Momentum. Inertia in Motion
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- Percival Arnold Fitzgerald
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1 Momentum Inertia in Motion
2 Inertia in Motion Momentum The product of the mass of an object and its velocity Momentum = mass * velocity p = m*v Large momentums can be the result of Large mass: ship, train Large velocity: bullets Zero velocity = zero momentum
3 Impulse Changes Momentum To change momentum you can change: The mass (usually stays the same) The velocity A change in velocity is acceleration To cause acceleration requires force a=f/m also a =Dv/t So F/m = a = Dv/t So Ft = Change in mv
4 Impulse Changes Momentum The quantity Ft is called impulse. The greater the impulse the greater the change in momentum (the impulsemomentum relationship) Ft = Dmv
5 Increasing Momentum To gain the maximum increase in momentum: Apply the greatest force (average force) Extend the time of applied force Long range cannons have long barrels. Follow through- extends the time of impulse. Ex. Golf, baseball, volleyball
6 Time is Important A large change in momentum in a long time requires a small force. A large change in momentum in a short time requires a large force.
7 Time is Important Changing momentum over a longer time means less force Soft landing :cushions, bungee cords, air bags More give : wooden floors vs. concrete Breaking your fall : foot, knee, hips, ribs, shoulder relaxing Loose train couplings Runaway truck ramps
8 Time is Important Changing Momentum over a short time means more force.
9 Concept Check If the boxer makes the time of contact 3 times as long by riding with the punch, by how much is the force reduced? If the boxer instead moves into the punch and shortens the contact time by half, by how much is the force increased? A boxer being hit with a punch tries to extend time for best results, whereas a karate expert delivers a force in a short time for best results. Isn t there a contradiction here?
10 Concept Check-answers 1. The force will be three times less than if he didn t pull back. 2. The force will be two times greater than if he held his head still. Forces of this kind account for many knockouts. 3. There is no contradiction because the best results for each are quite different. The best result for the boxer is reduced force, accomplished by maximizing time. The best result for the karate expert is increased force delivered in minimum time.
11 Momentum and Bouncing Impulses are greater when an object bounces. The impulse required to bring an object to a stop and then to throw it back again is greater than the impulse required merely to bring it to a stop. It takes more impulse to catch it and throw it back up than merely to catch it.
12 Momentum and Bouncing The Pelton (Lester A Pelton) wheel. The curved blades cause water to bounce and make a U-turn which produces a greater impulse to turn the wheel. Paddles used to be flat.
13 Conservation of Momentum To change momentum you exert an impulse. It must be exerted from outside the object Ex. Pushing on the dash is internal and cancels The momentum before firing is zero. After firing, the net momentum is still zero, because the momentum of the cannon is equal and opposite to the momentum of the cannonball. The explosion is internal. Is the momentum of the ball changed? The Cannon?
14 Conservation of Momentum Momentum is a vector quantity It has magnitude(size) It has direction Added like other vector quantities(force, V) Momentum is conserved It is unchanged during the process
15 Conservation of Momentum The Law of Conservation of Momentum In the absence of an external force, the momentum of a system remains unchanged.
16 Conservation of Momentum Net momentum = Net momentum Before collision After collision
17 Conservation of Momentum Elastic Collision A collision in which colliding objects rebound without being permanently deformed and without generating heat. Ex. Pool balls, bowling ball and pins Colliding objects bounce perfectly in perfectly elastic collisions.
18 Conservation of Momentum Inelastic collisions Whenever colliding objects become tangled, coupled together, distorted or generate heat. Ex. Cars crashing, train cars, clay
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