A reconstruction of (1668)
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1 A reconstruction of Brancker s Table of incomposits (1668) Denis Roegel 1 November 2011 This document is part of the LOCOMAT project:
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3 1 Rahn s Teutsche Algebra (1659) In 1654, the English mathematician John Pell ( ) arrived in Zürich on a diplomatic mission, and came in touch with Johann Rahn ( ). Rahn became Pell s disciple and Rahn thus developed his mathematical activities. Pell returned to England in June 1658 and in 1659 Rahn published his Teutsche Algebra [15]. It is in this book that Rahn used for the first time the symbol for division. Rahn s book contained a 12-page table giving the smallest factors of all odd numbers not divisible by 5 up to (figure 1) [15, pp ]. This table had been computed for Rahn by Balthasar Keller [11, p. 200]. One page covered an interval of 2000 integers, with 20 columns of one hundred. 2 The English translation with Brancker s table (1668) Pell received a copy of Rahn s book in Two independent translations in English were then started, and Thomas Brancker ( ) 1 completed his translation in The translation was then expanded by many additions by Pell [11, p. 306]. Pell in particular encouraged Brancker to undertake the continuation of the table [11, p. 200] and Brancker extended the table of factors from to The book was published in 1668 [16]. 2 Brancker s table gives the smallest factor of all odd numbers not divisible by 5 from 1 to Each of the 50 pages corresponds to an interval of The differences between Rahn and Brancker s table are minimal, and concern primarily the positioning of the numbers in the columns. In Rahn s table, the squares of prime numbers were written in a larger type. Brancker chose instead to underline or overline these values, depending on the position of the value with respect to the dividing lines. The solution adopted by Brancker is sometimes confusing, but more visible than Rahn s larger type. Some errors in the table were found by Wallis [2, p. 491]. A recent errata is given by Peters et al. [14]. 3 Adaptations of Brancker s table 3.1 Chinese tables of factors (1723) The Chinese Shuli Jingyun encyclopaedia [20] published in 1723 contains a table of factors from 1 to , which is possibly based on Brancker s table. The layout is however different and the Shuli Jingyun does not give the smallest factor, but a decomposition of each composite number in two factors. 1 A short biographical note on Brancker can be found in the correspondence of John Wallis [2, p. 618]. 2 More details on the translation and the correspondence between Pell and Brancker can be found in Scriba s article [21]. 3
4 3.2 Maseres table (1795) Brancker s table was faithfully reproduced by Maseres in 1795 (figure 2) [13]. Maseres gave an errata to the table, and it seems therefore that he copied Brancker s table without correcting it. 3.3 Italian tables (1796) The fourth Italian edition of Marie s Lezioni elementari di matematiche published in 1796 [12] contained a table which may well have been taken and adapted from Maseres s book. It is however also possible that this table already appeared in earlier editions, but the source of the table is still very likely to be Brancker s table, either directly, or through Maseres table [13]. This Italian table was reprinted in later editions of Marie s book, as well as in Inghirami s Elementi di matematiche published in 1832 [8]. Inghirami s book had a second edition in 1841 [9] and the table was eventually published alone in 1919, under Inghirami s name, although he was not the author of the table. 3.4 Hinkley s table (1853) In 1853, Hinkley also faithfully reproduced Brancker s table, but only from to , with a slightly different formatting, and with an additional line giving the count of the primes in each hundred [7]. We have not reproduced this variant of Brancker s table in our reconstruction of Hinkley s table. 4
5 Figure 1: Excerpt of Rahn s table (1659) [15]. 5
6 Figure 2: Excerpt of Brancker s table reproduced by Maseres (1795) [13]. 6
7 References The following list covers the most important references 3 related to Brancker s table. Not all items of this list are mentioned in the text, and the sources which have not been seen are marked so. We have added notes about the contents of the articles in certain cases. [1] Anonymous. An introduction to algebra (review). Philosophical Transactions, 35: , [page 689 describes the table of incomposits] [2] Philip Beeley and Christoph J. Scriba, editors. The Correspondence of John Wallis ( ): Volume II (1660 September 1668). Oxford: Oxford University Press, [3] Maarten Bullynck. Factor tables , with notes on the birth of number theory. Revue d histoire des mathématiques, 16(2): , [4] Nicolas-Louis de La Caille and Joseph-François Marie. Leçons élémentaires de mathématiques. Paris: Desaint, [This edition expands on La Caille s previous edition by the addition of various parts by Marie.] [5] James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. Report of the committee on mathematical tables. London: Taylor and Francis, [Also published as part of the Report of the forty-third meeting of the British Association for the advancement of science, London: John Murray, A review by R. Radau was published in the Bulletin des sciences mathématiques et astronomiques, volume 11, 1876, pp. 7 27] [6] James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. Table, mathematical. In Hugh Chisholm, editor, The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, volume 26, pages Cambridge, England: at the University Press, [7] Edward Hinkley. Tables of the prime numbers, and prime factors of the composite numbers, from 1 to 100,000; with the methods of their construction, and examples of their use. Baltimore, [reconstructed in [17]] [8] Giovanni Inghirami. Elementi di matematiche, volume 1. Firenze, [not seen] [9] Giovanni Inghirami. Elementi di matematiche, volume 1. Firenze: coi tipi Calasanziani, [second edition] [The table of factors was reconstructed in [18].] [10] Giovanni Inghirami. Table des nombres premiers et de la décomposition des nombres de 1 à Paris: Gauthiers-Villars et Cie, [The table is supplemented by another table by Ernest Lebon.] 3 Note on the titles of the works: Original titles come with many idiosyncrasies and features (line splitting, size, fonts, etc.) which can often not be reproduced in a list of references. It has therefore seemed pointless to capitalize works according to conventions which not only have no relation with the original work, but also do not restore the title entirely. In the following list of references, most title words (except in German) will therefore be left uncapitalized. The names of the authors have also been homogenized and initials expanded, as much as possible. The reader should keep in mind that this list is not meant as a facsimile of the original works. The original style information could no doubt have been added as a note, but we have not done it here. 7
8 [11] Noel Malcolm and Jacqueline Stedall. John Pell ( ) and his correspondence with Sir Charles Cavendish: the mental world of an early modern mathematician. Oxford: Oxford University Press, [12] Joseph François Marie. Lezioni elementari di matematiche. Firenze: Pietro Allegrini alla Croce Rossa, [fourth edition, translated by Stanislao Canovai and Gaetano Del Ricco] [13] Francis Maseres. The doctrine of permutations and combinations, being an essential and fundamental part of the doctrine of chances. London: B. and J. White, [14] Johann Theodor Peters, Alfred Lodge, Elsie Jane Ternouth, and Emma Gifford. Factor table giving the complete decomposition of all numbers less than 100,000. London: Office of the British Association, [introduction by Leslie J. Comrie, and bibliography of tables by James Henderson, reprinted in 1963] [reconstructed in [19]] [15] Johann Heinrich Rahn. Teutsche Algebra oder Algebraische Rechenkunst. Zurich: Johann Jacob Bodmer, [English extended translation in [16].] [16] Johann Heinrich Rahn. An introduction to algebra. London, [Translated from [15] and extended by Thomas Brancker and John Pell.] [not seen] [17] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Hinkley s tables of primes and factors (1853). Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, [This is a reconstruction of [7].] [18] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Inghirami s table of factors (1841). Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, [This is a reconstruction of [9].] [19] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of the table of factors of Peters, Lodge, Ternouth, and Gifford (1935). Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, [This is a recalculation of the tables of [14].] [20] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of the tables of the Shuli Jingyun ( ). Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, [An introduction to the reconstruction, supplemented by 36 volumes of tables.] [21] Christoph J. Scriba. John Pell s English edition of J. H. Rahn s Teutsche Algebra. In Robert Sonné Cohen, John J. Stachel, and Marx W. Wartofsky, editors, For Dirk Struik: scientific, historical and political essays in honor of Dirk J. Struik, volume 15 of Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, pages Dordrecht: D. Reidel, [22] Paul Peter Heinrich Seelhoff. Geschichte der Factorentafeln. Archiv der Mathematik und Physik, 70: ,
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