up to 6.5 TeV s = 14 TeV, L=10 35 (SLHC) : up to s = 28 TeV, L=10 34 (DLHC) : up to 8 TeV 10 TeV 42

43 Summary The LHC luminosity upgrade to cm -2 s -1 Natural continuation of the LHC in O(10) years from now Extends the program for discoveries. Explore further the mysteriess of the universe Later energy upgrade? A high luminosity linear collider as the next frontier accelerator Linear Colliders: Precision measurements, eg improve by an order of magnitude on properties of particles, within its production reach model independent unravel the underlying theory/model in detail. Discovery of particles which are difficult to find in pp collisions Optimal LC energy will be known better LHC results by

44 Expected Luminosity in the next months 44

45

46 World-wide CLIC&CT TF3 Collaboration Aarhus University (Denmark) Ankara University (Turkey) Argonne National Laboratory (USA) Athens University (Greece) BINP (Russia) CERN CIEMAT (Spain) Cockcroft Institute (UK) Gazi Universities (Turkey) 33 Institutes involving 21 funding agencies and 18 countries Helsinki Institute of Physics (Finland) IAP (Russia) IAP NASU (Ukraine) INFN / LNF (Italy) Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (Spain) IRFU / Saclay (France) Jefferson Lab (USA) John Adams Institute (UK) JINR (Russia) Karlsruhe University (Germany) KEK (Japan) LAL / Orsay (France) LAPP / ESIA (France) NCP (Pakistan) North-West. Univ. Illinois (USA) Oslo University (Norway) Patras University (Greece) Polytech. University of Catalonia (Spain) PSI (Switzerland) RAL (UK) RRCAT / Indore (India) SLAC (USA) Thrace University (Greece) Uppsala University (Sweden)

47 The Full CLIC Scheme 326 klystrons 33 MW, 139 s drive beam accelerator 2.38 GeV, 1.0 GHz 1 km delay loop CR1 CR2 combiner rings Circumferences delay loop 72.4 m CR m CR m CR2 CR1 delay loop 326 klystrons 33 MW, 139 s drive beam accelerator 2.38 GeV, 1.0 GHz 1 km decelerator, 24 sectors of 876 m TA BC2 245m R=120m BDS 2.75 km e - main linac, 12 GHz, 100 MV/m, km 48.3 km IP BDS 2.75 km e + main linac BC2 245m TA R=120m CLIC 3 TeV booster linac, 9 GeV Not to scale! e - injector 2.4 GeV e - PDR 365m e - DR 365m BC1 e + DR 365m e + PDR 365m e + injector, 2.4 GeV 47

48 CERN DG 27/6/07 48