Double-edge wedge splitting test: preliminary results

Transcription

1 Fraur Mani Conr Conr Sruur - Hig Prforman, Fibr Rford Conr, Spial Loadg Sruural Appliaion- B. H. O, al. (d) 200 Kora Conr Iniu, ISBN Doubl-dg dg plig : prlimary rul M. di Prio, M.G.L. Lampri & S. Lapolla Dparmn Sruural Engrg, Polinio di Milano, Ialy ABSTRACT: A n niqu o idnify ridual rng po-rakg rgim a bn dvlopd a Polinio di Milano for -alld Fibr Cmniiou Compoi ruur. T ida i a o paially unoupl ompriv r from nil r an dir nil, lo o Brazilian, rodug only a mod I rak opng. T unouplg aud a doubl no allo produr o idnify ral ougn aoiad o fibr pull-ou. T idnifiaion plan rng v. rak opng for ar diffuion r a, pially for ord a flo favourd lf ompag mix, ugg u i n niqu a an b alo aily oupld o bndg. In i papr ma xprimnal dail ill b diud, il a ompanion papr rliabiliy idnifiaion produr i rfrn o bndg on lf ompag fibr rford onr for diffrn ag produr i vigad. INTRODUCTION Hig Prforman Fibr Rford Cmniiou Compoi (HPFRCC) ar qui omplx marial i nd an ororopi dripion bo uniaxial nion uniaxial omprion. Du o alignmn fibr aud ag flo mad poibl ir lf ompag prforman, y n o a mall ar nil rpon n ag flo i ll ord or a larg arg n a rom ag flo produr i arrid ou a aug a rom fibr diribuion avrag plan. Ofn fibr diprion iglig vn a ignifian variaion mall ikn, rfor i i nary o ak o aoun i ararii n a bndg bavior i rquird, bu i formaion do no aff ar mmbran bavior, i ar affd only avrag ararii ikn. T pripal aim n i o rprodu r diribuion on ion a nod pimn loadd pur nion, iou any roi ompriv r, onrarily o a our Bndg Brazilian, r ompriv nil r a on bndg/plig plan. Follog analogy bn Tr Po Bndg Wdg Splig T, uggd Brüilr Wimann (990), a Doubl-Edg Wdg Splig T (DEWST) i r propod (Fig. ) alo o implify loadg dvi ommonly ud dir nion. To oba a vry ompa -up, yldr our dg, ypial WST, ar ubiud o oppoi dg-apd no. On no lip uiably rad l pla ar applid o guaran lo lidg friion i o l load yldr. T obad -up rprodu alo, iou yldrial ymmry, a or Doubl Pun T propod Cn & Yuan (980, Fig. 2). A poibl advanag DEWST, ard i radiional plig on yldr, i poibiliy arryg ou nil applyg ompriv load, u avoidg ypial ompliaion dir appliaion a nil load on pimn (lik glug pimn xrmii o pr plan, or providg pimn i pariular load-ranfrrg dvi). Morovr, abn igly-loalizd omprion r i a plu a duil marial, r mall loadd ara may undrgo ignifian plai dformaion. Trfor i an b rgardd a an xnion Brazilian Wdg Splig T. T ap, jod o nd dog alo on ompa-ampl xrad from full-iz ruur, a addrd oi oard dir nil mod. Aloug voluion mod rid from Fraur Mani Conr av uggd o Inrnaional Sard mploymn bndg for ir xuiv impliiy for onfidn providd an xniv im-prad xprimnal appliaion, ouplg an unnod four po bndg i o lik a prnd, onidrg o nod plan a rig angl o xrmii ubqunly four mall rangular prim an four pi obad afr arryg ou o DEWS diardg rakd zon, ould rally giv dignr all formaion rily nary for a arful dign produr.

2 J = D (, T ) () T proporionaliy offi D(,T) i alld moiur prmabiliy i i a nonlar funion rlaiv umidiy mpraur T (Bažan & Najjar 972). T moiur ma balan rquir a variaion im ar ma pr uni volum onr (ar onn ) b qual o divrgn moiur flux J = J (2) Figur. Wdg Splig a a ompa Tird Po Bndg ar onn an b xprd a um BamT (Brüilr Wiman 990) Doubl Sidd Wdg (apillary ar, ar vaporabl ar Splig a a Dir Tnion Spimn. vapor, adorbd ar) non-vaporabl (mially bound) ar n (Mill 966, Panazopoulo & Mill 995). I i raonabl o aum a vaporabl ar i a funion rlaiv umidiy,, dgr ydraion,, dgr ilia fum raion,, i.. =(,,) = ag-dpndn orpion/dorpion iorm (Norlg Mjonll 997). Undr i aumpion ubiug Equaion o Equaion 2 on oba Figur 2. (a) Doubl Sidd Wdg Splig a ion Dou T. blpun + ( D ) = (3) n &+ 2 THE TESTING TECHNIQUE &+ & r / i lop orpion/dorpion iorm (aloarrangmn alld moiur T T pariular ud o apaiy). apply omgovrng quaion (Equaion 3) mu b ompld priv load, namly o l yldr ag on appropria boundary iial ondiion.pla, 45 -apd no providd i l/bra T ur rlaion amoun vaporabl mak a bn o ompriv r ar ar ar rlaiv umidiy i alld adorpion ablid bn loadg pun. In i iorm if maurd i rago rlaiviy ay, mid-pan ion i ubjd uniaxial umidiy dorpion iorm oppoi nil r maurd rng ill b a. lo Nglg irmaurd diffrn al. 994), vry o a (Xi a uniaxial nion follog, orpion iorm ill b ud i r lai zon, i i ma our rfrn o bo orpion propagaion dorpion ondiion. nrgy rla rak pro, i By ay, if yri vry rdud. T o no prvn moiur imulaiormprn ould b akn o aoun, o diffrn nou ompriv r ord rlaion, ar v a rlaiv umidiy, mu along vaporabl vrial dirion our Brazilian b ud aordg o ign variaion (= biaxial r a): i r parn dirlaiviy umidiy. T ap orpion urb fibr pull-ou a obrvd plig, biorm for HPC i flund many paramr, au i ould ra bond rng. pially o a flun xn T friion bn yldr ra mal mial raion, urn, drm por urfa rdu ffiv load applid o ruur rodu por iz diribuion ampl a angnial(ar-o-mn omponn apraio, omn mial ompoiion, onn, plid lidg urfa. Diffrn SF mal ouurg im mod, mpraur, mix addiiv, plg variou lubrian r ompard o.). In friion liraur varioubn formulaion an b valua rduion yldr found o drib orpion iorm normal mal lidg urfa. Sarg from liraonr (Xi offi, al. 994). r Hovr, oluion prn ur friion diffrn papr mi-mpirial xprion propod r onidrd: l bra dir ona, Norlg Mjornll (997) i adopd bau PTFE layr rion u grapi a lubri-i Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 200 xpliily aounfordvi voluion ydraion an. A pariular aimd o imula raion SFpimn onn.ubjd Ti orpion iorm bavior o vrial load rad maurg nil for rally ranmid o fraur urfa a g rady. A nd, b oluion a rad i a raio bn maurd load on fraur load lo o applid (,, ) = G (, ) + 89% ug grapi a lubrian. 0(g ) 0(g ) 3 SET-UP AND EXPERIMENTAL K (, ) PROGRAMME (4) An lromanial INSTRON pr i a r load fir apaiy rm (gliorm) rprn maximum 00 kn a ud. T pyially (adorbd) ar impog onda r bound diplamn-onrolld rm (apillary iorm) rprn onan rok ra ( µm/) o apillary loadg ar. Ti xprion i valid only for lo ma, via diplamn rur onn amoun SF.Ea T offi pr. id G pimn (Fron Rar) rprn arrumnd pr uni volum lddiplamn gl por a 00% a r rur rlaiv umidiy, i uppr an b xprd (Norlg (LVDT), a ip lor no Mjornll 997) a middl il (Fig. 3). T pimn gomry i dribd Tabl : riial dp diamr ar rpivly 80 0 mm )= k + k G (yldr (5), ol vg. vg T load dail i larly for on Figur 3: uppr pr plan a fr o roa rp load axi. kvg o armarial paramr. From ri kvg maximum amoun ar pr uni volum a an on an alula K a on oba Spimn Typ Sid Criial Cyldr Tabl Typ(bo gomry vigad pimn. fill all. por apillary por gl por), Lng dp diamr 0 g mm mm G mm (6) K(, ) = A P P8 A 00 0 g 80 0 P9 A P-20 B P4-20 B T marial paramr kvg kvg0 g an P xprimnal 80 0 rlvan o b alibradb fig daa fr (vaporabl) ar onn onr a variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuai 2009b). 2.2 Tmpraur voluion No a, a arly ag, mial raion aoiad i mn ydraion SF raion ar xormi, mpraur fild i no uniform for non-adiabai ym vn if nvironmnal mpraur i onan. Ha onduion an b dribd onr, a la for mpraur no xdg 00 C (Bažan & Kaplan 996), Fourir la, i rad q = λ T (7) r q i a (a)flux, T i abolu mpraur, λ i a onduiviy; i

3 J = D (dirion., T ) In ordr o br i rak opng xpla xprimnal rul obad man o gomri diud (Typ A offi B, Fig. D(,T) T proporionaliy 3), an xampl bo pimn ar diud moiur prmabiliy i i a nonla rlaiv umidiy mpraur follog paragrap. & Najjar 972). T moiur ma balan variaion im ar ma volum onr (ar onn ) b q divrgn Conn moiur flux J Tabl 2. (b). () f P (oϑ f ϑ ) 2 ( ϑ + f o ϑ ) friion offi kg/m3 = J Cmn yp I Slag 500 War T ar 200 onn an b xprd a Suprplaiizr 33 (l/m3) vaporabl ar (apillary a S 0-2 mm 983 vapor, adorbd ar) non- Fibr (lf=3mm; df=0.6mm) 00 (Mil Panazopoulo & Mill 995). I i ra a vaporabl ar i a fu Tabl 3. Gomryaum manial propri vigad pimn. rlaiv umidiy,, dgr ydraion dgr ilia fum raion,, i.. = Spimn Tikn= Pak f,max f,m orpion/dorpion Ma ag-dpndn load opng (Norlg Mjonll 997). Undr i aum ubiug o Equai mm kn MPa Equaion MPa oba (mially bound) ar n Fp Fp = Mix dign. a (d) Figur 3. Exprimnal -up;(a) yp A; (b) yp B; () load dail; (d) -up vi. 4 TEST RESULTS 4. Marial propri T ompoi (Tabl 2) a ld omparg diffrn oluion arg from aggrga gnrally ud pra produr limig ir maximum iz o 2 mm (di Prio al. 2008). Prlimary on rkag allod u o ima qui larg ra a a xpd du o ignifianly larg fraion f aggrga ud mix. An avrag ubi ompriv rng 43 MPa an lai modulu lo o 40 GPa ararizd marial prlimary qualifiaion. No pifi produr a ud ag pro o or l fibr i nologial dail an b rgardd a ma raon ug arg (Frrara al. 200). Doubl Edg Wdg Splig pimn r xrad an origal pla, 20 mm ik, ud o prpar lv unnod pla d bndg. I i obviou a any aumulaion l fibr boom par pimn an aff bndg, bu anly avrag for DEWS : anyay u ourrn an au a roaion along vrial axi man plan a rig angl P7 P8 P9 P-20 P4-20 P don up up ) = ( D (.dv.don ±2.05) don don &+ r / i lop & + orpion/ iorm (alo alld moiur apa govrng quaion (Equaion 3) mu b appropria boundary iial ondii T rlaion bn amoun ar rlaiv umidiy i alld iorm if maurd i rag umidiy dorpion iorm a. Nglg ir diffrn (Xi al. follog, orpion iorm ill b rfrn o bo orpion dorpion By ay, if yri iorm ould b akn o aoun, o (a) rlaion, vaporabl ar v rlaiv umi b ud aordg o ign varia rlaiviy umidiy. T ap iorm for HPC i flund many p pially o a flun xn mial raion, urn, drm ruur por iz diribuion (arraio, mn mial ompoiion, SF urg im mod, mpraur, mix.). In liraur variou formulaio found o drib orpion iorm onr (Xi al. 994). Hovr, (b) papr :mi-mpirial xprion pro Figur 4. Ovrall pimn (a) Nomal r Mjornll v. COD urv; (b)norlg COD v. rok urv.(997) i adopd b Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 200

4 T J = D ( rpon, T ) ol i on Figur () 4 rlaion o nomal r σ N v. COD. A larg arg T proporionaliy an b obrvd offi DEWS D(,T) i (Fig. alld 4). In moiur abl prmabiliy rak propagaion i i a rok nonlar i funion mo nibl rlaiv diplamn umidiy paramr, mpraur il T (Bažan pullou & Najjar pa 972). rok T avrag moiur COD ma gro balan ar rquir omparabl a (Fig. variaion 4b). im ar ma pr uni volum onr (ar onn ) b qual o divrgn moiur flux J 4.2 Doubl-dg dg plig T ma rul rlad o fir gomry (Typ = J (2) A) ar on Figur 5. Fir all ma paramr ud o onrol ar dribd (Fig. 5a): T i i ar vidn onn o rok an monoonially b xprd a ra um along vaporabl ovrall loadg ar (apillary p ar, rfor ar i an vapor, b adopd adorbd a fdbak ar) paramr. non-vaporabl T load iglig (mially a fir bound) kn du ar o l n yldr (Mill vrial 966, diplamn Panazopoulo lmn. & Mill 995). T rak I i propagaion raonabl o i no aum ymmri a a xpd vaporabl (Fig. ar 5b) i a ar funion i a rlaiv from umidiy, uppr, fibr. dgr I i rg ydraion, o undr- l dgr a r ilia i fum no any raion, raon for, i.. i =op (, or bo-, ), om = ag-dpndn pro zon ould orpion/dorpion prvail: only iorm raon ould (Norlg b Mjonll rlad 997). o fibr Undr diribuion, i aumpion alo diffrn ubiug bn Equaion rak o opng Equaion maurd 2 on along oba riial dp rgion an b aumd a a maur omogniy l fibr id pimn volum. T pifi maur rak opng along + ( D mid, ) = up & + boom & LVDT + & n gaug (3) ar rpivly on Figur 5,d, i rfrn o bo fron rar id: a ignifian omparion r / bn i lop man valu orpion/dorpion rordd on iorm o id (alo i alo alld on moiur (Fig. 5f). apaiy). T govrng Fally quaion roaion (Equaion along 3) mu o b ax, ompld a a rig appropria angl i boundary il avrag iial plan ondiion. vrial T axi rlaion avrag bn plan a amoun up, mid vaporabl boom LVDT ar gaug rlaiv loaion umidiy ar ompud i alld aordg adorpion o iorm follog if quaion maurd (Fig i 5g,): rag rlaiviy umidiy dorpion iorm oppoi a. Nglg ir diffrn (Xi al. 994), [] follog, orpion iorm ill b ud i rfrn o bo orpion dorpion ondiion. By ay, if yri moiur iorm ould b akn o aoun, o diffrn [2] rlaion, vaporabl ar v rlaiv umidiy, mu b ud aordg o ign variaion rlaiviy umidiy. T ap orpion iorm for HPC i flund many paramr, r ϕ mid-don ϕ up-don ar rlaiv dian pially o a flun xn ra maurd bn gaug ax. In pimn mial raion, urn, drm por P9 plan roaion i abou r im largr ruur por iz diribuion (ar-o-mn an ou plan on a nd, bu, il raio, mn mial ompoiion, SF onn, formr gro unabl rak propagaion, urg im mod, mpraur, mix addiiv, lar gro abl propagaion..). In liraur variou formulaion an b A pak load formr i l an on ix found o drib orpion iorm normal lar. Ti man a plan roaion durg pull-ou pa i affd fibr diribu- onr (Xi al. 994). Hovr, prn papr mi-mpirial xprion propod ion on riial dp, il abl rak Norlg Mjornll (997) i adopd bau i propagaion i mor affd marix, o rng xpliily i aoun mu mor for omognou, voluion ydraion fibr diprion raion SF ikn onn. i Ti i orpion mall. iorm rad T good uprpoiion urv for bo roaion onfirm plan ro ion aumpion durg rak propagaion marix a ll a pull-ou pa. T la obrvaion for P9 (,, ) = G (, ) + pimn onrn rak opng maurd 0( g ) boom rur on rar id: aloug (4) -up ould au alay a poiiv rak opng, du o ou 0 plan ( g roaion, ) LVDT K (, ) maur i akly ngaiv (Fig. 5). Similar onidraion an b argud for pimn yp B (Fig. 6), i only xpion a ou plan roaion r i o larg fir a rm all (gl iorm) LVDT maur rprn on fron pyially id bound ar ngaiv (adorbd) ar rak propaga ond from rm boom (apillary fibr iorm) o op rprn on. apillary ar. Ti xprion i valid only for lo onn SF. T offi G rprn amoun 5 ar NUMERICAL pr uni volum SIMULATION ld gl por a 00% rlaiv umidiy, i an b xprd (Norlg T Mjornll yp 997) B pimn a a alo numrially vigad o iglig r parn id pimn n a omognou mono-pa oniuiv G (, ) = k + k (5) bavior i aumd vg for vg HPFRCC marial. For uniaxial nion, Hordijk oniuiv la (Hordjik, 99) r ka adopd numrial modlg vg k vg ar marial paramr. From nion maximum ng, amoun ad ar pr a bilar uni volum ng a la an (di fill Prio all por al. (bo 2004, apillary 2009), por bau i gl por), guaran on a an m alula dpndn K a on rul oba Fi Elmn od ud (DIANA, Rla 9.3) du o an auomai oi ararii lng on bai 0 g fi lmn iz (Bazan & Cdol, 80) G 0 T po-pak diipad nrgy maurd (6) DEWS K (, ) = arrid ou a ud for idnifiaion produr ng 0 g paramr, il uniaxial omprion only ompriv rng a adopd. T m adopd i qui rgular (Fig. 7); T marial paramr k vg k vg g numrial i diplamn onrolld an aumg a ngligibl friion fixd ona l b alibrad fig xprimnal daa rlvan o fr (vaporabl) ar onn onr a bn l yldr ld l variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuai 2009b). pla. T pnd onnion ar monoonially movd along normal dirion i rp o ona 2.2 Tmpraur l pla voluion r fr o lid along 45 ld plan paralll o no lip. T vrial load i drmd on bai raion No a, a arly ag, mial raion aoiad i mn ydraion SF raion uiably projd along riial axi a onn ip no. A oal ra fixd rak ap- ar xormi, mpraur fild i no uniform for non-adiabai ym vn if nvironmnal proa a ld. T oluion vigad i mpraur i onan. Ha onduion an b ford o b ymmri du o lak any df dribd onr, a la for mpraur no prf omogniy aumpion for marial adopd: only anly gomrial df du xdg 00 C (Bažan & Kaplan 996), Fourir la, i rad o a no prf ymmry m ar onidrd. q = λ T (7) r q i a flux, T i abolu mpraur, λ i a onduiviy; i Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 200

5 J = ) D (, T (a) () (b) (d) T proporionaliy offi D(,T) moiur prmabiliy i i a nonla rlaiv umidiy mpraur & Najjar 972). T moiur ma balan a variaion im ar ma volum onr (ar onn ) b q divrgn moiur flux J = J T ar onn an b xprd a vaporabl ar (apillary a vapor, adorbd ar) non- (mially bound) ar n (Mil Panazopoulo & Mill 995). I i ra aum a vaporabl ar i a fu rlaiv umidiy,, dgr ydraion dgr ilia fum raion,, i.. = = ag-dpndn orpion/dorpion (Norlg Mjonll 997). Undr i aum ubiug Equaion o Equai oba + ( D ) = & + & + r / i lop orpion/ govrng quaion (Equaion 3) mu b appropria boundary iial ondii T rlaion bn amoun ar rlaiv umidiy i alld a. Nglg ir diffrn (Xi al. follog, orpion iorm ill b rfrn o bo orpion dorpion By ay, if yri iorm ould b akn o aoun, o rlaion, vaporabl ar v rlaiv umi b ud aordg o ign varia rlaiviy umidiy. T ap iorm for HPC i flund many p pially o a flun xn mial raion, urn, drm urg im mod, mpraur, mix Norlg Mjornll (997) i adopd b iorm (alo alld moiur apa () (f) iorm if maurd i rag umidiy dorpion iorm (g) () ruur por iz diribuion (arraio, mn mial ompoiion, SF.). In liraur variou formulaio Figur 5. Spimn P9: (a,b) paramr onrol rak propagaion; (,d, ) COD propagaion mid, up don rur loaion fron rar id; (f) avrag COD valu up, mid don loaion; (g,) roaion along o ax: found o drib orpion iorm on a rig angl i il avrag plan vrial axi avrag plan onr a up, mid (Xi don al. loaion. 994). Hovr, papr mi-mpirial xprion pro Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 200

6 J T ar onn an b xprd a um vaporabl (a) ar (apillary ar, ar vapor, adorbd ar) non-vaporabl (mially bound) ar n (Mill 966, Panazopoulo & Mill 995). I i raonabl o aum a vaporabl ar i a funion rlaiv umidiy,, dgr ydraion,, dgr ilia fum raion,, i.. = (,, ) = ag-dpndn orpion/dorpion iorm (Norlg Mjonll 997). Undr i aumpion ubiug Equaion o Equaion 2 on oba () = ) D (, T () T proporionaliy offi D(,T) i alld moiur prmabiliy i i a nonlar funion rlaiv umidiy mpraur T (Bažan & Najjar 972). T moiur ma balan rquir a variaion im ar ma pr uni volum onr (ar onn ) b qual o divrgn moiur flux J = J + (2) ( D ) = n (3) & + & + & xpliily aoun for voluion ydraion raion SF onn. Ti orpion iorm rad (,, ) = G (, ) + 0( g ) 0( g ) K (, ) (4) r fir rm (gl iorm) rprn pyially bound (adorbd) ar ond (b) rm (apillary iorm) rprn apillary ar. Ti xprion i valid only for lo onn SF. T offi G rprn amoun ar pr uni volum ld gl por a 00% rlaiv umidiy, i an b xprd (Norlg Mjornll 997) a G (, ) = k + k vg vg (5) r k vg k vg ar marial paramr. From maximum amoun ar pr uni volum a an (d) fill all por (bo apillary por gl por), on an alula K a on oba r / i lop orpion/dorpion 0 g iorm (alo alld moiur apaiy). T G 0 govrng quaion (Equaion 3) mu b ompld K (, ) = appropria boundary iial ondiion. 0 g T rlaion bn amoun vaporabl (6) ar rlaiv umidiy i alld adorpion iorm if maurd i rag rlaiviy T marial paramr k vg k vg g an umidiy dorpion iorm oppoi b alibrad fig xprimnal daa rlvan o a. Nglg ir diffrn (Xi al. 994), fr (vaporabl) ar onn onr a () follog, orpion iorm ill b ud i (f) variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuai 2009b). rfrn o bo orpion dorpion ondiion. By ay, if yri moiur iorm ould b akn o aoun, o diffrn 2.2 Tmpraur voluion rlaion, vaporabl ar v rlaiv umidiy, mu No a, a arly ag, mial raion b ud aordg o ign variaion aoiad i mn ydraion SF raion rlaiviy umidiy. T ap orpion ar xormi, mpraur fild i no uniform iorm for HPC i flund many paramr, for non-adiabai ym vn if nvironmnal pially o a flun xn ra mpraur i onan. Ha onduion an b mial raion, urn, drm por dribd onr, a la for mpraur no ruur por iz diribuion (ar-o-mn xdg 00 C (Bažan & Kaplan 996), raio, mn mial ompoiion, SF onn, Fourir la, i rad (g) urg im mod, mpraur, mix addiiv, ().). In liraur variou formulaion an b q = λ T Figur 6. Spimn P7-20: (a,b) paramr onrol rak propagaion; (,d, ) COD propagaion mid, up don (7) rur found o loaion drib fron orpion rar iorm id; (f) avrag normal COD valu up, mid don loaion; (g,) roaion along o ax onr : on (Xi a rig al. angl 994). i Hovr, il avrag plan prn vrial axi avrag plan a up, mid don loaion. papr mi-mpirial xprion propod Norlg Mjornll (997) i adopd bau i r q i a flux, T i abolu mpraur, λ i a onduiviy; i Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 200

7 Du o no friion aumpion, orizonal for i qual o vrial omponn. T load v. COD urv (Fig. 8a) i ompard i xprimnal urv orrpondg o ud o idnify po-pak nrgy diipad adopd Hordjik oniuiv la (P20). T omparion iglig a vry good rnd, a omparabl pak load. A iffr baviour proximiy on fir rakg an b aud lar baviour ld pr-pak bran. A nonlar oniuiv modl omprion a rodud man a modl propod Tornfld (987). T FE analyi a arrid ou man a plan r non lar fi lmn mod (NLFEA) i a oal ra formulaion. A mard-rakd approa a adopd, i a onan nion u-f ririon a govrn iiaion rak, a full ar rnion approa. A fraur nrgy rgularizaion a aumd nion r-ra oniuiv la a ompud DIANA i valu rak b id,, qual o A (A=lmn ara). = D (, T ) plan i i ar omponn Jalong rak nial o prvn puriou maur. T undamagd zon lo o T our vrial porion D(,T) proporionaliy offi pimn ould moiur alo d omprion prmabiliy i du i a ononla rlaiv umidiy mall aggrga ararizg marial mpraur mix& Najjar 972). moiur dign (2 mm) a 20x20x40 mmt prim an bma r- balan variaionvolum. im ar ma gardd ignifiana rprnaiv volum onr (ar onn ) b q divrgn moiur flux J = J (a) T ar onn an b xprd a vaporabl ar (apillary a vapor, adorbd ar) non- (mially bound) ar n (Mil Panazopoulo & Mill 995). I i ra aum a vaporabl ar i a fu rlaiv umidiy,, dgr ydraion dgr ilia fum raion,, i.. = = ag-dpndn orpion/dorpion (Norlg Mjonll 997). Undr i aum ubiug Equaion o Equai oba Figur 7. Adopd m for FE analyi (n. nod: 653; n. lmn: 3792; lmn yp: CQ6M quadrai 8 nod quadrilaral CT2M quadrai 6 nod plan r). Fir all rul iglig vry mall oal diplamn rakd plan rgion a qui onan r along riial dp a pak load (Fig. 8b,) a qui rangular mod I rakd rgion i a oal id lo o alf riial dp. T omprd ar i vidn Figur 8b, i rfrn alay o pak load p. T nil r rak opng diplamn pril along riial dp ar on Figur 9. T rul o a no ngligibl moruur bavior i favor a po-pak load abiliy. Ti vidn larifi a alo i impl, rpon do no orrpond xaly o oniuiv la, aloug ridual rng an b vry ll idnifid. Anor vry imporan rul i onnd i lak any ignifian + ( D ) = & + & + r / i lop orpion/ iorm (alo alld moiur apa govrng quaion (Equaion 3) mu b appropria boundary iial ondii T rlaion bn amoun (b) ar rlaiv umidiy i alld iorm if maurd i rag umidiy dorpion iorm a. Nglg ir diffrn (Xi al. follog, orpion iorm ill b rfrn o bo orpion dorpion By ay, if yri iorm ould b akn o aoun, o rlaion, vaporabl ar v rlaiv umi b ud aordg o ign varia rlaiviy umidiy. T ap () iorm for HPC i flund many p pially o a flun xn Figur 8. FE rul: (a) Torial V xprimnal load- drm mial raion, urn, COD urv nil ng adopd la; (b,) nil ruur por diribuion ompriv pripal r onour iz vor rprna- (arion a pak load.raio, mn mial ompoiion, SF urg im mod, mpraur, mix.). In liraur variou formulaio found o drib orpion iorm onr (Xi al. 994). Hovr, papr mi-mpirial xprion pro Norlg Mjornll (997) i adopd b Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 200

8 J = D (, T ) () T proporionaliy offi D(,T) i alld moiur prmabiliy i i a nonlar funion rlaiv umidiy mpraur T (Bažan & Najjar 972). T moiur ma balan rquir a variaion im ar ma pr uni volum onr (ar onn ) b qual o divrgn moiur flux J = J (2) T ar onn an b xprd a um vaporabl ar (apillary ar, ar vapor, adorbd ar) non-vaporabl (mially bound) ar n (Mill 966, Panazopoulo & Mill 995). I i raonabl o aum a vaporabl ar i a funion rlaiv umidiy,, dgr ydraion,, dgr ilia fum raion,, i.. =(,,) = ag-dpndn orpion/dorpion iorm (Norlg Mjonll 997). Undr i aumpion ubiug Equaion o Equaion 2 on oba Figur 9. FE rul: uniaxial nil r diplamn pril for lai pa (p,4), pak load (p 8) load a fal p (p, 33,34). + ( D ) = (3) n &+ 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS &+ & r / i lop orpion/dorpion iorm (alo alld moiurxprimnal apaiy). T On bai prlimary govrng quaion (Equaion 3) mu b ompld numrial vigaion arrid ou, follog appropria rmark an b boundary dran. iial ondiion. T rlaion amoun r vaporabl Doubl Edg bn Wdg Splig roar i abl rlaiv umidiy i alld dud o idnify uniaxial nil adorpion po-pak iorm forif Fibr maurd i rag rlaiviy bavior Rford Cmniiou Comumidiy dorpion iorm oppoi poi man a uniaxial omprion. a. ir diffrn al. 994), TNglg doubl omprd ar(xi onribu o r follog, orpion b ud i du nrgy rla iorm aoiad ill o unloadd rfrno allo bo orpion dorpion ondiion. rgion a qui rgular onrol uby ay, if yri moiur g rok a fdbak paramr. iorm ould rumn b akn oquipmn aoun, o diffrn A uiabl allo rlaion, vaporabl ar v rlaiv mu maur o roaion around oumidiy, ax: on a b ud aordg o ign variaion rig angl i il avrag plan around rlaiviy ap orpion vrialumidiy. axi T avrag plan: roaion iorm for i flund fibr manydiprion paramr, voluion arhpc rily rlad i pially o ikn a flun riialxn dp ra pimial raion, urn, drm por mn. ruur pordiffrn iz diribuion (ar-o-mn By oog oraion no raio,a mn mial ompoiion, SF onn, axi, muliaxial oniuiv la idnifiaion an urg im imod, mpraur, mix addiiv, b prformd: poibiliy i vry ffiv o a.). In liraur bavior variou formulaion b ororopi ag an flofound o drib orpion iorm normal ord fibr rford mniiou ompoi. onr (Xi al. 994). Hovr, lig prn T pimn i rlaivly ompa papr xprion propod anmi-mpirial b aily arrid ou vry diplanorlg Mjornll (997) i adopd bau i mn onrolld pr. Prodg FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 200 xpliily aoun ar voluion ydraion T uiiv rforpa onfirmd Fi raion SF onn. Ti ou orpion iorma Elmn vigaion arrid follog rad rak approa: a ra ruur ff i mard igligd diffrn bn oniuiv la rodud for marial rpon nglg any ff friion on (, zon., ) = G (, ) + larify Furr analy pud ould br 0(g ) rlaion bn marial la oniuiv (4) rpon. 0(g ) T longr no pimn (yp B) prvn K (, any ompriv r dp. )riial ak pla: FE analya pur mod I fraur no ar ff diurb uniaxial nil br fir rm (gl iorm) rprn avior. pyially bound (adorbd) ar ond FE analy iglig o undamagd bordr rrm (apillary iorm) apillary gion pimn durgrprn i ar ubar. only Ti oxprion i valid only for r lo onn jd mall lai ompriv amoun SF.bT offi G rprn ould ud o alo idnify uniaxial ompriv ar pr uni volum ld gl por a 00% bavior. rlaiv umidiy, i an b xprd (Norlg Mjornll 997) a 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS G ( )= k + k (5) rar vga bn vg fanially uppord T INTERREG Proj "Adv Cmniiou Compoi af Tunnl kvg ar onruion marial paramr. From r kinvgdeign ACCIDENT -, ID , Maur 2.2. maximum amoun ar pr uni volum a an, fill all por (bo apillary por gl por), on an alula K a on oba REFERENCES 0 g Bazan, Z.P.& Cdol, L Fi lmn modlg G Journal rak b0 propagaion, ASCE Sruural Engi (6) nrg, 09(): pp K(, ) = Brüilr E. & Wiman F.H dg plig, a T 0 g abl n mod prformg fraur mani. Engrg Fraur Mani, 35 (-3): Cn WF. Yuan L Tnil Srng Conr: kvg g an T marialt. paramr vg Doubl-Pun Journal k Sruural Diviion, 06 b (8): alibrad fig xprimnal daa rlvan o di Prio, M., Lampri,ar M., Lapolla, S., Kurana, R.S fr (vaporabl) onn onr a HPFRCC rog, Pro. Sond variou ag (Dipla Luzior&pra Cuai 2009b). In. Sympoium on Ulra Hig Prforman Conr, Kal Grmany: di M., Frrara,voluion L., Colombo, M., Mauri, M On 2.2Prio, Tmpraur idnifiaion SFRC oiuiv la uniaxial nno arly ag, dimial iona, a Fibr rford onr. Prio raion al. (Ed.), Pro. 6 Rilm Symp. BEFIB 04, Varnna PRO aoiad i mn ydraion SF(Ialy), raion Bagnaux Rilm ar39,xormi, Publiaion mpraurs.a.r.l.. fildfran. i no uniform Frrara, L., Ozyur, N. di Prio, M Hig maniforalnon-adiabai ym vn if nvironmnal prforman fibr rford mniiou ompompraur i onan. Ha onduion an b i: rol ag-flo dud fibr oraion. dribd onr, a la for mpraur no Apd Marial Sruur. Hordijk, D. 99. approa faigu onr, xdg 00 CLoal (Bažan & okaplan 996), P.D.Ti, Dlf Univriy Tnology: pp Fourir la, i rad Tornfld, E., Tomaziz, A., Jnn, J. J Manial propri ig-rng onr appliaq = λ T (7) ion dign, Pro. Symp. Uilizaion Hig-Srng Conr, Savangr, Noray. r q i a flux, T i abolu mpraur, λ i a onduiviy; i