Lecture 44. Better and successive approximations x2, x3,, xn to the root are obtained from

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1 Lecture 44 Solution of Non-Linear Equations Regula-Falsi Method Method of iteration Newton - Raphson Method Muller s Method Graeffe s Root Squaring Method Newton -Raphson Method An approximation to the root is given by f ( x0 x1 = x0 f ( x0 Better and successive approximations x2, x3,, xn to the root are obtained from f ( xn x = n 1 x + n f ( xn N-R Formula Newton s algorithm To find a solution to f(x=0 given an initial approximation p0 INPUT initial approximation p0; tolerance TOL; maximum number of iterations N0 OUTPUT approximate solution p or message of failure Step 1 Set I = 1 Step 2 While i < N0 do Steps 3-6 Step 3 Set p = p0 f ( p0 / f ( p0 (compute pi. Step 4 If Abs (p p0 < TOL OUTPUT ( p ; (The procedure was successful. STOP Step 5 Set i = i + 1 Step 6 Set p0 = p (Update p0 Step 7 OUTPUT (The method failed after N0 iterations, N0 =,N0 The procedure was unsuccessful STOP Example Using Maple to solve a non-linear equation. cos( x x= 0

2 Solution The Maple command will be as follows, Fsolve ( cos (x -x; alg023(; This is Newton's Method Input the function F(x in terms of x For example: > cos(x-x Input initial approximation > > Input maximum number of iterations - no decimal point 1. Screen Newton's Method I P F(P e e e-01 Approximate solution = with F(P = Number of iterations = 3 Tolerance = e-05 Another Example > alg023(; Input the function F(x in terms of x, > sin(x-1 Input initial approximation > > Input maximum number of iterations no decimal point 1. Screen >2 Newton's Method

3 I P F(P e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e-10 Approximate solution = with F(P = e-10 Number of iterations = 15 Tolerance = e-05 More > alg021(; This is the. Input the function F(x in terms of x For example: > x^3+4*x^2-10 Input endpoints A < B separated by blank 2 > Input maximum number of iterations - no decimal point 1. Screen, I P F(P e e e e e e e e e e e e-02

4 e e e e e e e e e e-03 Approximate solution P = with F(P = Number of iterations = 11 Tolerance = e-04 alg021(; Another example of the. Input the function F(x in terms of x, > cos(x Input endpoints A < B separated by blank 2 > Input maximum number of iterations - no decimal point 1. Screen, 1 P F(P e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e-06 Approximate solution P = with F(P = Number of iterations = 11 Tolerance = e-04 alg025(; This is the Method of False Position Input the function F(x in terms of x > cos(x-x Input endpoints P0 < P1 separated by a blank space > Input maximum number of iterations - no decimal point

5 1. Screen >1 METHOD OF FALSE POSITION I P F(P e e e e e e-07 Approximate solution P = with F(P = Number of iterations = 4 Tolerance = e-04 System of Linear Equations Gaussian Elimination Gauss-Jordon Elimination Crout s Reduction Jacobi s Gauss- Seidal Iteration Relaxation Matrix Inversion > alg061(; This is Gaussian Elimination to solve a linear system. The array will be input from a text file in the order: A(1,1, A(1,2,..., A(1,N+1, A(2,1, A(2,2,..., A(2,N+1,..., A(N,1, A(N,2,..., A(N,N+1 Place as many entries as desired on each line, but separate entries with at least one blank. Has the input file been created? - enter Y or N. > y Input the file name in the form - drive:\name.ext for example: A:\DATA.DTA > d:\maple00\dta\alg061.dta Input the number of equations - an integer. > 4 Choice of output method: 1. Output to screen 2. Output to text file Please enter 1 or 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION The reduced system - output by rows: Has solution vector:

6 with 1 row interchange (s > alg071(; This is the Jacobi Method for Linear Systems. The array will be input from a text file in the order A(1,1, A(1,2,..., A(1,n+1, A(2,1, A(2,2,..., A(2,n+1,..., A(n,1, A(n,2,..., A(n,n+1 Place as many entries as desired on each line, but separate entries with at least one blank. The initial approximation should follow in the same format has the input file been created? - enter Y or N. > y Input the file name in the form - drive:\name.ext for example: A:\DATA.DTA > d:\maple00\alg071.dta Input the number of equations - an integer. > 4 Input the tolerance. > Input maximum number of iterations. 5 Choice of output method: 1. Output to screen 2. Output to text file Please enter 1 or 2. JACOBI ITERATIVE METHOD FOR LINEAR SYSTEMS The solution vector is : using 10 iterations with Tolerance e-03 An approximation to the root is given by Better and successive approximations x 2, x 3,, x n to the root are obtained from Example Using Maple to solve a non-linear equation.

7 Input the tolerance. > Input maximum number of iterations. 5 Choice of output method: 1. Output to screen 2. Output to text file Please enter 1 or 2. System of Linear Equations