Proton Transfer Reactions Studied Using the VANDLE Neutron Detector Array
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1 Proton Transfer Reactions Studied Using the VANDLE Neutron Detector Array Cory R. Thornsberry1 S. Burcher1, A.B. Carter1, I. Cox1, Z. Elledge1, R. Gryzwacz1, K.L. Jones1, T.T. King1, M. Madurga1, S.V. Paulauskas1, K. Smith1, S. Taylor1, M. Vostinar1, J. Allen2, D.W. Bardayan2, D. Blankstein2, M.R. Hall2, P.D. O'Malley2, C. Reingold2, W. Tan2, A. Atencio3, J.A. Cizewski3, A. Fijalkowska3, A. Lepailleur3, D. Walter3, K.A. Chipps4, M. Febbraro4, S.D. Pain4, S.T. Marley5, W.A. Peters6 1 - University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2 - University of Notre Dame, 3 Rutgers University, 4 - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 5 Louisiana State University, 6 - Formerly Oak Ridge National Laboratory Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
2 (d,n) in Inverse Kinematics (d,n) can provide a probe of single-particle proton states of short lived nuclei Transfer proton, measure neutron. Outgoing neutron carries information from residual. Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
3 Motivation Proton transfer reaction measurements, e.g. (d,n), compliment those performed using neutron transfer, e.g. (d,p). Radioactive ion beam (RIB) rates are typically low (<106 pps). Need good detection efficiency. Due to its modular nature and large angular coverage, VANDLE could be a valuable tool for (d,n) measurements using RIBs. Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN The Oak Ridge Rutgers University Barrel Array (ORRUBA) charged particle detector array for (d,p)
4 The VANDLE Array* Versatile Array of Neutron Detectors at Low Energy Bars of Eljen EJ-200 (BC-408) organic plastic scintillator. Small bars have dimensions of 3x3 cm2 and 60 cm in length. 2 dia. Hamamatsu PMTs are used to measure light at both ends of the bar. XIA Pixie bit 250 MSPS digitizers used to record output of PMTs to disk. Uses time-of-flight (ToF) technique to measure neutron energy. * - W.A. Peters et al., NIM A836, 122 (2016) Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
5 (d,n) With Radioactive Ion Beams d(7be,n)8b at Notre Dame (2014) Of interest due to the proton halo structure of 8B. (d,n) reaction produces the same product as the nucleosynthesis of 8B via 7 Be(p,γ)8B. This reaction is an indirect method of measuring the stellar reaction 7Be(p,γ)8B, but at a higher energy Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
6 Notre Dame Nuclear Structure Laboratory SNICS Ion-Source FN Console 10 MV FN Tandem Pelletron Analyzing Magnet East Target Room (ETR) Zero-degree Beamline West Target Room (WTR) Twin Superconducting Solenoid (TwinSol) Experimental Setup Room Source: Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
7 Background Considerations 8 Plastic neutron detectors are sensitive to neutrons and gamma rays. B Region With no recoil identification, no way to separate events of interest from background. Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
8 (d,n) With Stable Beams Performed at the University of Notre Dame in summer of 2016 using beams of 12C and 16O. Use high rate stable primary beam as proof-of-concept for using VANDLE for (d,n) measurements. Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN Beam
9 Stable 12 C d(12c,n)13n 12 C Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN 13 N
10 d(12c,n)13n Measured 8 energy steps between C.M. energies of 2.6 MeV and 6.0 MeV (deuteron energies from 3.16 to 7.0 Mev). Deuteron E of 7.0 MeV[1] and ~3 MeV[2] originally intended to be used to measure neutron efficiency of arrays. [1] H.R. Schelin et. al., Nucl. Phys. A, 414, 1 pg (1984) [2] R.E. Benenson et. al., Phys. Rev. 101, 1 (1956) Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
11 d(12c,n)13n for Ed=7 MeV E12C=41.7 MeV [1] H.R. Schelin et. al., Nucl. Phys. A, 414, 1 pg (1984) Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
12 Faddeev-AGS* Exact Three-Body Numerical calculations performed using exact Faddeev-type[1] Alt-GrassbergerSandhas (AGS)[2] scattering formalism E12C=41.7 MeV Once converged, discrepancies between results and experiment may be attributed to choice of potentials or inadequacy of three-body model. Calculation of (d,n) is more demanding than (d,p) in terms of Coulomb screening radius. Realistic CD Bonn[3] used for p-n potential. Relatively insensitive to this potential. Results are sensitive to the nucleon-core optical potentials. [1] L.D. Faddeev, Sov. Phys. JETP 12, 1014 (1961) [2] E.O. Alt, P. Grassberger, and W. Sandhas, Nucl. Phys. B 2, 167 (1967) [3] R. Machleidt, Phys. Rev. C 63, (2001) * A. Deltuva, Phys. Rev. C 92, (2015) Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN Discrepancy between experiment and theory
13 d(12c,n)13n for Ed=3.1 MeV E12C=18.5 MeV [1] R.E. Benenson et. al., Phys. Rev. 101, 1 (1956) Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
14 Stable 16 O d(16o,n)17f 16 O Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN 17 F
![d(16o,n)17f S.T. Thornton[1] Ed = 8.](/docs-images/96/128210627/images/15-0.jpg "0 MeV corresponds to 16O energy of ~ 64 MeV in inverse kinematics. g.s. 1st ex.")
![Reaction with a known crosssection[1,2] as a proof-of-concept proton transfer experiment](/docs-images/96/128210627/images/15-1.jpg "using VANDLE. [1] - S.T. Thornton, Nucl. Phys. A, 137 531-544 (1969) [2] - C.J.")
15 d(16o,n)17f S.T. Thornton[1] Ed = 8.0 MeV corresponds to 16O energy of ~ 64 MeV in inverse kinematics. g.s. 1st ex. Reaction with a known crosssection[1,2] as a proof-of-concept proton transfer experiment using VANDLE. [1] - S.T. Thornton, Nucl. Phys. A, (1969) [2] - C.J. Oliver, Nucl. Phys. A, (1969) Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN m a Be
16 d(16o,n)17f contd. Neutron kinematic curves with high statistics for both the ground and first excited states of 17F. Low energy neutron detection threshold of about 150 kev due to following beam packet. Cross-section computation more difficult in this case due to contamination from relatively close-lying first excited state (0.495 MeV). Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
17 Outlook 1) Finalize 16O and 12C proton transfer cross-sections for the ground and first excited states for all energies. 2) Repeat d(7be,n) RIB experiment with experimental improvements a) Using better recoil separators (e.g. phoswich detectors and ion chambers) and using new liquid scintillator bars. b) Use larger detectors with a longer flight path to improve energy resolution. Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
18 Thank You S. Burcher1, A.B. Carter1, I. Cox1, Z. Elledge1, R. Gryzwacz1, K.L. Jones1, T.T. King1, M. Madurga1, S.V. Paulauskas1, K. Smith1, S. Taylor1, M. Vostinar1, J. Allen2, D.W. Bardayan2, D. Blankstein2, M.R. Hall2, P.D. O'Malley2, C. Reingold2, W. Tan2, A. Atencio3, J.A. Cizewski3, A. Fijalkowska3, A. Lepailleur3, D. Walter3, K.A. Chipps4, M. Febbraro4, S.D. Pain4, S.T. Marley5, W.A. Peters6 1 - University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2 - University of Notre Dame, 3 Rutgers University, 4 - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 5 Louisiana State University, 6 - Formerly Oak Ridge National Laboratory This work is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Nuclear Physics, the National Science Foundation, and by the National Nuclear Security Administration under the Stewardship Science Academic Alliance program through the DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-NA Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
19 7 6 Be Beam Production Li Primary From FN 7 Be He Production Target 3 Requires coincidence between recoil detector and neutron detector arrays *Not to scale Jan. 23, 2018: NuSPRASEN
20 d(12c,n)13n for Ed=7, Ex=2.365 MeV E12C=41.7 MeV PRELIMINARY [1] H.R. Schelin et. al., Nucl. Phys. A, 414, 1 pg (1984)
21 Single Nucleon Transfer Reactions 130 Sn(d,p)131Sn Transfer reactions populate various excited states in residual (A+x). Outgoing ejectile (b) kinematics show properties of these excited states. Ejectile energies reflect Q-value to populate excited states of residual. If ground state (g.s.) masses known precisesly, spectrum of excited states may be extracted. Figure source: R.L. Kozub et al, PRL 109, (2012) 4/17/17
22 Single Nucleon Transfer Reactions Angular distributions of ejectile depend upon angular momentum transferred to the residual nucleus. F(d,n)19Ne 18 Transfer to the 6289 kev state of 19Ne Figure source: A.S. Adekola, et al. Phys. Rev. C; 83, (R) (2011) 4/17/17
23 Transfer Into Single Particle Proton States O (Z = N = 8) 16 Both protons and neutrons are in closed shells. Protons transferred to 16O will go into the next available shell. s and d levels are available in the empty shell. 8 Protons 4/17/17 We expect angular momentum transfers of l=0 and l=2.
24 Calculating (d,n) Reaction Cross Sections Num. Detected Neutrons Time (sec) Geometric Efficiency Target Density (p/cm3) Intrinsic Efficiency Beam Current (ena) Target Thickness (mg/cm2) Target Molar Mass (mg/mol) Beam Particle Charge (nc) Cross section has units of cm2 (1 b = cm2) 4/17/17
25 Integrated Neutron Counts 23.5 MeV 12C 4/17/17
26 Intrinsic Efficiency Correction 60 kevee (241Am) 30 kevee (133Ba) (left) Intrinsic neutron detection efficiency of a small VANDLE bar with a light response threshold of 30 kevee. (shaded) Measured detection efficiency (W.A. Peters et al.). 4/17/17
27 Beam Current Normalization Beam current read from isolated brass beam blocker attached to a secondary target ladder behind primary ladder. 4/17/17
28 Angular Binning Each detector covers multiple angles (and thus energies). Effect is worse at back angles, where the most interesting physics is. One solution is to bin neutrons into fixed width CoM bins based on recoil excited state. This makes comparing crosssections at different energies more convenient. 4/17/ MeV 12C
29 Monte Carlo Comparisons d(12c,n)13n E12C=41.7 MeV Ed=7.0 MeV
30 Monte Carlo Comparisons d(16o,n)17f E16O=64.0 MeV Ed=8.0 MeV
31 Improvements for (d,n) With RIBs Recoil separation with devices such as phoswich detectors and ion chambers. Using liquid scintillator detectors to perform η-γ discrimination. Use larger detectors and a longer flightpath for better energy resolution.
32 Plastic Phoswich EJ Short for phosphor sandwich Thin plastic scintillator film de layer pressed onto a thick plastic E layer. 4/17/17 EJ-240-PS
33 Using a Phoswich as a Recoil Detector Be Li He H Both plots show similar TwinSol 7Be tunes. The phoswich allows proton number discrimination. 4/17/17
34 Preliminary Stable Beam Phoswich Data C with no target. 12 Pileup A typical phoswich light pulse showing pileup. The second pulse lies inside the tail integration region of the first. C with 711 ug C2D /17/17
35 The SABRE Array Brand new detector system for reaction studies! The Scintillating Array of Bars for Reaction Experiments New array of 11 long liquid scintillator bars. Aluminum housings made by machine shop at UTK. Liquid scintillator made in house at ORNL. Research sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy. 4/17/17
36 Preliminary SABRE Data γ-flash Liquid bar n-γ discrimination shows neutrons from (d,n). 4/17/17
37 Preliminary SABRE Data contd. 4/17/17
38 Coordinate Transformations Cylindrical Spherical VANDLE is naturally suited to the cylindrical coordinate system. But we must convert to spherical to calculate reaction cross-sections. 4/17/17
39 Geometric Efficiency Correction Total geometric efficiency for VANDLE is approx. 9.5% 4/17/17
40 VANDLE Light Response
41 Neutron Detector Calibrations 4/17/17
42 Calculating VANDLE Vertical Position Monte Carlo of lab polar angle versus vertical position for a small VANDLE bar at 169 degrees. 4/17/17 The vertical position in a VANDLE (or SABRE) bar is computed using the time difference between the left and right pmts and the speed of light in the plastic (or liquid scintillator).
43 Detector Speed of Light Measurements cm/ns 4/17/17
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