The Higgs field as the Origin of the Big Bang The first second of the Universe (and the following years!)

Transcription

1 The Higgs field as the Origin of the Big Bang The first second of the Universe (and the following years!) Daniel G. Figueroa CERN, Theory Division

2 Cosmology = Study of the Universe as a WHOLE (Evolution, Content, "Birth", "Death", )

3 UNiVERSE space' CONTAINER of MATTER (atoms, galaxies, + more exotic objects')

4 UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter 'Geometry'??? 'Energy'

5 UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter 'Geometry'??? 'Energy' Space-Time' Geometry dictates Movement of Matter Presence of Matter (Energy) dictates Space-Time' Geometry

6 UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter 'Geometry'??? 'Energy' Space-Time' Geometry dictates Movement of Matter Presence of Matter (Energy) dictates Space-Time' Geometry

7 UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter 'Geometry'??? 'Energy' Space-Time' Geometry dictates Movement of Matter Presence of Matter (Energy) dictates Space-Time' Geometry

8 Space-Time Matter Theory of GENERAL RELATIVITY (Einstein,1915) GENERAL RELATIVITY = THEORY of GRAVITY

9 UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter

10 UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter

11 UNiVERSE at LARGE SCALES?

12 UNiVERSE at LARGE SCALES? Cosmological Principle: HOMOGENEOUS and ISOTROPIC

13 UNiVERSE at LARGE SCALES? Cosmological Principle: HOMOGENEOUS and ISOTROPIC SAME EVERYWHERE! SAME IN EVERY DIRECTION!

14 HOMOGENEOUS and ISOTROPIC (Millenium Simulation)

15 UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and isotropic ENERGY-MATTER GENERAL RELATIVITY SPACE-TIME GEOMETRY

16 UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and isotropic ENERGY-MATTER GENERAL RELATIVITY SPACE-TIME GEOMETRY Cosmological Principle HOMOGENEOUS & ISOTROPIC

17 UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and isotropic ENERGY-MATTER GENERAL RELATIVITY SPACE-TIME GEOMETRY Cosmological Principle HOMOGENEOUS & ISOTROPIC 1) Geometry: Flat/Close/Open 2) Dynamics: EXPANDING UNIVERSE!

18 UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and isotropic ENERGY-MATTER GENERAL RELATIVITY SPACE-TIME GEOMETRY Cosmological Principle HOMOGENEOUS & ISOTROPIC 1) Geometry: Flat/Close/Open 2) Dynamics: EXPANDING UNIVERSE! Theoretical Basis for BIG BANG theory!

19 UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and isotropic BIG BANG THEORY: { Geometry: Close/Open/Flat Dynamics: EXPANDING Universe

20 UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and isotropic BIG BANG THEORY: { Geometry: Close/Open/Flat Dynamics: EXPANDING Universe

21 UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and isotropic BIG BANG THEORY: { Geometry: Close/Open/Flat Dynamics: EXPANDING Universe

22 UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and isotropic BIG BANG THEORY: { Geometry: Close/Open/Flat Dynamics: EXPANDING Universe BIG BANG? t = 0?

23 COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE

24 COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, ] ( Million years) FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years) ATOMS CREATION ( years) ATOMIC NUCLEI CREATION (3 minutes!!!) FIRST SECOND of the UNIVERSE!!

25 Universe SUMMARY Homogeneous & Isotropic Universe is Expanding (Geom: Flat, Close, Open) Cosmic Epochs: Galaxy Formation, Creation of Atoms, Creation of atomic nuclei, Creation of all elementary particles

26 Cosmic Epochs: Galaxy Formation (500 Million years) GAS of PARTiCLES (homogeneous & isotropic) Gravitational Attraction 'Lumps

27 Cosmic Epochs: Galaxy Formation (500 Million years) GAS of PARTiCLES (homogeneous & isotropic) Gravitational Attraction 'Lumps GALAXIES!

28 Cosmic Epochs: Galaxy Formation (500 Million years) GAS of PARTiCLES (homogeneous & isotropic) [not completely!] = (1 ± ) O(10 5 ) Gravitational Attraction 'Lumps GALAXIES!

29 Etapas Cósmicas: Formación Galaxias (500 Millones años) GAS of PARTiCLES Gravitational (homogeneous & isotropic) Attraction [not completely!] = (1 ± ) O(10 5 ) Gravitational Attraction 'Lumps GALAXIES! ( 1)

30 LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE of the UNIVERSE MILLENNIUM Simulations AREPO Simulations

31 COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE BiGGER size, SMALLER Temp TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, ] ( Million years) FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years) ATOMS CREATION ( years) ATOMIC NUCLEI CREATION (3 minutes!!!) SMALLER SIZE, LARGER Temperature FIRST SECOND of the UNIVERSE!!

32 Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms ( yrs) Past, hotter Protons, Electrons, Photons Interact electromagnetically Universe cools down Photons do not have enough energy to break apart atoms, Then electrons join to the atomic nuclei: Atoms formed!!! Atoms formed! Light (electromagnetic radiation) set free! Later, colder

33 Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms ( yrs) Photons red-shifted and dispersed by gravity wells! Atom Formation: Free propagation of light!! (Recombination)

34 Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms ( yrs) Where is that light? Everywhere! BiGGER size, SMALLER Temp TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, ] ( Million years) FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years) ATOMS FORMATION ( years) Emission of Cosmic Microwave Radiation! ATOMIC NUCLEI FORMATION (3 minutes!!!) SMALLER SIZE, LARGER Temperature FIRST SECOND of the UNIVERSE!!

35 Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms ( yrs) Where is that light? Everywhere! T (2) Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) T (1) c t

36 Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms ( yrs) Where is that light? Everywhere! PLANCK Satellite Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Definitive proof of the Big Bang Theory! (almost-)isotropic But. There are small Inhomogeneities'!!! (variations of 1/ )

37 Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms ( yrs) Properties of the Cosmic Microwave Background Properties of the Anisotropies then. Geometry of the Universe! The UNIVERSE has FLAT GEOMETRY!

38 COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE BiGGER size, SMALLER Temp TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, ] ( Million years) FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years) ATOMS FORMATION ( years) (+ CMB emisión!) ATOMIC NUCLEI FORMATION (3 minutes!) SMALLER SIZE, LARGER Temperature FIRST SECOND of the UNIVERSE!!

39 Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atomic nuclei (3 mins) Past, hotter (1 second) Afterwards, colder (3 minutes) Protons, Neutrons Interact strongly Universe cools down protons and neutrons don't have sufficient energy anymore Then they join together forming atomic nuclei: Nuclear Physics! Atomic Nuclei created!

40 Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atomic nuclei (3 mins) NUCLEAR PHYSICS (measured in the lab) Lets to predict abundances of H, 4 He, D, 3 He, 7 Li,... Another definitive proof of the Big Bang theory!

41 COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE BiGGER size, SMALLER Temp TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, ] ( Million years) FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years) ATOMS CREATION ( years) (+ CMB emisión!) ATOMIC NUCLEI FORMATION (3 minutes!) SMALLER SIZE, LARGER Temperature FIRST SECOND of the UNIVERSE!!

42 $ 000$yr >$400. CMB$ $Photons$(light)$decouple$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ and$propagate$freely$$ Cosmic 00$yr$ ~$400.0 Epochs: Notation : The first Second of the Universe! 10 n RECOMBINATION$ Protons$and$electrons$ seg = seg $($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ combine$to$form$atoms$ $ 000$yr ~$300. NUCLEOSYNTHESIS$ Light$Nucleii$form,$aLer$ electron^positron$annihila6on$ and$neutrino$decoupling$$ $ $3$min $ c e s $ 1 $($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ QUARK$CONFINEMENT$ Quarks$bind$into$Hadrons$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ (protons$&$neutrons)$ EW$UNIFICATION$ ElectroMagne6sm$&$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ weak$interac6ons$unify$ c$ 10^4 $se c ^ 1 0 $se 10 BARYOGENESIS$?$ $ MaVer$remains,$$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ An6^MaVer$disappears$ GRAND$UNIFICATION$?$ ^ 3 5 $sec$? >$10 All$forces$unified$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ into$a$single$one$?$ c$?$ REHEATING$ ^ 3 5 $se 10 All$maVer$in$the$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ Universe$is$created$ ^ 3 6 $sec$ >$10 INFLATION$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$ Exponen6al$Expansion$$ of$the$universe$ c ^ 3 6 $se 0 ^43$ $1 10 $ $??$ Particle Accelerators (LHC): Reach up to 10 CopyleL:$Daniel$G.$Figueroa,$June$2014$ 10 sec

43 SUMMARY Universe has expanded for million years! Several Epochs have been crucial in the evolution of the Universe The first second is crucial to understand the evolution afterwards But yet we DON'T UNDERSTAND that First Second!

44 WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU? MANY THINGS!!!

45 WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU? COSMIC INFLATION! Needed for Consistency of the Big Bang theory! 1 cm cm

46 WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU? Reheating: Production of all the particles in the Universe (after Inflation) SM SM * Higgs is the only Spin = 0 particle in the Standard Model! -X 10 s Reheating ~ 1 s Thermal Plasma SM BBN (p, n, ) SM SM * How to connect Inflation with the Standard Model: Possibly through the Higgs! (but we don t know)

47 WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU? DARK ENERGY! (Accelerated Expansion) DARK MATTER!

48 WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU? Matter content within the Universe

49 WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU?

50 WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU? THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!

51 To know more (books) The first three minutes (S. Weinberg) Big Bang Theory Black holes and warped spacetime (K. Thorne) Gravity The Charm of Physics (S. L. Glashow) Particle Physics The Elegant Universe (B. Green) El Inflationary Universe (A. Guth) String Theory Inflationary Paradigm

52 Open Questions What is Dark Matter made of? What is Dark Energy? Is there a "before" the Big Bang? Is the Universe Infinite? How did the anti-matter disappear? How did the Universe appeared? Did Inflation really occurred?...