Evaluation on Ecological Environment of City Based on Entropy and Dissipative Structure Theory In Case of Dangyang in Hubei Province *

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1 Engneerng, 2013, 5, do: /eng Publshed Onlne February 2013 ( Evaluaton on Ecologcal Envronment of Cty Based on Entropy and Dsspatve Structure Theory In Case of Dangyang n Hube Provnce * Xmng Sun, Xa Lu Wuhan Insttute of Technology, Wuhan, Chna Emal: lx @sna.com Receved October 12, 2012; revsed November 15, 2012; accepted December 17, 2012 ABSTRACT Evaluaton on ecologcal envronment system s to descrbe and assess the qualty of ecologcal envronment, and accurately reflect the ecologcal envronmental qualty and polluton stuaton. In ths paper, after revewng the domestc and foregn relatve researches, from the theory perspectve of the dsspatve structure of complex system, we analyzed the cty ecologcal system dsspatve structure characterstc, and dscussed the process formng dsspatve structure, then we constructed the cty ecosystem entropy parameter table and entropy evaluated model. The total entropy dynamc, scentfcally reflects the cty ecology system level and developng trend, so n fact t provdes the theory bass and method to mprove the overall qualty of ecologcal envronment, fnally we took Dangyang as a case study, and got the same concluson wth the actual stuaton. Keywords: Entropy; Dsspatve Structure; Evaluaton; Index System 1. Introducton Cty ecologcal system s the mportant carrer of human socety and economc development, and s the closest system related to the human lfe. Nowadays, due to rapd populaton growth, rapd economc development as well as the rratonal explotaton and utlzaton, ecologcal balance s beng destroyed, and the ecologcal envronment s deterorated, whch serously troubled the cty development. So how to effectvely control the deteroraton of the cty ecologcal envronment, and how to attan sustanable development have became a popular ssue of cty development. And to carry out the evaluaton of cty ecologcal envronment s to grasp the sutablty and ts varaton trend, and reveal the reason of the ecologcal envronment damage or degradaton, then seek the method and way to mprove and enhance the qualty of ecologcal envronment, whch provdes a scentfc bass and polcy support for ecologcal envronment protecton, and fnally stmulate coordnated development on regon economy, resources and envronment. 2. The Current Stuaton of Domestc and Foregn 2.1. The Foregn Research Status The research on nternatonal ecologcal envronment * Fund: Soft Scence Research Project of Hube Provnce (2011DEA013). qualty assessment started earler, but untl recently, the part becomes the research hot spot. At present, foregn country has dvded the evaluaton of ecologcal envronment nto dfferent scales, such as the Unted States, they have establshed a number of ecologcal envronmental montorng and assessment program. In early 90the Unted States Envronmental Protecton Agency carred out the study on ecologcal envronment montorng and evaluaton of the project (EMAP), the project ntally was from the natonal scale to evaluate the ecologcal qualty, and dd long-term montorng, then they carred out envronmental montorng and evaluaton (R- EMAP) to the state unt. In the qualty assessment of ecologcal envronment, the foregn tended to regard the sustanable development of a regon as the standard, and put forward the evaluaton ndex system. For examples, the Hebrew Unversty Jerusalem proposed human actvty ntensty ndex, the Unted Natons department founded the human development ndex, Daly and Cobb developed the sustanable development model of economc welfare, Canadan Internatonal Development research nsttute put forward the sustanable development of envronment and economy model, and the sustanable development commttee put forward the ndex system of sustanable development, the Unted States EMAP put forward assessment ndex of lfe cycle and so on.

2 X. M. SUN, X. LIU The Domestc Research Status Chna s ecologcal envronment qualty evaluaton began to cause the attenton of people n the late nneteen eghtes to the early 90 s, the comprehensve ndex system research also emerged as the tmes requred, t focused of agrcultural ecosystem evaluaton, followed by the cty qualty assessment of ecologcal envronment, then related to regonal envronmental plannng, and the ecologcal envronment of the mountan area, and comprehensve evaluaton of Provncal Ecologcal envronmental. In the research of ndexes system, from a bologcal pont of vew, Lao Jwu, Sun Wu and Yn Quju, selected bomass and growth ndex to evaluate the ecologcal qualty of Hanan Island, Zheng Xnq, Wang Apng, used the theory of landscape ecology and the RS, GIS technology to establsh regonal ecologcal envronment qualty evaluaton ndex system. Peng Buzhuo emphaszed that the ecologcal envronment evaluaton should be along wth the change of tme and space to do correspondng change on the evaluaton method and ndex system of regonal ecologcal system, accordng to actual stuaton of Bayn, Ja Yanhong used AHP method to determne the ecologcal envronmental qualty evaluaton ndex system, and based on the evaluaton factors weght and classfcaton quantzaton, they used comprehensve evaluaton model to evaluate ecologcal envronment qualty n Bayn area [1-3]. As everyone knows, cty ecologcal system s an extremely complex, multvarate and mult-level system, the evaluaton of ecologcal envronment s the nteracton process of subjectve and objectve analyss. Tradtonal research methods were manly statc and lnear technology, and t s dffcult to bear on the research of ecologcal envronment. In ths paper, t was based on the theory of systematc scence research (complexty theory and related outcomes of uncertanty theory), combned qualtatve and quanttatve analyss to study cty ecologcal system and ts subsystems, t could provde fundamental nformaton for the management and decson-makng of cty ecologcal system. 3. Dsspatve Structure of Cty Ecosystem 3.1. The Theory of Dsspatve Structure Prgogne (Prgo ggn) presented dsspatve structure theory based on open system, he used the non balanced perspectve, to study the entropy phenomenon n organc and norganc, socal and economc system, and ponted out that, n open systems, due to the negatve entropy flows, t can compensate the ncrease of postve entropy of nternal system (Neh Corrs, Prgogne, 1992). Entropy theory s the research about the evaluaton of system effectveness, t dynamc reflect system evoluton process and development trend, n whch, the ncrease of entropy reveal that the closed system rreversble caused the dsorder and low effcency due to nteracton affecton of each element, n the same tme, dsspaton theory reveals that a open system whch s far from equlbrum state, through materal and energy exchange process wth external envronment, open system wll be from ntal chaos state to the stable and orderly organzatonal structure and system effcency s ncreasng. And accordng to the second law of thermodynamcs and entropy equaton of Clausus, ds > 0, the open system entropy equaton s establshed: SA SI S E where S A s the total entropy of whole system, t s the comprehensve decson by the nternal system entropy S I, and entropy flow S E from the external envronment. The S E s generally nterpreted as negatve entropy, whch can be postve or negatve. S I refers that, for a closed system, because the system self complexty and the complexty of the envronment, the evoluton s full of uncertanty and chaos, whch leads to the system n dmnshng energy, and develop rreversbly from order to dsorder, ths s the ncrease process of entropy, S I s postve permanently. Only when S A < 0, the dsspatve structure formates. So the total entropy reveals the dsorder degree, entropy s larger and postve, the more dsordered. Entropy s negatve and small, the better state. At the same tme, entropy changes also reveals a system development drecton and extent, ΔS s postve, t express entropy ncrease and ndcate that ecosystem declne, ΔS s negatve, the entropy become low, t express that envronment system mprove and get better development [4-7]. Dsspatve structure theory ponts out, system from dsorder transton to the dsspatve structure has some necessary condtons. A system must be open, namely the system must have materal, energy and nformaton exchange wth the surroundng envronment; the second s that the system must be far away from the equlbrum state, the equlbrum state and near equlbrum cannot occur mutaton to makes the system from dsorder to order. Thrdly, the relatonshp between the dfferent elements of system s non lnear Dsspatve Structure Characterstcs of Cty Ecosystem Frst, cty ecologcal system s an open system, manly n the exchange wth natural envronment and socal envronment. The former nclude t draw ar, water and raw materals from nature, and at the same tme, dscharge the waste. Also, t s manly due to the modern socal dvson of labor, dvson of labor contrbuted to the development of product and the change of socal structure, and led to the necessty of exchanges. Second, each en-

3 204 X. M. SUN, X. LIU terprse, each department wthn the cty are restrcted and promoted mutually, exhbtng nonlnear nteracton. In the case of steel and ron ndustry machnery ndustry, development of steelmakng make steel ndustry have more raw materals so as to promote the development steel ncrease, when t ncreases, t creates more advanced equpment, n turn, t wll promote the development of machnery ndustry, ths s a knd of complex postve feedback effect. Of course, because the envronment s crowded and prce wll decrease wth the ncrease of the products, these factors wll restrct on ron and steel ndustry development. The role of mutual promoton and mutual restrcton show a varety of complex structure. In thrd, due to the nonlnear nteracton between the system and the outsde, and full of materal, energy and nformaton exchange, cty system s generally n a non-equlbrum state, shows that cty are full of the flow of force, t must rely on the outsde of the materal and energy supply to mantan the orderly steady state [1-3]. To sum up, the cty s wth the above features, n lne wth the dsspatve structure theory, so t can apply dsspatve structure theory to analyze the evoluton process of the cty ecologcal system. 4. Evaluaton Model on Cty Ecosystem Dsspatve Structure Entropy Cty ecosystem entropy evaluaton deas s that under the gudance of the dsspaton entropy theory, through the constructon of performance evaluaton system, then measure the entropy, accordng to entropy changes, t comprehensvely, dynamc reflect evaluaton object state and development trend. Its purpose s to dscover the cty ecosystem factors, and take measures to mnmze the ncrease of entropy of open system, and enable the system to the negatve entropy, and order development Cty Ecosystem Evaluaton Index Selecton From the actual need to reflect the cty ecologcal envronment, n the bass of usng exstng research results, apply method of theory to desgn evaluaton ndex system of ecologcal envronmental, then through expert screenng, computer smulaton, to establsh the weght of every ndex, and through entropy correcton to consttute a complete evaluaton ndex system Constructon Cty Ecologcal System Entropy Evaluaton Model D S m wd (1) 1 n d k p ln p d s B j1 s s (2) KB p ln m 1 (3) x n x j1 In the formula (1), are the subsystems namely the man nfluencng factors of the cty ecosystem ( = 1, 2, m); w s the weghts of varous subsystems, gven the weght s dffcult to calculate objectvely, so through the expert group decson method, establsh the weght of evaluaton set, then usng nformaton entropy correcton method ultmately determne the weght; D S s the total entropy of the open system. In the formula (2), d s s the subsystem entropy value, j are nfluencng factor of each subsystem performance. When the mpact factor s the nternal factors, formula (2) s postve; when the nfluencng factors system of external factors, s the system contnuously from the external envronment nto energy and materal, formula (2) s negatve or postve. In the formula (3), K B s subsystem entropy coeffcent. In the formula (4), p s probablty that man factor of subsystem nfluence on dst, x s the correcton value of affectng factor, n s factor number of subsystem mpact [1-3]. 5. Emprcal Study on the Evaluaton of Cty Ecologcal System Ths paper took Dangyang cty as an example, accordng to Table 1 to establsh cty ecologcal system evaluaton ndex system, ndex data sample values are derved from the Hube Cty Statstcal Yearbook, n the base of comprehensve expert determnaton of weghts and usng the parameter standard data to correct the sample values, Then apply entropy evaluaton model, obtan cty ecologcal system entropy, as s shown n Table 2. Consderng the tmelness and accessblty of data, parameter standard value refers state cty assessment standards, optmum values or good value of domestc cty constructon. The specfc calculaton procedure s as follows: 1) Constructon the evaluaton ndex system of cty ecosystem. Accordng to Table 1, select ndex sample data, do standardzaton of sample data, calculate ndex correcton value X. The correcton ndex value X s the outcome that S dvde the standard value. 2) Determne the weght of subsystem w. Subsystem weght s obtaned by Delph method, because t s subjectve, so use nformaton entropy correcton method can be evaluated wth dynamc changes of object and automatcally generate the desred objectve weght, elmnatng the subjectve factors the effect of. (4)

4 X. M. SUN, X. LIU 205 Table 1. Parameter table of cty ecosystem total entropy. Cty ecologcal envronment evaluaton system A Crteron layer Index layer Standard value Cty envronmental vgor A1 Socal lfe A2 Envronmental technology resources A3 The organzaton structure A4 Envronmental management A5 1ndustral wastewater treatment rate (%) 100 Green coverage rate 40% Comprehensve utlzaton of waste rate (%) 90 Garbage harmless treatment rate (%) 100 Energy consumpton per unt of GDP (t/mllon) 1.4 Degraded land recovery rate % Source and qualty for drnkng water standard rate (%) 100 Cty ar qualty The sound qualty of the envronment 90 GB GB The socal publc to the cty envronmental assessment (satsfacton) 100% Envronmental protecton patent applcaton rate n the total patent applcaton (%) - Envronmental protecton products exports rato n total exports (%) - Large enterprses envronmental protecton technology research and development rate n research and development cost (%) Nature reserve coverage (nature) - 10 Cty level (socal) >50 The tertary ndustry accounted for the total GDP (economy) 70 (developng and developed country) Hgh and new technology ndustry rato n ndustral output (economy) >30 Foregn trade mport and export volume rato n total GDP % (economy) >10 Envronmental protecton laws and regulatons enforcement 100% Envronmental protecton propaganda and educaton popularzaton rate 85% The annual envronmental serous polluton cumulatve frequency/tme 2 If there are M ndcator, expert gve each ndcator n evaluaton value, says a s the J value of the I ndex, A a m n, entropy weght ndex value matrx s Contrbuton rate of cty envronmental vgor subsystem: formula s as follows: So: a p, p 1, 1,2,, m; j 1,2,, n n a j1 1 e n k p ln p, k,0 ln n e 1 j1 w 1 e m m e 1 As can be seen, f an ndex entropy s more small, show ts ndex varaton s more bg, the amount of nformaton. 3) Computng contrbuton rate of subsystem. Contrbuton rate of System for total entropy change = subsystem entropy change n volume/total system entropy varaton. From Table 2: the change of total entropy value: D D2010 D The relatve change amount of entropy % 14.76% Contrbuton rate of envronmental management: So total entropy value decrease 0.114, ts change rate reached 14.76%, t showed that the ecologcal system of Dangyang cty has been greatly mproved, n whch the envronmental vgor system for the enhancng of systematc evaluaton s maxmum, followed by rasng of management level, and as a result of envronmental lttle protecton patent number, low producton effcency, the level of scence and technology need to be mproved, and block the whole cty ecosystem evaluaton. The Dangyang cty ecosystem system ncrease, manly express n the: 1) Cty had nvested more 10 bllon to mprove ecologcal envronment, develop ecologcal agrculture and project becomng rch by green. They had bult 100 mllon effcent forestry base (30 mllon mu of fastgrowng forest, 20 mllon acres of effcent economy forest, 50 mllon acres of short-rotaton ndustral raw materal forest), 10 mllon acres of polluton-free vegetable base, 10 mllon acres of fsh breedng base. After

5 206 X. M. SUN, X. LIU Table 2. Measurable table of cty ecosystem evaluaton entropy. A1 A2 A3 A4 A S X W d S X W d B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B Total entropy value efforts, they also wll strve for 230 mllon specal loan for the ecologcal envronment constructon, afforestaton 2.19 mllon mus. Through constructon, t effectvely eased the stuaton of sol eroson, and mproved the ecologcal envronment. 2) Dangyang cty compled (cty ecologcal constructon plannng) as the bass for strengthenng the ecologcal constructon, and actvely promoted the constructon of envronmental protecton, and strengthened ther perceptual knowledge and ncreasng the spontaneous ecologcal constructon enthusasm of publc, whch promoted the cty s ecologcal constructon. ecologcal envronment qualty evaluaton of Dangyang cty, the results are almost the same as the true feelngs of researcher and local people on the evaluaton of ecologcal envronment qualty, the ecologcal envronment entropy value objectvely reflects the true stuaton, also reflects the cty ecologcal envronment spatal varaton characterstcs and the tme transformaton trend. It conduces to analyss of varable factors, and has mportant reference value on the adjustment of development polcy and relatonshp, and strengthenng management of ecologcal envronment. Nevertheless n the future, n-depth study of ndcator selecton and weght assgnment of ratonalty and scentfc sex are needed, also t s necessary to mprove the evaluaton system and test n practce. REFERENCES [1] T. We, X. D. Zhu and Y. F. L, Ecosystem Health Assessment of Xamen Cty Based on Catastrophe Progresson Method [J], Journal of Ecology, No. 12, 2008, pp [2] T. L. Hu, Z. F. Yang, M. C. He and Y. W. Zhao, A Assessment Method and Its Applcaton on Cty Ecosystem Health [J], Journal of Envronmental Scence, No. 2, 2005, pp [3] Y. N. Zhang, Ecosystem Health Evaluaton of the J nan Cty [D], Shandong Normal Unversty, J nan, [4] P. Y. Ren, L. Zhang and Y. Song, The Role n Enterprse Organzaton and Decson Makng Based on Complexty Scence Management Entropy, Dsspatve Structure Theory [J], Management World, No. 6, 2001, pp [5] X. X. Wang and P.-Y. Ren, A New Performance Evaluaton Method: Management Entropy Evaluaton Model [J], Modern Management Scence, No. 6, 2009, pp [6] X. B. Xong, Performance Evaluaton of Enterprse Knowledge Management Performance Based on the Management Entropy, Dsspatve Structure of Management [J], Fnance and Trade Research, No. 1, 2009, pp [7] Y. Q. Zhou, Corporate Dversfcaton Strategy Evaluaton Model Based on the Entropy Theory [D], Zhejang Busness Unversty, Zhejang, Summary The study evaluaton method was used for the two annual