Experiments in Electromagnetism
|
|
- Lily Johnson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Experiments in Electromagnetism These experiments reproduce some of the classic discoveries in electromagnetism, specifically those performed by Ampère and Faraday. These fundamental experiments were later generalised and famously summarised by Maxwell yielding the four equations that are commonly known by his name. In his derivation, Maxwell discovered that one additional term was necessary to add to Ampère s law in order to ensure full consistency between these equations. Later, when establishing the theory of Special Relativity, Einstein showed that the equivalence of apparently different electromagnetic phenomena were actually manifestations of the same physical process. Therefore the experiments you will perform have not only established electromagnetic theory, but also led to some surprising advances in modern physics. You may wish to review the relevant chapters of your textbook before attempting the experiments. Experiment 1: Parallel Plate Capacitor A capacitor is simply a pair of conductors that stores charge. The simplest configuration for a capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a thin insulating layer. Figure 1 shows a capacitor with its plates connected by a wire, effectively short-circuited ensuring that the potential of both plates is the same. In this configuration free (electrons) and fixed (static positively charged metal atoms) charges are uniformly distributed throughout the circuit. Now if we add a battery supplying a voltage V, electrons are pulled from the positive terminal and pushed to the negative terminal. The charge distribution in the circuit now looks like the lower part of the diagram with an excess positive charge on one plate and excess negative charge on the other. This separation of charge across the insulating layer sets up an electric field in a direction opposite to that imposed by the battery trying to drive current around the circuit. When the two are equal there is no further flow of electrons. However the separation of charge represents stored electrical energy. If we removed the battery and replaced it with a short circuit electrons would flow around the circuit again (albeit in the opposite direction). This method of storing electrical energy is used in many applications, for example in a camera flash. Figure 1: Diagram showing charge distribution on an uncharged and charged capacitor. Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 73
2 The quantity of charge delivered to the capacitor plates is given by Q = CV where C is the value of the capacitor measured in Farads. The farad is a very large unit, so typically a capacitor would have values of pf or nf. The ability of capacitors to hold charge was discovered in the 18th century when early pioneers in electromagnetism inadvertently gave themselves electric shocks by touching a conductor that had been previously charged. In this lab experiment we will develop a quantitative and painless method for measuring capacitance and then investigate the properties of a capacitor. If a charged capacitor is suddenly connected to a resistor, current will flow from one plate to another through resistor R. Apparatus for performing this is shown in figure 2. Figure 2: Diagram showing apparatus for charging and discharging a capacitor. The current that flows through resistor R, will depend upon the voltage across the capacitor V. Recalling Ohm s law (V=IR) and the definition of capacitance above, we obtain: Recalling that current is the flow of charge in time we obtain the differential equation which if the capacitor has an initial charge Q0, has the solution Therefore, we can expect an exponential discharge from the capacitor with a time constant of 1/RC. Since Q=CV and we can measure voltage against time accurately with the oscilloscope, this will form the basis for measuring capacitance. Ultimately, the aim in this experiment is to determine the capacitance of the large parallel plate capacitor sitting on your desk, at different plate separations. By plotting a graph of capacitance against separation, it will be possible to estimate the universal constant ε0. Experiment 1a: Measuring the capacitance of a known capacitor: To develop your method for measuring capacitance, you will first measure the capacitance of a known ceramic capacitor, commonly used in electronic circuits. Rather than switching between a battery and resistor, as suggested in figure 2, you will use the function generator to perform this task. Use a 10V peak-peak square wave, and set the Offset dial so that the waveform starts at 0V and rises to +10V (rather than the default +5V to -5V). Set the frequency to approximately 5kHz and check the waveform using the oscilloscope. Your waveform should resemble that shown in figure 3a. (1) Now construct the circuit shown in figure 3b using the 470pF capacitor provided, and a resistor of approximately 100kΩ. Take care to ensure that the oscilloscope is connected with Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 74
3 the correct polarity. The negative terminals of the signal generator and oscilloscope are grounded, so must be connected with a common ground, as shown. On the oscilloscope you should observe an exponential rise and decay of the voltage across the capacitor. You may wish to use the second channel on the oscilloscope to superimpose the function generator signal over that measured across the capacitor 1. What effect does the frequency have on the trace that you observe? Try switching the resistor and capacitor, so that the oscilloscope now measures the voltage across the resistor. Why is this trace different? There are two methods that you can attempt for measuring capacitance. The first involves measuring the voltage across the capacitor and then using equation 1, which re-arranged and with appropriate substitution yields: V ln V 0 = t RC Taking measurements of V at various times t and measuring the peak voltage V0, will enable you to plot a straight line graph of ln(v/v0) vs t, which should have gradient -1/RC. Since you know the value of R, you can determine the value of C. Figure 3: (a) Pulse shape for charging and discharging the capacitor. (b) Circuit diagram showing the measurement of voltage across the capacitor. Alternatively, you can measure the voltage across the resistor and use this to determine the total charge that flowed onto the capacitor. Since the peak charge Q0 will correspond to the peak voltage V0 across the capacitor, the capacitance can be determined from: Q 0 = CV 0 where to determine Q0 it is necessary to take a series of current readings at various time intervals and integrate to give the maximum charge. Z T Q 0 = You will need to take a number of datapoints to obtain an accurate integral and you can choose the integration method, either trapezium rule or the simple graphical method of counting squares on standard graph paper. The accuracy of your value for Q0 and hence C will depend upon the number of datapoints you take and the integration method you use. 0 Idt 1 Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 75
4 Experiment 1b: Properties of the Parallel Plate Capacitor: Having established a method for measuring capacitance, you can now replace the ceramic capacitor with the parallel plate capacitor on the bench. From theory, we expect the capacitance to scale inversely with plate separation, it being related by the expression below. C = k 0A d where k is the dielectric constant, d is the plate separation, A is the plate area and ε0 is the permittivity of free space. Make a couple of measurements of capacitance at different plate separations and make a graph of capacitance against 1/d to determine the extent to which this expression holds. The dielectric constant of air is unity, so by making an estimate for the plate area, obtain a value for ε0 and compare it with the accepted value of 8.854x10-12 F.m -1 Experiment 1c (Extension) - Properties of dielectrics: On the lab bench, you will find some sheets of material. These have been chosen since they have different dielectric constants. Referring back to figure 1, we learned that charge will accumulate on the plates of a capacitor when an external voltage is applied. Placing a material between these plates can polarise the charge on this material which in turn attracts further charge to accumulate on the capacitor plates. The degree to which this occurs depends upon the charge density of the material and leads to a value for the dielectric constant > 1. Determine the dielectric constant of some of the materials on the bench and see if they correlate with known values. You should be aware that the dielectric behaviour of most materials only remains constant over specific frequency ranges. When driven by a continuously varying AC field, the charge will be continuously fluctuating and there will be certain frequencies where this frequency resonates with electronic transitions in the material. At these points the dielectric constant will vary abruptly, but away from these resonant frequencies, the dielectric constant will be largely frequency independent. You should bear in mind however that dielectric constants may be quoted at optical frequencies (10 14 Hz) and potentially quite different to those that you measure in your low frequency experiment. Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 76
5 Experiment 2: Ampère s Law The magnetic field associated with a flow of charge is described very generally by Ampère s law. In your electromagnetic lectures, you will consider the general form of Ampère s law and apply it to specific geometries. In this experiment we are only concerned with the magnetic field associated with electrical current travelling along a straight wire. In this case Ampère s law can be stated as: B = µ 0I 2 r where B is the magnetic field strength, I is the current, r is the radial distance from the wire and µ0=1.257x10-6 H.m -1 is the permeability of free space. The field pattern and geometry is illustrated above. Experiment 2a: Measuring the magnetic field associated with current flow. You will start by repeating work performed in 1820 by Ørsted who was among the first to notice that a compass needle was deflected by the passage of current along an adjacent wire. You will use the 2A power supply as a current source. Since the power supply can control either voltage or current, you should set the voltage at open-circuit to a large value, say 10V. This will ensure that the power supply limits the current flow, without restriction on the voltage necessary to achieve the specified current. Next, suspend a length of wire between the two retort stands provided. Place the compass on a stage below the wire enabling the B field produced by the wire to be determined from the deflection of the compass needle. You now want to position the compass so that it sits just below the wire (a couple of millimetres at most). This can be done using the plastic spacers to raise the compass above the stage. To achieve maximum deflection, you will want to arrange the experiment so that the magnetic field due to the wire (BF) is perpendicular to the Earth s magnetic field (BE.); the deflection angle can then be related to the relative magnetic field strength of the wire to the Earth s magnetic field. Once you ve decided on the direction, pull the wire taut, then wrap it round the clamp stand and tape it down. Ensure the wire is as straight and with as few kinks as possible. Having excess wire at each end is not a problem, so long as it is kept away from the point of measurement. Connect the wire through the multimeter via the 10A socket to the power supply. Turn on the power supply and set the current to maximum. You should observe a deflection of the compass needle. It may be necessary to gently tap the compass to encourage the needle to move. Experiment with your technique to find a method that yields consistent results. Turn the power supply off when you are satisfied that you can observe the effect. You now want to make some careful measurements of the deflection of the compass needle. Make a note of the initial angle of the compass needle and estimate the separation between the needle and the wire. Vary the current passing through the wire, ensuring to use the Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 77
6 maximum range available and record the deflected compass needle angle. For each measurement, tap the compass first to force the needle to move, as sometimes it gets stuck, and then measure the new needle position. Plot a graph of Tan(displacement angle) against current. If Ampère s law is obeyed you should obtain a straight line, the gradient of which will enable you to determine the Earth s magnetic field BE (with associated error). Experiment 2b: Measuring the magnetic pattern from the wire Ampère s law predicts that the magnetic field strength will scale with the inverse of the radial distance from the wire. You can measure this by using the same apparatus as above, but setting the current to maximum (2A) and varying the separation between the compass and the wire by removing the plastic spacers. If Ampère s law holds, a graph of magnetic field strength vs 1/r will yield a straight line. Consider carefully the measurement intervals for r since you will want roughly equal spacing of datapoints on a graph of field strength against 1/r. You can again estimate the value of BE and compare with your earlier value. Experiment 2c (Extension) - Magnetic Field of Coils: The magnetic field associated with a single straight wire is relatively weak, but can be enhanced by winding the wire into a coil; each coil effectively adding to the field strength of the last. Make a simple coil by winding wire around a pen or pencil and investigate the field strength and pattern by placing the compass at different locations around the coil. From your observations, try to establish a relationship between the number of coils and the magnetic field strength. Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 78
7 Experiment 3: Faraday s Law In 1831 Faraday performed what looks like a very simple experiment with a coil and bar magnet shown in figure 5. Faraday observed that a changing magnetic field induces an electric field, or in the case of this experiment, the motion of a permanent bar magnet results in a voltage appearing across the ends of a coil. We can express Faraday s findings in the simple expression: " = dφ dt where ε is the induced electromotive force (voltage) and dφ/dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux through a single loop. Figure 5. Schematic diagram showing Faraday s classic experiment The consequences of Faraday s experiments are profound, in particular the equivalence of moving either the magnet and coil which ultimately led Einstein to the foundation of special relativity some 74 years later 2. Einstein s work goes beyond what we can reasonably cover in a lab experiment but the experiment you are about to perform puzzled some of the finest minds of the 19 th century and ultimately led to one of the landmark achievements of modern physics. Experiment 3a: Repeating Faraday s experiment You will first reproduce Faraday s experiment shown in figure 5 using a coil, your oscilloscope and a permanent magnet. On the bench you will find two coils, a large 100 turn coil and a smaller 50 turn coil. Connect the smaller coil to the oscilloscope and try moving a permanent magnet through the coil. The time base setting is unimportant since you are simply observing the effect of the non-periodic motion of the magnet on the current in the coil. Observe the effect of moving the magnet faster or slower through the coil and does the orientation of the magnet matter? Experiment 3b: Electromagnet and Coil: To make a more controlled experiment it is convenient to apply your findings of Ampère s law to this experiment. We will replace the permanent magnet with an electromagnet and check that the relative motion of these two coils also obeys Faraday s law. Connect the larger coil to the power supply as shown in figure 6 and pass 2A of current though it. Try moving the two coils relative to each other and check that Faraday s law still applies. Next, with the coils arranged as shown in figure 6, observe what happens when you turn the power supply off. The current in one Figure 6: concentric coil arrangement with the primary coil connected to the PSU, the secondary coil connected to the oscilloscope. of the coils will drop abruptly and induce a large voltage momentarily in the second. You may be able to record a peak voltage on the oscilloscope but to obtain quantitative results, a more controlled means of controlling dφ/dt is required. 2 Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J.Griffiths, 3rd Ed, Addison Wesley (1999). Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 79
8 The function generation provides a convenient means for controlling dφ/dt. Since we need to pass an appreciable current through the large, primary coil, the output of the function generator is fed into an amplifier and then passed into the coil via a 10Ω resistor 3. Set up the circuit shown in figure 7 and configure the function generator to ~5kHz, square wave, zero offset and about 1v pk-pk amplitude. You can use the oscilloscope to measure the output from the amplifier, the magnetic field produced by the primary coil and the induced voltage in the secondary coil. With the square wave, you should observe something similar to switching the power supply on and off, since dφ/dt is zero except when there are abrupt changes in primary coil current. The principle advantage of this arrangement is that the signal is now periodic and more easily measured on the oscilloscope screen. Switch to the triangle waveform and observe the waveform appearing across the secondary coil. Does the induced voltage that you measure correspond to what you would expect from Faraday s law? What is the effect of using a sine wave, does the shape of the waveform change? Experiment 3c: (Extension) - Investigating different magnetic cores Figure 7: concentric coil arrangement with the primary coil driven using a periodic signal supplied by the function generator. When measuring capacitance with the parallel plate capacitor, you observed that different dielectric materials can increase the ability of the capacitor to store charge. Similarly inserting a core into our coils, we can concentrate the magnetic field in the core. This arises since the magnetic field produced by the primary coil, serves to align the internal magnetic moment of electrons in the core material with the applied field. When the electrons align parallel to the field, the effect is called paramagnetism, when in opposition to the applied field the effect is called diamagnetism. Some materials exhibit persistent magnetisation parallel to the applied field and are called ferromagnetic. Inserting a core into the coil with a different magnetic material has the result that the magnetic field is concentrated in the core of the material. Inside the core (and therefore in its vicinity) the permeability in Ampère s law is no longer that of free-space but modified by the material to µ =Km µ0 The effect is small for paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials 4, but extremely large for some ferromagnetic materials where Km can exceed It is convenient to characterise materials using the magnetic susceptibility Χm=1-Km, some typical values are given in the table below. 3 Ω Ω 4 Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 80
9 On the bench you will find several different cores that you can insert into the smaller coil. Investigate the effect of inserting these different cores into your two coils. Do they behave as you would expect? If not, can you find an explanation for their behaviour? Returning to the method used to investigate Ampère s law, you can use the deflection of the compass needle as a means of assessing the magnetic field strength due to a coil wound around an iron core. A large nail is provided for this purpose. Try to estimate the magnetic field strength of your electromagnet with and without the core. Material Type Susceptibility Uranium Paramagnetic 4.0 x10-4 Aluminium Paramagnetic 2.1x10-5 Carbon Diamagnetic -2.1 x10-5 Copper Diamagnetic -9.7 x10-6 Iron Ferromagnetic 3000 Nickel-Zinc Ferrite Ferromagnetic 20-15,000 Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London 81
Lecture 24. April 5 th, Magnetic Circuits & Inductance
Lecture 24 April 5 th, 2005 Magnetic Circuits & Inductance Reading: Boylestad s Circuit Analysis, 3 rd Canadian Edition Chapter 11.1-11.5, Pages 331-338 Chapter 12.1-12.4, Pages 341-349 Chapter 12.7-12.9,
More information(d) describe the action of a 555 monostable timer and then use the equation T = 1.1 RC, where T is the pulse duration
Chapter 1 - Timing Circuits GCSE Electronics Component 2: Application of Electronics Timing Circuits Learners should be able to: (a) describe how a RC network can produce a time delay (b) describe how
More informationAQA Physics A-level Section 7: Fields and Their Consequences
AQA Physics A-level Section 7: Fields and Their Consequences Key Points Gravitational fields A force field is a region in which a body experiences a non-contact force. Gravity is a universal force acting
More informationExperiment 8: Capacitance and the Oscilloscope
Experiment 8: Capacitance and the Oscilloscope Nate Saffold nas2173@columbia.edu Office Hour: Mondays, 5:30PM-6:30PM @ Pupin 1216 INTRO TO EXPERIMENTAL PHYS-LAB 1493/1494/2699 Outline Capacitance: Capacitor
More informationRC, RL, and LCR Circuits
RC, RL, and LCR Circuits EK307 Lab Note: This is a two week lab. Most students complete part A in week one and part B in week two. Introduction: Inductors and capacitors are energy storage devices. They
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
Chapter 31: ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS AND ALTERNATING CURRENT 1 A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series At time t = 0 the current is zero, but the capacitor is charged If T is the
More informationSection 11: Magnetic Fields and Induction (Faraday's Discovery)
Section 11: Magnetic Fields and Induction (Faraday's Discovery) In this lesson you will describe Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and tell how it complements Oersted's Principle express an understanding
More informationwe can said that matter can be regarded as composed of three kinds of elementary particles; proton, neutron (no charge), and electron.
Physics II we can said that matter can be regarded as composed of three kinds of elementary particles; proton, neutron (no charge), and electron. Particle Symbol Charge (e) Mass (kg) Proton P +1 1.67
More informationSection 11: Magnetic Fields and Induction (Faraday's Discovery)
Section 11: Magnetic Fields and Induction (Faraday's Discovery) In this lesson you will describe Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and tell how it complements Oersted's Principle express an understanding
More informationRADIO AMATEUR EXAM GENERAL CLASS
RAE-Lessons by 4S7VJ 1 CHAPTER- 2 RADIO AMATEUR EXAM GENERAL CLASS By 4S7VJ 2.1 Sine-wave If a magnet rotates near a coil, an alternating e.m.f. (a.c.) generates in the coil. This e.m.f. gradually increase
More informationENERGY AND TIME CONSTANTS IN RC CIRCUITS By: Iwana Loveu Student No Lab Section: 0003 Date: February 8, 2004
ENERGY AND TIME CONSTANTS IN RC CIRCUITS By: Iwana Loveu Student No. 416 614 5543 Lab Section: 0003 Date: February 8, 2004 Abstract: Two charged conductors consisting of equal and opposite charges forms
More informationPHYSICS : CLASS XII ALL SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT TEST ASAT
PHYSICS 202 203: CLASS XII ALL SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT TEST ASAT MM MARKS: 70] [TIME: 3 HOUR General Instructions: All the questions are compulsory Question no. to 8 consist of one marks questions, which
More informationLab 5 CAPACITORS & RC CIRCUITS
L051 Name Date Partners Lab 5 CAPACITORS & RC CIRCUITS OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW To define capacitance and to learn to measure it with a digital multimeter. To explore how the capacitance of conducting parallel
More informationCalculus Relationships in AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism
C: Electricity This chapter focuses on some of the quantitative skills that are important in your C: Mechanics course. These are not all of the skills that you will learn, practice, and apply during the
More informationEXPERIMENT 5A RC Circuits
EXPERIMENT 5A Circuits Objectives 1) Observe and qualitatively describe the charging and discharging (decay) of the voltage on a capacitor. 2) Graphically determine the time constant for the decay, τ =.
More informationENGR 2405 Chapter 6. Capacitors And Inductors
ENGR 2405 Chapter 6 Capacitors And Inductors Overview This chapter will introduce two new linear circuit elements: The capacitor The inductor Unlike resistors, these elements do not dissipate energy They
More informationExperiment FT1: Measurement of Dielectric Constant
Experiment FT1: Measurement of Dielectric Constant Name: ID: 1. Objective: (i) To measure the dielectric constant of paper and plastic film. (ii) To examine the energy storage capacity of a practical capacitor.
More informationCAPACITORS / ENERGY STORED BY CAPACITORS / CHARGING AND DISCHARGING
PHYSICS A2 UNIT 4 SECTION 3: CAPACITANCE CAPACITORS / ENERGY STORED BY CAPACITORS / CHARGING AND DISCHARGING # Question CAPACITORS 1 What is current? Current is the rate of flow of charge in a circuit
More informationInduction_P1. 1. [1 mark]
Induction_P1 1. [1 mark] Two identical circular coils are placed one below the other so that their planes are both horizontal. The top coil is connected to a cell and a switch. The switch is closed and
More informationElectromagnetic Induction & Inductors
Electromagnetic Induction & Inductors 1 Revision of Electromagnetic Induction and Inductors (Much of this material has come from Electrical & Electronic Principles & Technology by John Bird) Magnetic Field
More informationLab 5 - Capacitors and RC Circuits
Lab 5 Capacitors and RC Circuits L51 Name Date Partners Lab 5 Capacitors and RC Circuits OBJECTIVES To define capacitance and to learn to measure it with a digital multimeter. To explore how the capacitance
More informationECE2262 Electric Circuits. Chapter 6: Capacitance and Inductance
ECE2262 Electric Circuits Chapter 6: Capacitance and Inductance Capacitors Inductors Capacitor and Inductor Combinations Op-Amp Integrator and Op-Amp Differentiator 1 CAPACITANCE AND INDUCTANCE Introduces
More informationEXPERIMENT 07 TO STUDY DC RC CIRCUIT AND TRANSIENT PHENOMENA
EXPERIMENT 07 TO STUDY DC RC CIRCUIT AND TRANSIENT PHENOMENA DISCUSSION The capacitor is a element which stores electric energy by charging the charge on it. Bear in mind that the charge on a capacitor
More informationFB-DC6 Electric Circuits: Magnetism and Electromagnetism
CREST Foundation Electrical Engineering: DC Electric Circuits Kuphaldt FB-DC6 Electric Circuits: Magnetism and Electromagnetism Contents 1. Electromagnetism 2. Magnetic units of measurement 3. Permeability
More informationRevision Guide for Chapter 15
Revision Guide for Chapter 15 Contents Revision Checklist Revision otes Transformer...4 Electromagnetic induction...4 Lenz's law...5 Generator...6 Electric motor...7 Magnetic field...9 Magnetic flux...
More informationExperiment 4. RC Circuits. Observe and qualitatively describe the charging and discharging (decay) of the voltage on a capacitor.
Experiment 4 RC Circuits 4.1 Objectives Observe and qualitatively describe the charging and discharging (decay) of the voltage on a capacitor. Graphically determine the time constant τ for the decay. 4.2
More informationr where the electric constant
1.0 ELECTROSTATICS At the end of this topic, students will be able to: 10 1.1 Coulomb s law a) Explain the concepts of electrons, protons, charged objects, charged up, gaining charge, losing charge, charging
More informationChapter 21 Magnetic Induction Lecture 12
Chapter 21 Magnetic Induction Lecture 12 21.1 Why is it called Electromagnetism? 21.2 Magnetic Flux and Faraday s Law 21.3 Lenz s Law and Work-Energy Principles 21.4 Inductance 21.5 RL Circuits 21.6 Energy
More informationPHYS 1444 Section 004 Lecture #22
PHYS 1444 Section 004 Lecture #22 Monday, April 23, 2012 Dr. Extension of Ampere s Law Gauss Law of Magnetism Maxwell s Equations Production of Electromagnetic Waves Today s homework is #13, due 10pm,
More informationPHYS 1444 Section 003 Lecture #18
PHYS 1444 Section 003 Lecture #18 Wednesday, Nov. 2, 2005 Magnetic Materials Ferromagnetism Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials; Hysteresis Induced EMF Faraday s Law of Induction Lenz s Law EMF Induced
More informationExperiment 5: Measurements Magnetic Fields
Experiment 5: Measurements Magnetic Fields Introduction In this laboratory you will use fundamental electromagnetic Equations and principles to measure the magnetic fields of two magnets. 1 Physics 1.1
More informationCapacitance. A capacitor consists of two conductors that are close but not touching. A capacitor has the ability to store electric charge.
Capacitance A capacitor consists of two conductors that are close but not touching. A capacitor has the ability to store electric charge. a) Parallel-plate capacitor connected to battery. (b) is a circuit
More informationPHYSICS 122 Lab EXPERIMENT NO. 6 AC CIRCUITS
PHYSICS 122 Lab EXPERIMENT NO. 6 AC CIRCUITS The first purpose of this laboratory is to observe voltages as a function of time in an RC circuit and compare it to its expected time behavior. In the second
More informationECE2262 Electric Circuits. Chapter 6: Capacitance and Inductance
ECE2262 Electric Circuits Chapter 6: Capacitance and Inductance Capacitors Inductors Capacitor and Inductor Combinations 1 CAPACITANCE AND INDUCTANCE Introduces two passive, energy storing devices: Capacitors
More informationDO PHYSICS ONLINE MOTORS AND GENERATORS FARADAY S LAW ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
DO PHYSICS ONLINE MOTORS AND GENERATORS FARADAY S LAW ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION English Michael Faraday (1791 1867) who experimented with electric and magnetic phenomena discovered that a changing magnetic
More informationLab 5 AC Concepts and Measurements II: Capacitors and RC Time-Constant
EE110 Laboratory Introduction to Engineering & Laboratory Experience Lab 5 AC Concepts and Measurements II: Capacitors and RC Time-Constant Capacitors Capacitors are devices that can store electric charge
More informationChapter 2 Basics of Electricity and Magnetism
Chapter 2 Basics of Electricity and Magnetism My direct path to the special theory of relativity was mainly determined by the conviction that the electromotive force induced in a conductor moving in a
More informationPHYSICS. Chapter 30 Lecture FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E RANDALL D. KNIGHT
PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E Chapter 30 Lecture RANDALL D. KNIGHT Chapter 30 Electromagnetic Induction IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn what electromagnetic induction is
More informationPHYSICS ASSIGNMENT ES/CE/MAG. Class XII
PHYSICS ASSIGNMENT ES/CE/MAG Class XII MM : 70 1. What is dielectric strength of a medium? Give its value for vacuum. 1 2. What is the physical importance of the line integral of an electrostatic field?
More informationDEHRADUN PUBLIC SCHOOL I TERM ASSIGNMENT SUBJECT- PHYSICS (042) CLASS -XII
Chapter 1(Electric charges & Fields) DEHRADUN PUBLIC SCHOOL I TERM ASSIGNMENT 2016-17 SUBJECT- PHYSICS (042) CLASS -XII 1. Why do the electric field lines never cross each other? [2014] 2. If the total
More informationAP Physics C. Magnetism - Term 4
AP Physics C Magnetism - Term 4 Interest Packet Term Introduction: AP Physics has been specifically designed to build on physics knowledge previously acquired for a more in depth understanding of the world
More informationIntroduction to Electric Circuit Analysis
EE110300 Practice of Electrical and Computer Engineering Lecture 2 and Lecture 4.1 Introduction to Electric Circuit Analysis Prof. Klaus Yung-Jane Hsu 2003/2/20 What Is An Electric Circuit? Electrical
More information9. Which of the following is the correct relationship among power, current, and voltage?. a. P = I/V c. P = I x V b. V = P x I d.
Name: Electricity and Magnetism Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement. 1. Resistance is measured in a unit called the. a. ohm c. ampere b. coulomb d. volt 2. The statement
More informationPart 4: Electromagnetism. 4.1: Induction. A. Faraday's Law. The magnetic flux through a loop of wire is
1 Part 4: Electromagnetism 4.1: Induction A. Faraday's Law The magnetic flux through a loop of wire is Φ = BA cos θ B A B = magnetic field penetrating loop [T] A = area of loop [m 2 ] = angle between field
More informationLab 4 CAPACITORS & RC CIRCUITS
67 Name Date Partners Lab 4 CAPACITORS & RC CIRCUITS OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW To define capacitance and to learn to measure it with a digital multimeter. To explore how the capacitance of conducting parallel
More informationRevision Guide for Chapter 15
Revision Guide for Chapter 15 Contents tudent s Checklist Revision otes Transformer... 4 Electromagnetic induction... 4 Generator... 5 Electric motor... 6 Magnetic field... 8 Magnetic flux... 9 Force on
More informationPhysics 1302W.400 Lecture 33 Introductory Physics for Scientists and Engineering II
Physics 1302W.400 Lecture 33 Introductory Physics for Scientists and Engineering II In today s lecture, we will discuss generators and motors. Slide 30-1 Announcement Quiz 4 will be next week. The Final
More informationMAGNETIC PROBLEMS. (d) Sketch B as a function of d clearly showing the value for maximum value of B.
PHYS2012/2912 MAGNETC PROBLEMS M014 You can investigate the behaviour of a toroidal (dough nut shape) electromagnet by changing the core material (magnetic susceptibility m ) and the length d of the air
More informationElectric Currents and Circuits
Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 19 Electric Currents and Circuits Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College Electric Circuits The motion of charges leads to the idea of
More informationPHY222 - Lab 7 RC Circuits: Charge Changing in Time Observing the way capacitors in RC circuits charge and discharge.
PHY222 Lab 7 RC Circuits: Charge Changing in Time Observing the way capacitors in RC circuits charge and discharge. Print Your Name Print Your Partners' Names You will return this handout to the instructor
More informationPH2200 Practice Exam II Summer 2003
PH00 Practice Exam II Summer 00 INSTRUCTIONS. Write your name and student identification number on the answer sheet and mark your recitation section.. Please cover your answer sheet at all times.. This
More informationELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, A. C. THEORY AND ELECTRONICS, ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
UNIT 2: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, A. C. THEORY AND ELECTRONICS, ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS MODULE 1: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM GENERAL OBJECTIVES On completion of this Module, students should: 1. understand
More informationElectromagnetic Induction (Chapters 31-32)
Electromagnetic Induction (Chapters 31-3) The laws of emf induction: Faraday s and Lenz s laws Inductance Mutual inductance M Self inductance L. Inductors Magnetic field energy Simple inductive circuits
More informationWhat happens when things change. Transient current and voltage relationships in a simple resistive circuit.
Module 4 AC Theory What happens when things change. What you'll learn in Module 4. 4.1 Resistors in DC Circuits Transient events in DC circuits. The difference between Ideal and Practical circuits Transient
More informationCHAPTER 29: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
CHAPTER 29: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION So far we have seen that electric charges are the source for both electric and magnetic fields. We have also seen that these fields can exert forces on other electric
More informationLab 3: Electric Field Mapping Lab
Lab 3: Electric Field Mapping Lab Last updated 9/14/06 Lab Type: Cookbook/Quantitative Concepts Electrostatic Fields Equi-potentials Objectives Our goal in this exercise is to map the electrostatic equi-potential
More informationIE1206 Embedded Electronics Le2
Le1 Le3 Le4 Le6 Le8 IE1206 Embedded Electronics Le2 Ex1 Ex2 Ex4 Ex5 PIC-block Documentation, Seriecom Pulse sensors I, U, R, P, serial and parallel KC1 LAB1 Pulse sensors, Menu program Kirchhoffs laws
More informationHow many electrons are transferred to the negative plate of the capacitor during this charging process? D (Total 1 mark)
Q1.n uncharged 4.7 nf capacitor is connected to a 1.5 V supply and becomes fully charged. How many electrons are transferred to the negative plate of the capacitor during this charging process? 2.2 10
More informationCIRCUIT ELEMENT: CAPACITOR
CIRCUIT ELEMENT: CAPACITOR PROF. SIRIPONG POTISUK ELEC 308 Types of Circuit Elements Two broad types of circuit elements Ati Active elements -capable of generating electric energy from nonelectric energy
More informationMagnetic Induction Faraday, Lenz, Mutual & Self Inductance Maxwell s Eqns, E-M waves. Reading Journals for Tuesday from table(s)
PHYS 2015 -- Week 12 Magnetic Induction Faraday, Lenz, Mutual & Self Inductance Maxwell s Eqns, E-M waves Reading Journals for Tuesday from table(s) WebAssign due Friday night For exclusive use in PHYS
More informationAP Physics C - E & M
AP Physics C - E & M Electromagnetic Induction 2017-07-14 www.njctl.org Table of Contents: Electromagnetic Induction Click on the topic to go to that section. Induced EMF Magnetic Flux and Gauss's Law
More informationLab 7: Magnetism Introduction Magnets need no introduction (i.e. introduction to be added in future revision).
CSUEB Physics 1780 Lab 7: Magnetism Page 1 Lab 7: Magnetism Introduction Magnets need no introduction (i.e. introduction to be added in future revision). Experiments The purpose of these experiments is
More informationDEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE NAME. Section 1 2 3 UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE Department of Computer engineering Linear Circuit Analysis Laboratory Manual 2 Compiled by Engr. Ahmad Bilal
More informationDisplacement Current. Ampere s law in the original form is valid only if any electric fields present are constant in time
Displacement Current Ampere s law in the original form is valid only if any electric fields present are constant in time Maxwell modified the law to include timesaving electric fields Maxwell added an
More informationPhysics 196 Final Test Point
Physics 196 Final Test - 120 Point Name You need to complete six 5-point problems and six 10-point problems. Cross off one 5-point problem and one 10-point problem. 1. Two small silver spheres, each with
More informationFinal Exam Concept Map
Final Exam Concept Map Rule of thumb to study for any comprehensive final exam - start with what you know - look at the quiz problems. If you did not do well on the quizzes, you should certainly learn
More informationMultiple Choice Questions for Physics 1 BA113 Chapter 23 Electric Fields
Multiple Choice Questions for Physics 1 BA113 Chapter 23 Electric Fields 63 When a positive charge q is placed in the field created by two other charges Q 1 and Q 2, each a distance r away from q, the
More informationIE1206 Embedded Electronics
IE1206 Embedded Electronics Le1 Le3 Le4 Le2 Ex1 Ex2 PIC-block Documentation, Seriecom Pulse sensors I, U, R, P, series and parallel KC1 LAB1 Pulse sensors, Menu program Start of programing task Kirchhoffs
More informationINDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT FIRST TERM EXAMINATION PHYSICS
Roll Number SET NO. General Instructions: INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT FIRST TERM EXAMINATION PHYSICS CLASS: XII Sub. Code: 04 Time Allotted: Hrs 0.04.08 Max. Marks: 70. All questions are compulsory. There are
More informationMansfield Independent School District AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Year at a Glance
Mansfield Independent School District AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Year at a Glance First Six-Weeks Second Six-Weeks Third Six-Weeks Lab safety Lab practices and ethical practices Math and Calculus
More information1 Fig. 3.1 shows the variation of the magnetic flux linkage with time t for a small generator. magnetic. flux linkage / Wb-turns 1.
1 Fig. 3.1 shows the variation of the magnetic flux linkage with time t for a small generator. 2 magnetic 1 flux linkage / 0 10 2 Wb-turns 1 2 5 10 15 t / 10 3 s Fig. 3.1 The generator has a flat coil
More informationr where the electric constant
0. Coulomb s law a) Explain the concepts of electrons, protons, charged objects, charged up, gaining charge, losing charge, grounding and charge conservation. b) Describe the motion of point charges when
More informationMagnetism. and its applications
Magnetism and its applications Laws of Magnetism 1) Like magnetic poles repel, and 2) unlike poles attract. Magnetic Direction and Strength Law 3 - Magnetic force, either attractive or repelling varies
More informationEpisode 125: Introducing capacitors
Episode 125: Introducing capacitors It is helpful to start this topic by discussing capacitors, rather than the more abstract notion of capacitance. Summary Demonstration: A super-capacitor. (10 minutes)
More informationLab 5 - Capacitors and RC Circuits
Lab 5 Capacitors and RC Circuits L51 Name Date Partners Lab 5 Capacitors and RC Circuits OBJECTIVES To define capacitance and to learn to measure it with a digital multimeter. To explore how the capacitance
More informationLecture 20. March 22/24 th, Capacitance (Part I) Chapter , Pages
Lecture 0 March /4 th, 005 Capacitance (Part I) Reading: Boylestad s Circuit Analysis, 3 rd Canadian Edition Chapter 10.1-6, Pages 8-94 Assignment: Assignment #10 Due: March 31 st, 005 Preamble: Capacitance
More informationAgenda for Today. Elements of Physics II. Capacitors Parallel-plate. Charging of capacitors
Capacitors Parallel-plate Physics 132: Lecture e 7 Elements of Physics II Charging of capacitors Agenda for Today Combinations of capacitors Energy stored in a capacitor Dielectrics in capacitors Physics
More informationOn the axes of Fig. 4.1, carefully sketch a graph to show how the potential difference V across the capacitor varies with time t. Label this graph L.
1 (a) A charged capacitor is connected across the ends of a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor kept at a fixed temperature. The capacitor discharges through the thermistor. The potential
More informationPhys 2025, First Test. September 20, minutes Name:
Phys 05, First Test. September 0, 011 50 minutes Name: Show all work for maximum credit. Each problem is worth 10 points. Work 10 of the 11 problems. k = 9.0 x 10 9 N m / C ε 0 = 8.85 x 10-1 C / N m e
More information[1] (b) Fig. 1.1 shows a circuit consisting of a resistor and a capacitor of capacitance 4.5 μf. Fig. 1.1
1 (a) Define capacitance..... [1] (b) Fig. 1.1 shows a circuit consisting of a resistor and a capacitor of capacitance 4.5 μf. S 1 S 2 6.3 V 4.5 μf Fig. 1.1 Switch S 1 is closed and switch S 2 is left
More informationPhysics 102: Lecture 04 Capacitors (& batteries)
Physics 102: Lecture 04 Capacitors (& batteries) Physics 102: Lecture 4, Slide 1 I wish the checkpoints were given to us on material that we learned from the previous lecture, rather than on material from
More informationPhysics 30 Lesson 22 The Generator Effect
Physics 30 Lesson 22 The Generator Effect I. Electromagnetic induction Michael Faraday Refer to Pearson pages 609 to 620 for a conceptual discussion of electromagnetic induction and the generator effect.
More informationPhysics 240 Fall 2003: Final Exam. Please print your name: Please list your discussion section number: Please list your discussion instructor:
Physics 40 Fall 003: Final Exam Please print your name: Please list your discussion section number: Please list your discussion instructor: Form #1 Instructions 1. Fill in your name above. This will be
More informationNo Brain Too Small PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY: DC CAPACITORS QUESTIONS CHARGING A CAPACITOR (2016;1) Eleanor sets up a circuit to investigate how capacitors operate. The circuit is shown below. The circuit includes a 2.20 x 10-6 F capacitor
More informationP114 University of Rochester NAME S. Manly Spring 2010
Exam 2 (March 23, 2010) Please read the problems carefully and answer them in the space provided. Write on the back of the page, if necessary. Show your work where indicated. Problem 1 ( 8 pts): In each
More informationElectricity and magnetism. Verifying the Lenz Law by measuring the electric current flowing through a coil created by an external magnetic field
Verifying the Lenz Law by measuring the electric current flowing through a coil created by an external magnetic field Dimension 2 Cross Cutting Concepts Dimension 1 Science and Engineering Practices Electricity
More informationElectronics Capacitors
Electronics Capacitors Wilfrid Laurier University October 9, 2015 Capacitor an electronic device which consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulator Capacitor an electronic device which consists
More informationUniversity Of Pennsylvania Department of Physics PHYS 141/151 Engineering Physics II (Course Outline)
University Of Pennsylvania Department of Physics PHYS 141/151 Engineering Physics II (Course Outline) Instructor: Dr. Michael A. Carchidi Textbooks: Sears & Zemansky s University Physics by Young and Freedman
More informationUNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA Faculty of Engineering and Computing School of Engineering
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA Faculty of Engineering and Computing School of Engineering SYLLABUS OUTLINE FACULTY: SCHOOL/DEPT: COURSE OF STUDY: Engineering and Computing Engineering Diploma in Electrical
More informationSummary Notes ALTERNATING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE
HIGHER CIRCUIT THEORY Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Any method of measuring resistance using an ammeter or voltmeter necessarily involves some error unless the resistances of the meters themselves are taken
More informationAP Physics C. Electricity - Term 3
AP Physics C Electricity - Term 3 Interest Packet Term Introduction: AP Physics has been specifically designed to build on physics knowledge previously acquired for a more in depth understanding of the
More informationREVISED HIGHER PHYSICS REVISION BOOKLET ELECTRONS AND ENERGY
REVSED HGHER PHYSCS REVSON BOOKLET ELECTRONS AND ENERGY Kinross High School Monitoring and measuring a.c. Alternating current: Mains supply a.c.; batteries/cells supply d.c. Electrons moving back and forth,
More informationElectromagnetic Field Theory Chapter 9: Time-varying EM Fields
Electromagnetic Field Theory Chapter 9: Time-varying EM Fields Faraday s law of induction We have learned that a constant current induces magnetic field and a constant charge (or a voltage) makes an electric
More informationA) n 1 > n 2 > n 3 B) n 1 > n 3 > n 2 C) n 2 > n 1 > n 3 D) n 2 > n 3 > n 1 E) n 3 > n 1 > n 2
55) The diagram shows the path of a light ray in three different materials. The index of refraction for each material is shown in the upper right portion of the material. What is the correct order for
More information1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Physics (A-level)
1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Capacitance (Chapter 18): Physics (A-level) Every capacitor has two leads, each connected to a metal plate, where in between there is an insulating
More informationElectrostatics: Coulomb's Law
Electrostatics: Coulomb's Law Objective: To learn how excess charge is created and transferred. To measure the electrostatic force between two objects as a function of their electrical charges and their
More informationMagnets attract some metals but not others
Electricity and Magnetism Junior Science Magnets attract some metals but not others Some objects attract iron and steel. They are called magnets. Magnetic materials have the ability to attract some materials
More informationPHYS 1442 Section 004 Lecture #14
PHYS 144 Section 004 Lecture #14 Wednesday March 5, 014 Dr. Chapter 1 Induced emf Faraday s Law Lenz Law Generator 3/5/014 1 Announcements After class pickup test if you didn t Spring break Mar 10-14 HW7
More informationVersion The diagram below represents lines of magnetic flux within a region of space.
1. The diagram below represents lines of magnetic flux within a region of space. 5. The diagram below shows an electromagnet made from a nail, a coil of insulated wire, and a battery. The magnetic field
More informationElectron Theory. Elements of an Atom
Electron Theory Elements of an Atom All matter is composed of molecules which are made up of a combination of atoms. Atoms have a nucleus with electrons orbiting around it. The nucleus is composed of protons
More information