LINEAR ERROR CORRECTION A disadvantages concept but people do, because they DON T KNOW...!!!
|
|
- Jordan Walker
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ALATA TEKNIK UTAMA LINEAR ERROR CORRECTION A disadvantages concept but people do, because they DON T KNOW...!!! Saraswanto Abdul Jabbar 12/21/2014 Most people think to do the correction of the linear error is an advantages, but actually they were wrong. To do the correction is not so simple as they think. This white paper will answer the correct reason.
2 CONTENTS: 1. Preface 2 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ULMs 4 3. TOLERANCE GRADE FOR GAUGE BLOCKS 7 4. ERROR FROM ELASTIC PROPERTIES CASCADING ERRORS ERROR caused of Elasticity Machine BED Cosine and Sine Errors Contact Deformation in Mechanical Comparisons CONCLUTION 11 1
3 1. PREFACE Many manufacturer produce the measuring machines with fitur LINEAR ERROR COMPENSATION. Yes, this concept will help measurement will be done faster then without compensation. Do you think this concept is correct? Lets we see the actual world. 1.1 Nomenclature and Definitions A ULM is a Universal Length Measurement a standard having scale and 2 contact opposing surfaces. ULMs have nominal lengths defined in either the metric system (millimeters) or in the English system (1 inch = 25.4 mm). The ULMs are following the ABBE Principal, The Abbe Principle (Abbe s errors) 1 resulted from observations about measurement errors, If errors in parallax are to be avoided, the measuring system must be placed coaxially with the axis along which the displacement is to be measured on the workpiece. Figure 1, Universal Length Measuring Instrument ULM 600 E. Manufactured by Mahr GmbH, Germany. The ULM is defined at standard reference conditions: temperature = 20 ºC (68 ºF ) barometric pressure = 101,325 Pa (1 atmosphere) water vapor pressure = 1,333 Pa (10 mm of mercury) CO2 content of air = 0.03%. Of these conditions only the temperature has a measurable effect on the physical length of the ULM. The other conditions are needed because the primary measurement of ULM length is a comparison with the standard. For standard light sources the frequency of the light is constant, but the wavelength is dependent on the 1 E. Abbe, Journal for Instrumental Information, Vol. X, pp446-8,
4 temperature, pressure, humidity, and CO ଶ described in detail later. content of the air. These effects are The sample observation is the standardized acceptance testing process for ULM (horizontal length measuring) units acc. to VDI/VDE2617 Sheet 2.2, Mahr GmbH: Consisting of: 1. Testing of the scale (reference element of measuring device) 2. Testing of the complete unit determined with PTB reference gauge blocks Fig.2 Testing of the scale (reference element of measuring device) by Laser Ferrometric System PROCEDURES: 1. Laser measurement min. 3x mean calculation, (linearity deviation) 2. Storage of correction values in the machine control (RAM) 3. Test measurement with the determined correction values (if necessary) Fig.3 Testing of the complete unit determined with PTB reference gage blocks PROCEDURES: 1. Gage block probing, 3x GB 25mm, 50mm, 75mm, 100mm, pitch determination, linear proportion. 2. If necessary, adaption of the correction values. 3. Gauge block measurement with new correction, 10x 25mm, 10x 50mm, 10x 75mm 10x 100mm, at least 5 probings each / gage block center point is stored in 3
5 The calibration certificate. Testing of repeatability range 0.02µm, first Commissioning by manufacturer, max. 0.03µm for ULM 600E and Testing of repeatability range 0.05µm, first commissioning by manufacturer, max. 0.09µm. NOTE: Due to the critical set-up for compliance to the requirement of the standard calibration, thus the correction only acceptable in the condition according to paragraph 1.1. Beside this, we also must calculated using statistical methode according to ISO/GUM. In the previous machines of the ULMs, Mahr also provieded the Linear Error Correction protected by PASSWORD. But in the reality for the longterm process, the ULM the accuracy become worst 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ULMs Fig. 4 Material of Ring Gauge (Special Steel) Fig. 5 Material of Ring Guage (Carbon Steel) In the figure 4 and 5, there are 2 ring gauges that seem looks the same but the reality after being measured by portable Rohs for chemical conductivity of material, the result is not the same. It will be get different (see the fig.4 and fig. 5). LINEAR ERROR, caused of physical and thermal properties a change in temperature causes a change in dimensions. This change depends on both the size 4
6 of the temperature change and the temperature at which the change occurs. The equation describing this effect is =/ where L is the length, L is the change in length of the object, T is the temperature change and is the coefficient of thermal expansion(cte). As a numerical example, ULM must be calibrated by gauge block steel, it has an expansion coefficient of:. / This means that a 100 mm gauge block will grow / times 100 mm, or 1.15 micrometer, when its temperature is raised 1ºC. For long standards the temperature effects can be dramatic. When the cube is taken into the metrology lab at 20 ºC, it will shrink / which for our block is 1.15 µm, i.e., it will be 1.15 µm undersized. The thermal expansion coefficients, at 20 ºC, of commonly used materials in ULMs are shown in table 1. MATERIAL CTE ( / ) Aluminum 24 Steel Gauge Block (<25mm) 11.5 Steel Gauge Block (500mm) 10.6 Ceramic Gauge Block (zirconia) 9.2 Chrome Carbide 8.4 Granite 6.3 Tungsten Carbide 4.5 Fused Silica 0.55 Zerodur 0.05 The ULM scale made of Fused Silica, bonded on the steel (head stock), corrections are made for the differential thermal expansion of the two materials involved. Thus the steel block (head stock) must be made oversized by the amount: ൯ ܮ ಷೠೞ ߙ ೞ ߙ൫ = ܮ = ( ) 10 =. 5
7 For example if for measure gauge block 100 mm, with 20 ºC the length gauge block will be oversized by = ( ) 100 =. μ. This is only observation for the CTE of material. The accuracy of ULMs must be consider source error from the elasticity and CTE of the bed as well. So in the set-up to achieved the maximum accuracy and to get lower uncertainty measurement, our engineer developed the concept of the correction linear error by laser interferrometer. (see fig.2 page. 3) Since the two materials never have truly opposite temperature dependencies, the matching of expansion and shrinkage can be made at only one temperature. It is important to remember that these materials are designed for one temperature, usually 20 ºC, and the thermal expansion coefficient can be much different even a few degrees away. Due to the variuos material that we can not exactly know what is the nominal CTE of the material, so the working group of Technical Committee for the metrology suggested the measurement must be in 20ºC. If the measurement did not in the standard, we must calculate by statistical model by tolerance 10% of the CTE. As an example, suppose we have a 500 mm gauge block, a thermometer with an uncertainty of 0.1ºC, and the thermal expansion coefficient is known to ± The uncertainties when the thermometer reads 20 and 25 degrees are: ݔܮ( ߙ)ߜ + ( )ߜݔܮ ߙ =ܮ where T is the temperature difference (T-20), and ()ߜ denotes the uncertainty of the quantity within the parentheses. At 25 ºC: ) (11.5 = ܮ ߤ ߤ 0.58 = ߤ 1.33 = At 20 ºC: when the thermometer reads 20 ºC, the worst case error is 0.1 ºC ) (11.5 = ܮ ߤ ߤ 0.58 = ߤ 0.60 = This points out the general need to keep dimensional metrology labs at, or very near 20 ºC. Because the themperature only sprite on the surface of the material, so that is why the uncertainty in the expansion coefficient of the gauge or workpiece is more difficult to estimate. 3. TOLERANCE GRADE FOR GAUGE BLOCKS 6
8 There are four defined tolerance grades in ISO 3650; K, 0, 1 and 2. The algorithm for the length tolerances are shown in table 2, and there are rules for rounding stated to derive the tables included in the standard. GRADE Deviation from Nominal Length K ( L) L in mm 0 ( L) L in mm 1 ( L) L in mm 2 ( L) L in mm Geometric of the gauge block also influence the linear error of the ULM, such as the flatness and the paralellism. In the measurement calibration of the ULM commonly we measure on the nominal length by calculate the standard deviation of the data from the calibration certificate of gauge block. 4. ERROR FROM ELASTIC PROPERTIES When a force is exerted on any material, the material deforms. For steel base and other gauge block materials this effect is small, but not completely negligible. There are two-dimensional effects due to the elastic properties of gauge blocks and Steel Base of the ULM. The first, and least important, is the compression of steel base under their own weight and when a gauge block is supported horizontally, the force on each point is the weight of the steel above it, and the steel is slightly compressed. The compression is, however, not in the direction of the gauging dimension of the gauge block and the effect is negligible. If the block is set upright, the force is now in the direction of the gauging surfaces, and for very long blocks the weight of the block can become significant. Solved analytically, the change in length of a block is found to be Where /۳ ۺ = ۺ ܮ ߩ g ܮ ܧ = length of shortening = density of material = acceleration of graivity = total length og block = Young s modulus for material For steel gauge blocks, the shrinkage is ܕ/ۼ )/( ۺ ܛ/ ܕ ૡ ). ܕ/ ܓ) (ૠ. ૡ = ۺ 7
9 =. ૡ in meters. When using long gauge blocks supported horizontally, some care is needed to assure that the block bends properly. Since the sides of the gauge block are not precision surfaces, no matter how flat the surface where it is placed it will touch only at a few points, therefore bending, and in general producing some small angle between the two gauging faces. The proper way to support the block so that the two end faces are parallel, and thereby produce an unambiguous length, is shown in figure 4. This assumes, however, that the gauging faces are parallel when the block is vertical. Fig. 4 Long gauge block supported at its Airy points. When a block of length L is supported at two positions, 0.577L apart, the end faces will be parallel. These positions are called the Airy points. Same as for the ULM BASE (it is no effect for GRANITE BASE), when the ULM Base made of Steel Casting, the error come from elasticity. In the Airy Points method it was not help too much because the probability of the force from weight of work table and the work-piece can be different weight. The problem of elastic properties, will make alignment gone. So it make Error due to misalignment. 4.1 CASCADING ERRORS Factor Error from ELASTICITY material know as a Cascading Error. A small angular deflection in one part of a machine quickly grows as subsequent layers of machine are stacked upon it Designs must consider not only linear deflections, but angular deflections and their resulting Abbe Errors 8
10 4.1.1 ERROR caused of Elasticity Machine BED Fig. 6 Motion of a head stock and tail stock as it moves and deflects the axis upon which it rides. Motion of a head stock and tail stock as it moves and deflects the axis upon which it rides (Fig.6) makes the errors have variable. So that is why the ULM with Steel 9
11 Casting make variable error too high. And the result can be found as calculation below: = ᇱ = ) ( Example: =. =. ", =, = If Cosine and Sine Errors Elasticity of the Material makes more difficult to calculate the exact data, that is why it was probably making the data found unstable. How do we calculate the error? When an angular error is amplified by a distance, to create an error in a machine s position, for example, the strict definition of the error is a sine or cosine error Cosine errors have much less effect than Abbe errors, but they are still important, particularly in large system. NOTE: Thinking of Abbe errors, the system FRs (Function Requirements) is a powerful catalyst to help develop DPs (Design Parameters), where location of motion axes is depicted schematically. 10
12 4.2 Contact Deformation in Mechanical Comparisons Nearly all the Universal length measurements of objects with gauge blocks are made with contact type where a probe tip contacts a surface under an applied force. Contact between a spherical tip and a plane surface results in local deformation of small but significant magnitude. If the gauge blocks or objects being compared are made of the same material, the measured length difference between them will be correct, since the deformation in each case will be the same. If the materials are different, the length difference will be incorrect by the difference in the amount of deformation for the materials. In such cases, a deformation correction may be applied if its magnitude is significant to the measurement. Total deformation (probe plus object) is a function of the geometry and elastic properties of the two contacting surfaces, and contact force. Hertz [21] developed formulas for total uniaxial deformation based on the theory of elasticity and by assuming that the bodies are isotropic, that there is no tangential force at contact, and that the elastic limit is not exceeded in the contact area. Many experimenters [22, 23] have verified the reliability of the Hertzian formulas. The formulas given below are from a CSIRO (Australian metrology laboratory) publication that contains formulas for a number of combinations of geometric contact between planes, cylinders and spheres [24]. The gauge block deformations have been tested against other calculations and agree to a few nanometers. For a spherical probe tip and a flat object surface the uniaxial deformation of the probe and surface together is given by: ଵ ଵ/ଷ ൯ ܦ( ଶ ଶ/ଷ /൫2 ଶ/ଷ ( ଵ + ߨ 3 = ߙ Where ଵ = (1 ߪ ଶ ܧߨ/( ଵ ݎh ݏ ݐ ݎ ݏݏ = ଵ ߪ ݎh ݏ ݏݑ ݑ ݐݏ = ଵ ܧ ଶ = (1 ߪ ଶ ܧߨ/( ଵ ݎh ݏ ݐ ݎ ݏݏ = ଶ ߪ ݎh ݏ ݏݑ ݑ ݐݏ = ଶ ܧ ݎܨ = ݎh ݎ ݐ ܦ = ܦ So that is why, Mahr manufactured all of the ULM made of GRANITE. 11
13 5. CONCLUTION: Mahr has more than 150 years experienced in metrology, especially for the ULM, previously Mahr produce the ULM with steel casting base. More and more the technology required submicron measurement even Nano. For those reason, Mahr produce the new concept by using HARD ROCK NATURAL GRANITE, where this material has superior charachtersitic compare to Steel Casting. Mahr use the new concept by make design that the measurement accuracy have been done in Mahr measuring laboratory in Germany. So user is not necessary to do linear error compensation any more. The linear error compensation will not be accepted because a lot of factors will make error measurement, such as: a. Uncertainty measurement caused the measuring machine. These can be geometrik of the contact tip, scale, machine base, etc. b. Uncertainty due to reversal point (misalignment). c. Uncertainty due to NOT EXACT knowledge of the CTE material. - The bigger size of the material make the CTE became systematically smaller - The themperatur also only sprite on the surface of the material. So that is why the correction of the themperatur is no help to much. d. Uncertainty factor due to the elasticity of the material such as base machine during the measuring procedure. Reference: 1. Ted Doiron and John Beers, The Gauge Block Handbook, Dimensional Metrology Group Precision Engineering Division National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2. Puttock, M.J. and E.G. Thwaite, "Elastic Compression of Spheres and Cylinders at Point and Line Contact," Natoinal Standards Laboratory Technical Paper No. 25, CSIRO, Beers, J.S. and J.E. Taylor. "Contact deformation in Gauge Block Comparisons," NBS Technical Note 962,
The Gauge Block Handbook. Ted Doiron and John Beers
The Gauge Block Handbook by Ted Doiron and John Beers Dimensional Metrology Group Precision Engineering Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Preface The Dimensional Metrology Group,
More informationErrors in Measurement. ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II Instructor: Ramesh Singh; Notes: Profs. Singh/Melkote/Colton
Errors in Measurement 1 Errors in Measurement Controllable Errors Environmental Conditions Elastic Deformation Due to Loading Alignment Errors Parallax Errors Non-Controllable Errors Scale Errors Reading
More informationSIM Regional Comparison on. The Calibration of Internal and External Diameter Standards SIM.L-K FINAL REPORT July 2012
SIM Regional Comparison on The Calibration of Internal and External Diameter Standards SIM.L-K4.2009 FINAL REPORT July 2012 Theodore Doiron (NIST), J. A. Pires Alves (INMETRO), Bruno R. Gastaldi (INTI),
More informationUncertainty and Dimensional Calibrations
[J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 102, 647 (1997)] Uncertainty and Dimensional Calibrations Volume 102 Number 6 November-December 1997 Ted Doiron and John Stoup National Institute of Standards and Technology,
More informationCMM Uncertainty Budget
Table of Contents Purpose...3 Scope...3 Measurement Example...3 Uncertainty Groups...4 Probe Group...5 Calibration Artifact Group...6 Environment Group...7 CMM Group...8 Part Group...10 Conversion of Potential
More informationTemperature and Dimensional Measurements Jim Salsbury, Ph.D., Corporate Metrology Mitutoyo America Corporation www.mitutoyo.com/on-demand Scroll down to Technical Presentations 2 Mitutoyo America Calibration
More informationA laser metroscope for the calibration of setting rings
THE 0 th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY AND INTELLIGENT INSTRUMENTS JUNE 29 JULY 2 20 / A laser metroscope for the of setting rings S.Zahwi,*, M.Amer 2, M.A.Abdo 3, A.El-Melegy 4 Professor,
More informationIntroduction To Metrology
Introduction To Metrology Meaning of Metrology Metrology is the science of measurement. Metrology may be divided depending upon the quantity to be measured like metrology of length, metrology of time.
More informationBending Load & Calibration Module
Bending Load & Calibration Module Objectives After completing this module, students shall be able to: 1) Conduct laboratory work to validate beam bending stress equations. 2) Develop an understanding of
More informationUpgrade of 5m-Bench System for Traceable Measurements of Tapes and Rules at SASO-NMCC Dimensional Laboratory
Upgrade of 5m-Bench System for Traceable Measurements of Tapes and Rules at SASO-NMCC Dimensional Laboratory Bülent ÖZGÜR 1,*, Okhan GANİOĞLU 1, Nasser Al-Qahtani 2, Faisal Al-Qahtani 2 1 TÜBİTAK, National
More informationRead the following BEFORE getting started:
BASIC MEASUREMENTS Read the following BEFORE getting started: Ruler: A ruler, or rule, is an instrument used in geometry, technical drawing and engineering/ building to measure distances and/or to rule
More informationSCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005 & ANSI/NCSL Z
SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005 & ANSI/NCSL Z540-1-1994 A.A. JANSSON Inc. 2070 Airport Road Waterford, MI 48327-1204 Justin Frazzini Phone: 248 674 4811 CALIBRATION Valid To: August 31, 2016
More informationHigh Accuracy CMM Measurements at NIST
High Accuracy CMM Measurements at NIST by John Stoup National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA 2007 CMM Users Meeting - Mexico October 22, 2007 Today s Discussion We will describe the equipment
More informationThis annex is valid from: to Replaces annex dated: Location(s) where activities are performed under accreditation
Wiltonstraat 25 3905 KW Veenendaal The Netherlands Location(s) where activities are performed under accreditation Head Office Location Abbreviation/ location Main Location Wiltonstraat 25 3905 KW Veenendaal
More information(Refer Slide Time 03:12)
Mechanical Measurements and Metrology Prof. S. P. Venkateshan Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module -2 Lecture - 20 Pressure Measurement So this will be lecture
More informationCopyright 2017 by Select Calibration Inc. All rights reserved. Temperature Compensation
Copyright 2017 by Select Calibration Inc. All rights reserved. Temperature Compensation Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Why 20 C... 3 References... 3 Practical CMM Environments...4 CMM Construction
More informationKnow Your Uncertainty
April 2000 METROLOGY Know Your Uncertainty Understanding and documenting measurement uncertainty is key to gage calibration. By Henrik S. Nielsen, Ph.D. The process of developing uncertainty budgets requires
More informationLiquid-in-glass thermometer
Objectives Liquid-in-glass thermometer The objectives of this experiment is to introduce some basic concepts in measurement, and to develop good measurement habits. In the first section, we will develop
More information(Refer Slide Time: 1: 19)
Mechanical Measurements and Metrology Prof. S. P. Venkateshan Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module - 4 Lecture - 46 Force Measurement So this will be lecture
More informationLiquid-in-glass thermometer
Liquid-in-glass thermometer Objectives The objective of this experiment is to introduce some basic concepts in measurement, and to develop good measurement habits. In the first section, we will develop
More informationMachine Positioning Uncertainty with Laser Interferometer Feedback
Machine Positioning Uncertainty with Laser Interferometer Feedback The purpose of this discussion is to explain the major contributors to machine positioning uncertainty in systems with laser interferometer
More informationEngineering Metrology and Instrumentation
3 types Mechanical Cleaning Physically disturb contaminants Electrolytic Cleaning Abrasive bubbles aid in contaminant removal Chemical Cleaning Solution Saponification Emulsification Dispersion Aggregation
More informationRevision of CMM performance specifications
Educational Articles: Article nr. 3 Revision of CMM performance specifications Premise The working group (WG) Specifications is one of several working groups of ia.cmm, the International Association of
More informationHeight Master Page 343. Check Master Page 347. Calibration Tools Page 352
Calibration Instruments Height Master Page 343 Check Master Page 347 Calibration Tools Page 352 342 Digital Height Master Functions ZERO/ABS DATA/HOLD Auto Power OFF after 20 min. non use Low voltage alarm
More informationTemperature Effects in Dimensional Metrology Influences of Temperature on the Accuracy and how to cope with them
Measurement service and metrological development on request in the Technology Park of Gijón (Asturias) Here is the laboratory of ISM3D, 10 m below the ground level Temperature Effects in Dimensional Metrology
More informationTRACEABILITY STRATEGIES FOR THE CALIBRATION OF GEAR AND SPLINE ARTEFACTS
TRACEABILITY STRATEGIES FOR THE CALIBRATION OF GEAR AND SPLINE ARTEFACTS W. Beyer and W. Pahl Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 38116 Braunschweig, Germany Abstract: In accordance with ISO 17025,
More informationPrecision Machine Design 2
Precision Machine Design 2 Fundamental Principles: 1. Repeatability/Determinism.no workmanship is perfect; the design must make up for its imperfections. H.A. Rowland, 1886 A basic finding from our experience
More informationLASER TRAPPING MICRO-PROBE FOR NANO-CMM
LASER TRAPPING MICRO-PROBE FOR NANO-CMM T. Miyoshi, Y. Takaya and S. Takahashi Division of Production and Measurement System Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering and Systems Osaka University,
More informationMechatronics II Laboratory EXPERIMENT #1: FORCE AND TORQUE SENSORS DC Motor Characteristics Dynamometer, Part I
Mechatronics II Laboratory EXPEIMENT #1: FOCE AND TOQUE SENSOS DC Motor Characteristics Dynamometer, Part I Force Sensors Force and torque are not measured directly. Typically, the deformation or strain
More informationUncertainty Analysis of Experimental Data and Dimensional Measurements
Uncertainty Analysis of Experimental Data and Dimensional Measurements Introduction The primary objective of this experiment is to introduce analysis of measurement uncertainty and experimental error.
More informationRefer to page E-6 for details. Refer to page E-31 for details. Digital Height Master. Refer to page E-35 for details. High Precision Square
NewProducts Ultra Low xpansion Ceramic Gauge (ZRO CRA Block) Refer to page -6 for details. Gauge Block Comparator GBCD-00A Refer to page -3 for details. Digital Height Master Refer to page -35 for details.
More informationUncertainty of the Measurement of Radial Runout, Axial Runout and Coning using an Industrial Axi-Symmetric Measurement Machine
3924: 38 th MATADOR Conference Uncertainty of the Measurement of Radial Runout, Axial Runout and Coning using an Industrial Axi-Symmetric Measurement Machine J E Muelaner, A Francis, P G Maropoulos The
More informationEXACTNESS IN THE NANOMETER RANGE USED TO BE A UTOPIAN AND THEN THERE WAS PRECIMAR
- EXACTNESS IN THE NANOMETER RANGE USED TO BE A UTOPIAN IDEAL AND THEN THERE WAS PRECIMAR The Precimar product family specializes in high-precision dimensional metrology for absolute and relative measurements.
More informationDevelopments in the Finite Strip Buckling Analysis of Plates and Channel Sections under Localised Loading
Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine International Specialty Conference on Cold- Formed Steel Structures (2014) - 22nd International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures
More informationNanometrology and its role in the development of nanotechnology
Nanometrology and its role in the development of nanotechnology Rob Bergmans Nederlands Meetinstituut Van Swinden Laboratorium 1 NMi Van Swinden Laboratorium The Art of Measurement Dutch national metrology
More informationMetrology Prof. Dr Kanakuppi Sadashivappa Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology Davangere
Metrology Prof. Dr Kanakuppi Sadashivappa Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology Davangere Lecture 32 Introduction To Comparators, Mechanical Comparators (Refer Slide Time: 00:15) I welcome you
More informationNumbers in Science Exploring Measurements, Significant Digits, and Dimensional Analysis
Numbers in Science Exploring Measurements, Significant Digits, and Dimensional Analysis TAKING MEASUREMENTS The accuracy of a measurement depends on two factors: the skill of the individual taking the
More informationChemistry Basic Science Concepts. Observations: are recorded using the senses. Examples: the paper is white; the air is cold; the drink is sweet.
Note Packet # 1 1 Chemistry: the study of matter. Chemistry Basic Science Concepts Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space. Observations: are recorded using the senses. Examples: the paper is
More informationIntercomparison of Thermal Expansion Measurements. EUROMET Project 275. Final Report
Eidgenössisches Amt für Messwesen Office fédéral de métrologie Ufficio federale di metrologia Swiss Federal Office of Metrology Intercomparison of Thermal Expansion Measurements EUROMET Project 75 Final
More informationUNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA. All questions are of equal value. No marks are subtracted for wrong answers.
(1:30 pm 4:30 pm) PAGE NO.: 1 of 7 All questions are of equal value. No marks are subtracted for wrong answers. Record all answers on the computer score sheet provided. USE PENCIL ONLY! Black pen will
More informationJournal of Machine Engineering, 2018, Vol. 18, No. 3, 78 86
Journal of Machine Engineering, 2018, Vol. 18, No. 3, 78 86 ISSN 1895-7595 (Print) ISSN 2391-8071 (Online) Received: 13 January 2018 / Accepted: 14 August 2018 / Published online: 28 September 2017 accuracy,
More informationARTICLE A-8000 STRESSES IN PERFORATED FLAT PLATES
ARTICLE A-8000 STRESSES IN PERFORATED FLAT PLATES Delete endnote 18, which says "Express metric values in exponential form" A-8100 INTRODUCTION A-8110 SCOPE (a) This Article contains a method of analysis
More informationCEEN 3320 Behavior & Properties of Engineering Materials Laboratory Experiment No. 1 Measurement Techniques
Laboratory Experiment No. 1 Measurement Techniques Engineers rely on data from a wide variety of sources to design the things that make up our physical world and to ensure compliance with established specifications.
More informationPerformance and Control of the Agilent Nano Indenter DCM
Performance and Control of the Agilent Nano Indenter DCM Application Note Introduction With new materials and material applications come new test challenges. As these new challenges emerge in materials
More informationNew concept of a 3D-probing system for micro-components
Research Collection Journal Article New concept of a 3D-probing system for micro-components Author(s): Liebrich, Thomas; Kanpp, W. Publication Date: 2010 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006071031
More informationA Unified Approach to Uncertainty for Quality Improvement
A Unified Approach to Uncertainty for Quality Improvement J E Muelaner 1, M Chappell 2, P S Keogh 1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, UK 2 MCS, Cam, Gloucester, UK Abstract To
More informationExperiment 1 Simple Measurements and Error Estimation
Experiment 1 Simple Measurements and Error Estimation Reading and problems (1 point for each problem): Read Taylor sections 3.6-3.10 Do problems 3.18, 3.22, 3.23, 3.28 Experiment 1 Goals 1. To perform
More informationPhysical Science Density and Measurements
Physical Science Density and Measurements Name Date Density All matter has a mass that can be measured and a volume of space that it occupies. However, the relationship between mass and volume varies greatly
More informationAssessment of the impact of the articulated probe head angular orientation on the probe head errors distribution
Assessment of the impact of the articulated probe head angular orientation on the probe head errors distribution Msc. Eng. Piotr Gąska, Msc. Eng. Maciej Gruza, Msc. Eng. Wiktor Harmatys Supervisor: PhD
More informationAERO 214. Lab II. Measurement of elastic moduli using bending of beams and torsion of bars
AERO 214 Lab II. Measurement of elastic moduli using bending of beams and torsion of bars BENDING EXPERIMENT Introduction Flexural properties of materials are of interest to engineers in many different
More informationPrinciples of Almen Strip Selection
academic study Prof. Dr. David Kirk Coventry University, U.K. Principles of Almen Strip Selection INTRODUCTION The guiding principles for Almen strip selection are thickness, variability and shape. Thickness
More informationIMPROVED METHOD TO DETERMINE THE HARDNESS AND ELASTIC MODULI USING NANO-INDENTATION
KMITL Sci. J. Vol. 5 No. Jan-Jun 005 IMPROVED METHOD TO DETERMINE THE HARDNESS AND ELASTIC MODULI USING NANO-INDENTATION Nurot Panich*, Sun Yong School of Materials Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
More informationTraceable Mass Determination and Uncertainty Calculation
Traceable Mass Determination and Uncertainty Calculation Falko Hilbrunner, Thomas Fehling, Siego Mühlich, Mario Schreiber Sartorius Lab Instruments GmbH Weender Landstrasse 94-108 Goettingen, Germany ABSTRACT
More informationMechatronics II Laboratory EXPERIMENT #1 MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS FORCE/TORQUE SENSORS AND DYNAMOMETER PART 1
Mechatronics II Laboratory EXPEIMENT #1 MOTO CHAACTEISTICS FOCE/TOQUE SENSOS AND DYNAMOMETE PAT 1 Force Sensors Force and torque are not measured directly. Typically, the deformation or strain of some
More informationMechanical Measurement & Metrology
1 Mechanical Measurement & Metrology Course Contents 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Need Of Inspection 1.3 Objectives of Metrology 1.4 Precision And Accuracy 1.5 Errors in Measurement 1.6 General Care Of Metrological
More informationExperiment Five (5) Principal of Stress and Strain
Experiment Five (5) Principal of Stress and Strain Introduction Objective: To determine principal stresses and strains in a beam made of aluminum and loaded as a cantilever, and compare them with theoretical
More informationAnnex A Procedure for Determining the Uncertainty of Coordinate Measurement Using Multiple Method
Annex A Procedure for Determining the Uncertainty of Coordinate Measurement Using Multiple Method A.1 Procedure Rules Equipment 1. Measuring tips needed for the measurement of the feature. Measuring tips
More informationWRINGING DEFORMATION AND ROUGHNESS ASPECTS IN OPTICAL LENGTH MEASUREMENTS
XVII IMEKO World Congress Metrology in the 3 rd Millennium June 22 27, 2003, Dubrovnik, Croatia WRINGING DEFORMATION AND ROUGHNESS ASPECTS IN OPTICAL LENGTH MEASUREMENTS A. Titov*, I. Malinovsky*, C.A.
More informationMeasurement and Uncertainty
Measurement and Uncertainty Name: Date: Block: There is uncertainty in every measurement due to of accuracy and precision. Accuracy: how close the instrument measures to an accepted. Precision: how closely
More informationCHAPTER 9 PERFORMANCE OF THE INTERFEROMETER
Performance of the interferometer 235 CHAPTER 9 PERFORMANCE OF THE INTERFEROMETER Deus ex machina. ( A god from the machine. ) Menander 9.1 ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERFEROMETER One major problem in assessing
More informationCOMPLETION AND MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY BUDGET OF THE MULTI-COMPONENT MEASURING DEVISE FOR FORCE UP TO 1 MN AND TORQUE UP TO 2 KN M
XXI IMEKO World Congress Measurement in Research and Industry August 30 September 4, 2015, Prague, Czech Republic COMPLETION AND MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY BUDGET OF THE MULTI-COMPONENT MEASURING DEVISE FOR
More informationOpen Access Repository eprint
Open Access Repository eprint Terms and Conditions: Users may access, download, store, search and print a hard copy of the article. Copying must be limited to making a single printed copy or electronic
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS OF DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY CEJohansson Irvine, California SUB Gfittingen 7 215 940 806 Mesa Community College Mesa, Arizona CONTENTS ASUREMENT AND METROLOGY 1 1-1 Measurement as the Language
More informationAnalysis of the influence of the Spherically Mounted Reflector on the measurements done with Laser Tracker
Analysis of the influence of the Spherically Mounted Reflector on the measurements done with Laser Tracker M.Sc. Eng. Maciej Gruza, M.Sc. Eng. Piotr Gąska, M.Sc. Eng. Wiktor Harmatys Supervisor: PhD Eng.
More informationSCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2017
SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2017 FRANK COX METROLOGY (Formerly CANADIAN CENTRAL GAUGE LABORATORY) 40 West Drive Brampton, Ontario, Canada L6T 3T6 Hilliard Cox Phone: 905 457 9190 CALIBRATION
More informationCourse: Technology II Training course topic: Metrology
Department of machining, process planning and metrology ver.2017-01 Following problems and tasks will be solved during the first two weeks of the training courses of Technology II. Detailed information
More informationStandard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between 30 C and 30 C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer 1
Designation: D 696 08 Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between 30 C and 30 C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation
More information2 Standards for Measurement. Careful and accurate measurements of ingredients are important both when cooking and in the chemistry laboratory!
2 Standards for Measurement Careful and accurate measurements of ingredients are important both when cooking and in the chemistry laboratory! Chapter Outline 2.1 Scientific Notation 2.2 Measurement and
More informationTemperature measurement
Temperature measurement and control in length metrology Dr. Youichi Bitou Length standard section National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) 1 Outline Theoretical treatment of temperature measurement
More informationMeasuring with Electronic-Scale
Measuring with Electronic-Scale Table of contents MEASURING WITH THE ELECTRONIC SCALE 2 1. Precision of measuring instruments with digital display 2 2. Precision of the ELECTRONIC SCALE 2 3. Measurement
More informationfree space (vacuum) permittivity [ F/m]
Electrostatic Fields Electrostatic fields are static (time-invariant) electric fields produced by static (stationary) charge distributions. The mathematical definition of the electrostatic field is derived
More informationTESA MICROMASTER Electronic Micrometers with Digital Display
TESA MICROMASTER Electronic Micrometers with Digital Display DIN 86 T1 0,001 0.00005 in Metric/Inch conversion 100 : Ø 6,5 > 100 : Ø 8 With patented TESA capa µ system Measuring span of 0 or 25. Large
More informationP103d Annex: Policy on Estimating Measurement Uncertainty for Construction Materials & Geotechnical Testing Labs Date of Issue 09/13/05
P103d Annex: Policy on Estimating Measurement Uncertainty for Construction Materials & Geotechnical Testing Labs Date of Issue 09/13/05 This document provides guidance on the estimation of uncertainty
More informationExperimental Uncertainty (Error) and Data Analysis
Experimental Uncertainty (Error) and Data Analysis Advance Study Assignment Please contact Dr. Reuven at yreuven@mhrd.org if you have any questions Read the Theory part of the experiment (pages 2-14) and
More information1.103 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS LABORATORY (1-2-3) Dr. J.T. Germaine Spring 2004 LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 6
1.103 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS LABORATORY (1-2-3) Dr. J.T. Germaine MIT Spring 2004 LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 6 COMPRESSION TESTING AND ANISOTROPY OF WOOD Purpose: Reading: During this laboratory
More informationMeasuring Length. How do you find the length of an object? Reading the meter scale correctly. Stop and think. Materials
Measuring Length How do you find the length of an object? Size matters! When you describe the length of an object, or the distance between two objects, you are describing something very important about
More informationISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10360-7 First edition 2011-06-01 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring machines (CMM) Part 7: CMMs equipped with
More informationENSC387: Introduction to Electromechanical Sensors and Actuators LAB 3: USING STRAIN GAUGES TO FIND POISSON S RATIO AND YOUNG S MODULUS
ENSC387: Introduction to Electromechanical Sensors and Actuators LAB 3: USING STRAIN GAUGES TO FIND POISSON S RATIO AND YOUNG S MODULUS 1 Introduction... 3 2 Objective... 3 3 Supplies... 3 4 Theory...
More information12/25/ :27 PM. Chapter 14. Spur and Helical Gears. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
Chapter 14 Spur and Helical Gears 1 2 The Lewis Bending Equation Equation to estimate bending stress in gear teeth in which tooth form entered into the formulation: 3 The Lewis Bending Equation Assume
More informationAE3610 Experiments in Fluid and Solid Mechanics TRANSIENT MEASUREMENTS OF HOOP STRESSES FOR A THIN-WALL PRESSURE VESSEL
Objective AE3610 Experiments in Fluid and Solid Mechanics TRANSIENT MEASUREMENTS OF OOP STRESSES FOR A TIN-WA PRESSURE VESSE This experiment will allow you to investigate hoop and axial stress/strain relations
More informationSCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005
SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005 FRANK COX METROLOGY (Formerly CANADIAN CENTRAL GAUGE LABORATORY) 40 West Drive Brampton, Ontario, Canada L6T 3T6 Hilliard Cox Phone: 905 457 9190 CALIBRATION
More informationDISCONTINUED PRECISION MEASURING FOWLER CALIPERS 1 - VERNIER CALIPERS 4 - ELECTRONIC CALIPERS
FOWLER CALIPERS 1 - VERNIER CALIPERS 4 - ELECTRONIC CALIPERS 52-058-016 Fine quality vernier calipers are constructed of stainless steel. 52-057-004 offers 3-way measurement to accuracy. 52-058-XXX series
More informationVERIFICATION OF TAPPING MACHINES. Håkan Andersson
VERIFICATION OF TAPPING MACHINES Håkan Andersson SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Acoustics Laboratory Box 57, SE-51 15 Borås, Sweden hakan.andersson@sp.se ABSTRACT Six tapping machines
More informationMetrology is science considering measurement
Metrology is science considering measurement Categories: Scientific deals with organization and development of etalons and their conservation(highest level) Industrial deals with function of measuring
More informationPurpose of this Guide: To thoroughly prepare students for the exact types of problems that will be on Exam 3.
ES230 STRENGTH OF MTERILS Exam 3 Study Guide Exam 3: Wednesday, March 8 th in-class Updated 3/3/17 Purpose of this Guide: To thoroughly prepare students for the exact types of problems that will be on
More informationForce Vectors and Static Equilibrium
Force Vectors 1 Force Vectors and Static Equilibrium Overview: In this experiment you will hang weights from pulleys over the edge of a small round force table, to exert various forces on a metal ring
More informationAnnex to the Accreditation Certificate D-K according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005
Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH Annex to the Accreditation Certificate D-K-15133-02-00 according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Period of validity: 24.01.2018 to 23.01.2023 Holder of certificate: Hexagon
More informationLab Exercise #5: Tension and Bending with Strain Gages
Lab Exercise #5: Tension and Bending with Strain Gages Pre-lab assignment: Yes No Goals: 1. To evaluate tension and bending stress models and Hooke s Law. a. σ = Mc/I and σ = P/A 2. To determine material
More informationWenzhou Tripod Instrument Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Wenzhou Tripod Instrument Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Website: http://aliyiqi.en.alibaba.com http://www.wzydyq.com/english/ Phone: 86-577-57572515 57572515 Fax: 86-577-57572516 57572516 E-mail: aliyiqi@gmail.com
More informationAcceleration and Force: I
Lab Section (circle): Day: Monday Tuesday Time: 8:00 9:30 1:10 2:40 Acceleration and Force: I Name Partners Pre-Lab You are required to finish this section before coming to the lab, which will be checked
More informationBHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NATTRAMPALLI. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FAQ
BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NATTRAMPALLI. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FAQ Year/Sem : III/V Sub.Code/Title: ME6504- METROLOGY & MEASUREMENTS UNIT-I CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT PART-A 1. Define
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF CALIBRATION METHODS FOR THE NANOINDENTATION TEST
DEVELOPMENT OF CALIBRATION METHODS FOR THE NANOINDENTATION TEST K. Herrmann, K. Hasche, F. Pohlenz and R. Seemann Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig,
More informationITTC Recommended Procedures and Guidelines
and Guidelines Page 1 of 12 22 Table of Contents TUPURPOSE...UT2 TUWORK INSTRUCTION UT2 TU1 TU2 TU3 Introduction.2 Subject and Condition of Calibration...2 TU2.1UT TUSubject and Main Tools of Calibration...UT2
More informationHow to Write a Good Lab Report
How to Write a Good Lab Report Sample Lab Instruction Experimental Investigation of C/D Introduction: How is the circumference of a circle related to its diameter? In this lab, you design an experiment
More informationLAB 1 PRE-LAB. residuals (cm)
LAB 1 PRE-LAB 1. The table below records measurements of the lengths l of five goldfish. Calculate the average length l avg of this population of goldfish, and the residual, or deviation from average length
More informationAP Physics 1 Summer Assignment 2016
AP Physics 1 Summer Assignment 2016 You need to do this assignment on your own paper AND YOU MUST SHOW ALL OF YOUR WORK TO RECEIVE CREDIT. You can put the answers on this assignment sheet or you can put
More informationIntensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Raman Shift (cm -1 ) Oxygen plasma. 6 cm. 9 cm. 1mm. Single-layer graphene sheet. 10mm. 14 cm
Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) a Oxygen plasma b 6 cm 1mm 10mm Single-layer graphene sheet 14 cm 9 cm Flipped Si/SiO 2 Patterned chip Plasma-cleaned glass slides c d After 1 sec normal Oxygen plasma
More informationMeasurement devices. Kalevi Aaltonen, Aalto University
Measurement devices Kalevi Aaltonen, Aalto University Production engineering measurements, measuring uncertainty, measurement accuracy = statistical mathematical methods The pyramid of accuracy Material
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Andrej Godina*, Bojan Acko
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 69 ( 014 ) 191 198 4th DAAAM International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, 013 Measurement Uncertainty
More informationTEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY DEPENDENCE ON STABILITY OF TORQUE MEASURING DEVICES Tassanai Sanponpute and Nittaya Arksonnarong
IMEKO 22 nd TC3, 15 th TC5 and 3 rd TC22 International Conferences 3 to 5 February, 2014, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY DEPENDENCE ON STABILITY OF TORQUE MEASURING DEVICES
More information