The Cosmic Phantom Field

Transcription

1 The Cosmic Phantom Field A kind of Quintessence Field Observational Constraints ω around -1 SUMMARY 1. Phantom Energy. The Big Rip 3. The Nature of Phantom Field 4. Accretion on Black Holes and Wormholes 5. Thermodynamics 6. Conclusions

2 Phantom energy Equation of State: p = ωρ Fluid Energy Density: ρ( a) = ρ a 3(1+ ω) Violation of DEC: p + ρ < ω < 1 (The Natural Scenario where Wormholes Crop up!) Definition of Field: 1 ρ = φ & + V ( φ ) 1 p = φ & V ( φ ) φ & = (1 + ω) ρ

3 The Big Rip [Caldwell, Kamionkowski & Weinberg, PRL91, 7131 (3)] K= Quintessence: a( t) = a 3 3( ω 1)/ ( ω 1) t / [ 3( ω 1) ] K= K-Essence: a( t) ( ) β /[ 3(1 β )] t t *, < β < 1 Chaplygin Gas: ( α > 1/ ω<-1 ) t F 1, a(t) 1+ α (1 + α) ; 3 + 4α (1 + α) p+ρ< ;1 + Ca 3(1+ α ) a(t) t * ρ ρ

4 END OF EVERYTHING BIG RIP << 1 s before Big Rip Atoms ripped apart 3 minutes before Big Rip Earth explodes 3 months before Big Rip Solar System breaks apart 6 million yrs before Big Rip Milky Way destroyed billion yrs before Big Rip TODAY

5 Phantom Energy Tears Apart the Solar System and Everything in It

6 Is phantom energy made up of Axions? W.E.C.: Axion: S ρ = φ. 1+ ω ω< 1 φ Rank-three Antisymmetric Tensor Field (Supergravity) A [PFG-D, PR D69, 635 (3)] 4 R = d x g A + LM 16πG 1 ( ) = 16 π M G 3A A + T µν * µν d A = G µν FRW A = f (r)ε Pure Imaginary A = ε :! µνα A µνα A Volume Form αβ µν Aµαβ A ν A = : Thee-Form Field Strength * = Hodge Dual

7 The solutions to the Equations of Motion for Spherically Symmetric Axion in FRW are the Same as the Solutions to the Equations of Motion obtained from the FRW Action for a Scalar Field with a Boundary Term... 1 T 3 a φ 3 φφ T S S = dta 8πG a + 16πG Or from the Same Action with the Scalar Field Rotated to Imaginary Axis, Without that Boundary Term. N Phantom Energy can be Interpreted as Being Made of Axions!! N N

8 Accretion of Phantom energy onto Black Holes [Babichev, Dokuchaev & Eroschenko, gr-qc/489, PRL (in press, 4)] M & = 4π AM (1 + ω) ρ M ( t) = M i 1 (1 + ω) M i M& C a( t) t 3(1+ ω)/ ω < 1 Black holes steadily loss their mass and vanish at the Big Rip That process prevails over Hawking thermal radiation { Conflict with thermodynamics?

9 Accretion of Phantom energy onto Wormholes [PFG-D, astro-ph/4445, PRL (in press, 4)] b b & = π Bb (1 + ω) ρ Throat of the Wormhole b = b i b 1+ i b& Ca 3(1+ ω)/ i t Mouths Universe?{ Big Trip Avoiding the Big Rip? Non-causal evolution?

10 Temperature T Entropy Phantom thermodynamics Occupation Number ρ T = κ ( ω S = [PFG-D & Sigüenza, PLB589, 78 (4)] C 1/ ω ( ν ) = h /( k T ) e ν 1) a T ω αν B 1 { 3 ω 1/ ω ± 1 V 1. hotter than anything!!. Conflict with BH accretion Solved Always Positive Same Expression, different Physics

11 Phantom Anti-Laser Effect _ > -1 _ < -1 T < m Energy Energy T > T < n B m n Spontaneous emission Spontaneous absorption m B n m A n Spontaneous + Stimulated absorption P = e - E/T Population Inversion P = e+ E/ T New Einstein Coefficients

12 Conclusions? The subject of the Phantom Field is rather speculative, but not more than other stuffs also assumed to make up Dark Energy. The properties of phantom energy are rather weird and include an increasing energy density as the universe expands in a super accelerated fashion, so as the big rip and the possibility for a big trip. Phantom energy may be made up of axions with an extremely small mass. Phantom energy is accreted by black holes and Lorentzian wormholes in which it produces unexpected effects that can remarkably affect the future evolution of the universe. If the universe is filled with phantom energy, then it can be also characterized by a negative temperature.