Automorphic forms and scattering theory

Transcription

1 Automorphic forms and scattering theory Werner Müller University of Bonn Institute of Mathematics December 5, 2007

2 Introduction Harmonic analysis on locally symmetric spaces Γ\G/K of finite volume is closely related to the modern theory of automorphic forms and has deep connections to number theory. Of particular interest are quotients of symmetric spaces G/K by arithmetic groups Γ. In many cases, these quotients are non-compact, which implies that the Laplace operator has a large continuous spectrum. This is where scattering theory comes into play. The study of the continuous spectrum has important consequences for the theory of automorphic forms. On the other hand, the arithmetic nature of the underlying spaces has great influence on the structure of the continuous spectrum and the distribution of resonances. The purpose of this talk is to discuss some aspects of this relation between harmonic analysis and number theory.

3 General set up I. Automorphic forms i) Symmetric spaces G semisimple real Lie group with finite center of non-compact type K G maximal compact subgroup S = G/K Riemannian symmetric space of non-positive curvature, equipped with G-invariant Riemannian metric g. geodesic inversion about any x S is a global isometry. Examples. 1. H n hyperbolic n-space H n = { (x 1,..., x n ) R n : x n > 0 } = SO(n, 1)/ SO(n). The invariant metric is given by ds 2 = dx dx 2 n x 2 n.

4 1. General set up 2. S space of positive definite n n-matrices of determinant 1. S = { Y Mat n (R): Y = Y, Y > 0, det Y = 1 } = SL(n, R)/ SO(n) Invariant metric: ds 2 = Tr(Y 1 dy Y 1 dy ). G = SL(n, R) acts on S by Y g t Yg, g G.

5 Locally symmetric spaces ii) Locally symmetric spaces Γ G a lattice, i.e., Γ is a discrete subgroup of G and vol(γ\g) < Γ acts properly discontinuously on S. X = Γ\S = Γ\G/K locally symmetric space Example: SL(2, R)/ SO(2) = H 2 = {z C: Im(z) > 0}. For N N let Γ(N) = { γ SL(2, Z): γ Id mod N }. principal congruence subgroup of SL(2, Z) of level N. It acts on H 2 by fractional linear transformations: γ(z) = az + b ( ) a b cz + d, Γ(N). c d Γ(N)\H 2 Riemann surface, non-compact, Area(Γ(N)\H 2 ) <.

6 Fundamental domain A discrete group can be visualized by its fundamental domain. The standard fundamental domain of the modular group SL(2, Z).

7 Harmonic analysis iii) Harmonic analysis D(S) := ring of G invariant differential operators on S, i.e., D : C (S) C (S), D L g = L g D, g G, where L g f (x) = f (gx), g G. = div grad Laplace operator of S, D(S). Harish-Chandra: D(S) is commutative and finitely generated, r = rank(s) minimal number of generators. D D(S) D D(S), D(S) commutative algebra of normal operators. Problem: Study the spectral resolution of D(S) in L 2 (Γ\S).

8 Automorphic forms Definition: φ C (S) is called automorphic form, if it satisfies the following conditions: 1) φ(γx) = φ(x), γ Γ; 2) Dφ = λ D φ, D D(S); 3) φ is of moderate growth. Every joint L 2 -eigenfunction of D(S) is an automorphic form. Example: X = Γ\H 2, Γ SL(2, R) lattice. ( ) = y 2 2 x y 2, z = x + iy, hyperbolic Laplace operator, D(H 2 ) = C[ ].

9 Harmonic analysis Maass automorphic form: φ C (H 2 ) such that 1) φ(γz) = φ(z), γ Γ; 2) φ = λφ; 3) X φ(z) 2 da(z) <. Let be the closure of : Cc (Γ\H 2 ) L 2 (Γ\H 2 ). Solutions λ of 1) 3) are in the point spectrum of. Theorem(Selberg, 1954): L 2 (Γ\H 2 ) = L 2 pp(γ\h 2 ) L 2 ac(γ\h 2 ), 1) σ pp ( ): 0 = λ 0 < λ 1 λ 2, eigenvalues of finite multiplicities, 2) σ ac ( ) = [1/4, ), 3) L 2 ac(γ\h 2 ) can be described in terms of Eisenstein series. Thus all eigenvalues λ i 1/4 are embedded into the continuous spectrum. This makes it very difficult to study these eigenvalues.

10 Applications Why should we study automorphic forms? 1) Automorphic L-functions Langlands program Example: Let Γ = SL(2, Z) and F H 2 the standard fundamental domain. Let f C (H 2 ) be a square integrable Γ-automorphic form with eigenvalue λ = 1/4 + r 2, r 0, i.e., f satisfies f (γz) = f (z), γ Γ, f = (1/4+r 2 )f, f (z) 2 da(z) <. In addition assume that f is symmetric w.r.t. to the reflection x + iy x + iy. Since f satisfies f (z + 1) = f (z) it admits the following Fourier expansion w.r.t. to x: where f (x + iy) = a n y 1/2 K ir (2πny) cos(2πnx), n=1 F

11 Automorphic L-functions K ν (y) = is the modified Bessel function. Let 0 L(s, f ) := e y cosh t cosh(νt) dt n=1 a n, Re(s) > 1. ns The modularity of f implies that L(s, f ) admits a meromorphic extension to C, and satisfies a functional equation. Let ( ) ( ) s + ir s ir Λ(s, f ) = π s Γ Γ L(s, f ). 2 2 Then the functional equation is Λ(s) = Λ(1 s). L(s, f ) is an example of an automorphic L-function. This construction can be generalized to automorphic forms w.r.t. other semisimple (or reductive) groups.

12 Automorphic L-functions Basic problem: Establish analytic continuation and functional equation in the general case Langlands functoriallity principle: Provides relation between auotmorphic forms on different groups by relating the corresponding L-functions. Basic conjecture: All L-functions occurring in number theory and algebraic geometry are automorphic L-functions. Leads to deep connections between harmonic analysis and number theory. Example. A. Wiles, proof of the Shimura-Taniyama conjecture: The L-function of an elliptic curve is automorphic. Langlands program: This theorem holds in much greater generality. There is a conjectured correspondence { } { } irreducible n dim. automorphic forms repr s of Gal(Q/Q) of GL(n)

13 Mathematical physics Γ\H 2 surfaces negative curvature, geodesic flow is ergodic. Γ\H 2 models for quantun chaos L p -estimates for eigenfunctions, random wave conjecture Quantum unique ergodicity Let X (N) = Γ(N)\H 2. Let φ j = λ j φ j, {φ j } j N an orthonormal basis of L 2 pp(x (N)). Existence: see Theorem 5. L -conjecture: Fix K X (N) compact. For ε > 0 φ j K ε λ ε j, j N. Implies Lindeloef hypothesis for ζ(s), and also for L(s, φ j ). Seger, Sogge: L bounds on general compact surfaces. φ j λ 1/4 j.

14 Mathematical physics Theorem (Iwaniec-Sarnak, 1995): φ j on X (N). Let φ j λ 5/24 j. µ j = φ j (z) 2 da(z). µ j is a probability measure on X (N). Quantum unique ergodicity conjecture: µ j 1 da(z), j. Area(X (N)) The existence of infinitely many L 2 eigenfunctions of on X (N) is essential for these conjectures.

15 Scattering theory II. Scattering theory The existence of L 2 -automorphic forms is intimately related with the structure of the continuous spectrum. The continuous spectrum is described by Eisenstein series. Stationary approach Selberg, Faddejev, Pawlow,..., Langlands i) Rank 1 Let X = Γ\H 2, where Γ SL(2, R) is a lattice. Then X has the following structure X = X 0 Y 1 Y m, where X 0 is a compact surface with boundary and Y j = [aj, ) S 1, g Yj = du 2 + e 2u dθ 2, j = 1,..., m.

16 A hyperbolic surface with 3 cusps. The surface X can be compactified by adding m points a 1,..., a m : X = X {a 1,..., a m }. X is a closed Riemann surface. The points a 1,..., a m are called cusps. They correspond to parabolic fixed points p 1,..., p m R { } of Γ. Each cusp a k has an associated generalized eigenfunction which is explicitely contructed as Eisenstein series.

17 Eisenstein series Example: Γ = SL(2, Z). Then Γ\H 2 has a single cusp. Recall that on H 2 the Laplace operator is given by ( ) = y 2 2 x y 2. Thus, for s C, we have y s = s(1 s)y s. Let Γ = { γ Γ: γ( ) = } {( ) } 1 n = : n Z. 0 1 Since Im(z + n) = Im(z), n Z, the function y s is invariant under Γ. To get a Γ-invariant function, we need to average over Γ: E(z, s) = γ Γ \Γ Im(γz) s = (m,n)=1 y s, Re(s) > 1. mz + n 2s

18 This is the Eisenstein series for Γ = SL(2, Z). It has the following properties: E(γz, s) = E(z, s), γ SL(2, Z). E(z, s) admits a meromorphic extension to s C, E(z, s) is holomorphic on Re(s) = 1/2, E(z, s) = s(1 s)e(z, s). It follows that r R E(z, 1/2 + ir) is a generalized eigenfunction. The map f C c (R + ) 1 2π 0 f (r)e(z, 1/2 + ir) dr extends to an isometry E : L 2 (R + ) L 2 ac(γ\h 2 ), and E (ϕ)(r) = ϕ(z)e(z, 1/2 ir) dµ(z), ϕ Cc (Γ\H 2 ), X E ( ϕ)(r) = (1/4 + r 2 )E (ϕ)(r), ϕ dom( ).

19 Analytic continuation Lemma: For Re(s) > 1/2, s s, E(z, s) is the unique Γ-invariant solution of u(s) = s(1 s)u(s) such that u(x + iy, s) = y s + φ(s), φ(s) L 2 (F ), y a. Follows from selfadjointness of. Let f C (R) such that f (u) = 1 for u 2, and f (u) = 0 for u 1. Set ϕ(z, s) = f (y)y s and ψ(s) = ( s(1 s))(ϕ(s)). Then ψ(, s) Cc (X ), X = Γ\H 2, and the Lemma implies E(z, s) = f (y)y s ( s(1 s)) 1 (ψ(s))(z) for Re(s) > 1/2, s s.

20 The analytic continuation of E(z, s) follows from Theorem 1: The resolvent R X (s) = ( s(1 s)) 1, defined for Re(s) > 1/2, s s, extends to a meromorphic family of bounded operator R X (s) : L 2 cpt(x ) H 2 loc (X ) with poles of finite rank. Faddejev, Colin de Verdiere, Mü. Methods: Resolvent equation, Lax-Phillips cut-off Laplacian, weighted L 2 -spaces, Fredholm theory. Cut-off Laplacian: Given a > 3, let H 1 a (Γ\H 2 ) = { f H 1 (Γ\H 2 ): 1 0 f (x + iy) dx = 0, Let q a : H 1 a (Γ\H 2 ) R be defined by q a (f ) := f 2. a selfadjoint operator representing q a. } y a. a has pure point spectrum, R a (s) = ( a s(1 s)) 1 is a meromorphic function of s C.

21 Scattering matrix Note that ψ(s) dom( a ). Put F (z, s) := f (y)y s R a (s)(ψ(s))(z), s C. E(z, s) is obtained from F (z, s) by a modification of the zero Fourier coefficient. Fourier expansion of E(z, s): E(x + iy, s) = y s + C(s)y 1 s + O ( e cy ) as y. Sommerfeld radiation condition y 1/2+ir incoming plane wave, y 1/2 ir outgoing plane wave, E(z, 1/2 + ir) the distorted plane wave. S(r) = C(1/2 + ir) scattering matrix, C(s) analytic continuation of the scattering matrix, General surface: a k E k (z, s), k = 1,..., m, Eisenstein series. Scattering matrix: C(s) = (C kl (s)) m k,l=1.

22 Corollary: The scattering matrix C(s) and the Eisenstein series E k (z, s) are meromorphic functions of order 2. f (z) is meromorphic of order r, if f (z) = g 1 (z)/g 2 (z), g i entire, and g i (z) Ce c z r. Definition: The poles of R X (s) are called Resonances. Scattering resonances := poles of C(s) = poles of R X (s) with Re(s) < 1/2. The poles are distributed in a strip of the form c < Re(s) 1.

23 Distribution of resonances Put N Γ (λ) = # { j : λ j λ 2}, Theorem 3 (Selberg): As λ, we have j N Γ (λ) 1 λ φ ( ) 1 4π λ φ 2 + ir φ(s) := det C(s). dr Area(X ) λ 2. 4π proof: Selberg trace formula applied to the heat operator gives e tλ j 1 ( ) e (1/4+r 2 )t φ 1 4π φ 2 + ir dr Area(X ) t 1 4π R as t 0+. Furthermore, for λ 0, the winding number 1 λ φ ( ) 1 4π λ φ 2 + ir is monotonic increasing. Tauberian theroem implies Theorem 3. dr

24 Distribution of resonances Let N scre (λ) the number of scattering resonances in the circle of radius λ, counted with multiplicities. Theorem 4 (Selberg): As λ, Note that 1 λ φ ( ) 1 2π λ φ 2 + ir dr = N scre (λ) + O(λ). N res (λ) := 2N Γ (λ) + N scre (λ) is the counting function of resonances. By the above it satisfies Weyl s law N res (λ) Area(X Γ) λ 2, λ. 2π Use of the full power of the trace formula gives an expansion

25 N res (λ) = Area(X Γ) λ 2 + cλ log λ + O(λ), λ. 2π This is one of the rare cases where the counting function of the resonances has an asymptotic expansion. In general, we know very little about the analytic properties of the scattering matrix. For the principal congruence subgroup Γ(N), however, the entries of the scattering matrix can be expressed in terms of known functions of analytic number theory. Huxley: For Γ(N) we have ( ) Γ(1 s) k det C(s) = ( 1) l A 1 2s Γ(s) χ L(2 2s, χ), L(2s, χ) where k, l Z, A > 0, χ Dirichlet character mod k, k N, L(s, χ) Dirichlet L-function with character χ.

26 Arithmetic groups Especially, for N = 1 we have C(s) = π Γ(s 1/2)ζ(2s 1), Γ(s)ζ(2s) where ζ(s) denotes the Riemann zeta function. Thus for Γ = SL(2, Z) we get { } scattering resonances = { } 1 ρ: ζ(ρ) = 0, 0 < Re(ρ) < 1. 2 A similar result holds for Γ(N). By standard facts of analytic number theory, we get N scre (λ) = O(λ log λ).

27 Arithmetic groups Theorem 5 (Selberg, 1956): N Γ(N) (λ) = Area(X (N)) λ 2 + O(λ log λ), λ. 4π Thus for Γ(N), L 2 -eigenfunctions of with eigenvalue λ 1/4 ( = Maass automorphic cusp forms) exist in abundance. Conjecture (Phillips, Sarnak, 1986): Except for the Teichmüller space of the once punctured torus, a generic Γ has only a finite number of eigenvalues. Thus for generic Γ the scattering resonances are expected to dominate in the counting function. What are the special properties of Γ(N) that imply the existence of embedded eigenvalues? The existence of Hecke operators

28 The left figure shows the expected distribution of resonances for a generic surfaces. The figure on the right shows the distribution of resonances for the modular surface SL(2, Z)\H 2, under the assumption of the Riemann hypothesis. Except for the pole at s = 1, the scattering resonances are on the line Re(s) = 1/4 and the poles corresponding to eigenvalues are on the line Re(s) = 1/2.

29 Higher rank ii) Higher rank We consider now X = Γ\S = Γ\G/K with Rank(S) > 1. Examples: 1) X = Γ 1 \H 2 Γ m \H 2, m > 1. 2) X = Γ\(H 2 H 2 ), Γ SL(2, R) n irreducible, Hilbert modular group, X has Q-rank 1, intermediate case. 3) G = SL(n, R), S n = SL(n, R)/SO(n), n > 1, X = Γ(N)\S n, where Γ(N) = { γ SL(n, Z): γ Id mod N }. Margulis: If Rank(G) > 1, then every irreducible lattice in G is arithmetic (with an appropriate defintion of arithmetic). Serre: Let n > 2. Then any subgroup Γ SL(n, Z) of finite index is a congruence subgroup, i.e., there exists N such that Γ(N) Γ. Eisenstein series are associated to rational parabolic subgroups P SL(n, R). A standard parabolic subgroup P of SL(n, R) is a stabilizer of a flag {0} V 1 V 2 V m R n.

30 The action of P on S induces a horospherical decomposition S = N P S P A P, where N P is unipotent, S P = G P /K P is a symmetric space, and A P = (R + ) k a split torus. Γ P projects to an arithmetic subgroup Γ P G P. Ex.: H 2 = R R +, P = upper triangular matrices, S P = {pt}, { ( ) } { ( ) } R 1 x = N P = : x R, R + λ 0 = AP = λ 1 : λ R + Each x S can be written in horopherical coordinates as x = (n(x), m(x), a(x)) N P S P A P. Let a P = Lie(A P ) = R k, a P,C = a P C, ρ P a P half-sum of positive roots of (P, A P ). Define H : G a P by H(x) = log a(x).

31 Let φ L 2 (Γ P \S P ), P φ = µφ, and Λ a P,C with Re(Λ) 0. Then E(P, φ, Λ, x) = e (Λ+ρP)(H(γx)) φ(m(γx)) γ (Γ P)\Γ converges absolutely and uniformly for x in compact subsets of S. This is the Eisenstein series attached to P and φ. It satisfies: E(P, φ, Λ) C (Γ\S) and E(P, φ, Λ) = χ(λ, µ)e(p, φ, Λ). Theorem 7 (Langlands, 1976): Each Eisenstein series E(P, φ, Λ) admits a meromorphic extension to a P,C. The wave packets a P f (Λ)E(P, φ, iλ, x) dλ, f C c (a P ), where P and φ run over all possible choices, span the absolutely continuous subspace.

32 Geometric interpretation Let Y P = (Γ P)\(N P S P ). The canonical projection defines a fribration π P : Y P Γ P \S P with general fibre the compact nilmanifold (Γ N P )\N P. X can be compactified by adding Y P as faces at infinity. This is the Borel-Serre compactification X BS = X {P} Y P.

33 X BS is a compact manifold with corners, For X = Γ\H 2, X BS is a compact surface with boundary, (X BS ) = m i=1 S 1. The boundary (X BS ) parametrizes the continuous spectrum. The asymptotic behavior of E(P, φ, Λ) near the boundary components Y P determines the scattering matrices. multichannel scattering problem similar to N-body problem. Theorem 8 (Mü., 2000): Let d = dim S. The Eisenstein series and the scattering matrices are meromorphic functions of order d. proof: extension to arbitrary rank of Colin de Verdiere s method of analytic continuation of Eisenstein series for Γ\H 2. Langlands-Shahidi: For congruence groups Γ, the entries of the scattering matrices can be expressed in terms of automorphic L-functions.

34 Example: X = SL(3, Z)\SL(3, R)/SO(3). (X BS ) has two components of maximal dimension Y P1 and Y P2, which are torus fibrations π i : Y Pi SL(2, Z)\H 2. The associated scattering matrix c P2 P 1 (s), s C, acts in the space of automorphic cusp forms on SL(2, Z)\H 2. Let φ L 2 (SL(2, Z)\H 2 ) be a non-constant even eigenfunction of. Then φ(x + iy) = a n y 1/2 K ir (2πny) cos(2πnx), Let n=1 L(s, φ φ) = ζ(2s) n=1 be the Rankin-Selberg L-function. Then a n 2 n s, Re(s) > 1, c P2 P 1 (s)φ = Λ(s, φ φ) φ. Λ(s + 1, φ φ)

35 Weyl s law Corollary: The automorphic L-functions occurring in the constant terms of Eisenstein series have meromorphic extensions to C and are of finite order. Theorem 9 (Mü., 2007): For congruence subgroups of SL(n, Z), n 2, the Eisenstein series and scattering matrices are meromorphic functions of order 1. Let S n = SL(n, R)/ SO(n), n 2, and Γ SL(n, R) a lattice. Let 0 = λ 0 < λ 1 λ 2 be the eigenvalues of Γ in L 2 (Γ\S n ). N Γ (λ) = # { j : λ j λ 2}. Thoerem 10 (Lapid, Mü., 2007): Let d = dim S n, N 3. Then N Γ(N) (λ) = Vol(Γ(N)\S n) (4π) d/2 Γ(d/2 + 1) λd + O(λ d 1 (log λ) max(n,3) ) as λ.

36 Method: Combination of Arthur s trace formula, which replaces the Selberg trace formula in the higher rank case, and Hörmanders method to estimate the spectral function of an elliptic operator. Problems: 1) Develope common framework to deal with scattering theory on locally symmetric spaces, N-body problem, and manifolds with corners. 2) Extend Theorem 10 to other groups. This depends on the analytic properties of the automorphic L-functions occurring in the constant terms of Eisenstein series.