NYS Master Teacher Program March 2016
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1 Top Hat The join code is 0874 To participate in the cell phone polling, Text to (315) the four digit code for each question followed by the response. Which of the following best describes you? a.) math teacher b.) physics teacher c.) science teacher (not-physics) d.) technology teacher e.) other Discovering the Subatomic World 1 Discovering the Subatomic World Dr. Kurt Fletcher SUNY Distinguished Teaching Professor SUNY Geneseo NYS Master Teacher Program March 016 Discovering the Subatomic World 1
2 Minicourse Outline 1.) The electron.) The atomic nucleus 3.) and Beyond! Discovering the Subatomic World 3 Our Approach How do we know what we know? More experimental than theoretical Somewhat historical Engage in active learning! Discovering the Subatomic World 4
3 Things we know about the electron 1.) It s elementary.) q = C 3.) m e = kg 4.) spin = 1/ Discovering the Subatomic World 5 Early Observations - Electricity Positive and negative charges Like charges repel, opposites attract Discovering the Subatomic World 6 3
4 Sir William Crookes 1870 s Cathode Negatively charged Anode Positively charged Discovering the Subatomic World 7 Sir William Crookes 1870 s Cathode rays travel in straight lines Obstructions produce shadows Deflected by external magnetic and electric fields Discovering the Subatomic World 8 4
5 Since q < 0, Force is antiparallel to E-field F E = qe F E E Force is perpendicular to B-field and velocity! F M = q v B B (Right-hand rule) F M Discovering the Subatomic World 9 v Sir J.J. Thomson 1890 s Discovering the Subatomic World 10 5
6 up left backward forward right down Force due to electric field pushes electrons a.) down d.) left b.) up e.) forward c.) right f.) backward Discovering the Subatomic World 11 backward right up left forward down Force due to electric field pushes electrons a.) down d.) left b.) up e.) forward c.) right f.) backward Discovering the Subatomic World 1 6
7 up left backward forward right down Force due to magnetic field pushes electrons a.) down d.) left b.) up e.) forward c.) right f.) backward Discovering the Subatomic World 13 backward right up left forward down Force due to electric field pushes electrons a.) down d.) left b.) up e.) forward c.) right f.) backward Discovering the Subatomic World 14 7
8 With no magnet F E = m a qe = ma y l x q q v y tan θ = v y vx v x v y = v x tan θ v y = at v x tan θ = a l a = v x tan θ l v x Discovering the Subatomic World 15 qe = m v x tan θ l With the magnetic AND electric fields F E = F B q E = q v B E = v x B q m = v x El tan θ q m = E B tan θ l v x = E B Discovering the Subatomic World 16 8
9 q m = E B tan θ l Thomson could determine the charge to mass ratio of the electron! Discovering the Subatomic World 17 A modern example Discovering the Subatomic World 18 9
10 Robert Millikin determines the charge of the electron (1911) phy/robert-andrews-millikan Millikin Oil Drop Experiment Discovering the Subatomic World 19 qe mg q Adjust the electric force until it balances the weight of the drop q E = mg q = mg E Sounds simple. Discovering the Subatomic World 0 10
11 qe mg q q = mg E Find mass of drop by turning off E and measuring terminal velocity Terminal velocity is related to radius of drop. m = r V Charge on drop can change during experiment q = Ne Thousands and thousands of drops needed to find smallest quantized difference in charge on drop Discovering the Subatomic World 1 q = C m e = kg 6 m e c ev Discovering the Subatomic World 11
12 Stern-Gerlach Experiment (191) Oven produces a beam of Ag Atoms Collimated and sent thru B-field then to collector Silver 46 electrons in inner shells and a single electron in 5s shell. The single outer electron determines how Ag responds to inhomogeneous magnetic field. For 5s electron, l = 0 and m l = 0 Discovering the Subatomic World 4 1
13 In a homogeneous magnetic field, the forces are equal and opposite (but there s a torque) If the external field is stronger at the top (inhomogeneous), the force upwards will be greater than the force downwards Discovering the Subatomic World 5 In general For an inhomogeneous B-field F F V F B z B z 0 dbz z dbz z Fz m dz B dz We expect atoms experience a force along z that depends on magnetic quantum number Discovering the Subatomic World 6 13
14 For l = 0 m l = 0 and there should be no force. Instead we get atoms separated into two trajectories Discovering the Subatomic World 7 Explanation requires a new type of angular momentum! Spin S s s 1 S z m s s 1... s 1 s m s s,, For e - s (and protons and neutrons and ) 1 1 s m 1 s, S 3 4 S z Discovering the Subatomic World 8 14
15 Bad picture e - spin is not about spinning balls of charge Weird form of A.M. Spin is an intrinsic property of a particle (Like mass, charge, etc.) Discovering the Subatomic World 9 Things we know about the electron 1.) It s elementary.) q = C 3.) m = kg 4.) spin = 1/ Discovering the Subatomic World 30 15
16 Davisson- Germer Expt (197) 54 ev e - s on Ni crystal sample Discovering the Subatomic World 31 Discovering the Subatomic World 3 16
17 Davisson-Germer Expt - Explanation (for low energy e - s single layer of atoms) d sin n d. 15 Angstroms What produces this interference? Ans: 1.65 Angstroms Discovering the Subatomic World 33 Prince Louis de Broglie (193) h p De Broglie Wavelength of a particle Momentum of the particle Light and matter both exhibit duality Discovering the Subatomic World 34 17
18 hc mc hc mc 140 ev K What s the de Broglie wavelength (in nm) for e - s accelerated through 54 V? (non-relativistic) nm 6 ev Davisson-Germer Expt Provided first evidence for interference of de Broglie waves for e - s! Discovering the Subatomic World 36 18
19 Wave-particle duality for electrons! Electrons - slits Likewise: interference observed for e, n, atoms! Discovering the Subatomic World 37 hc mc E hc pc 140 E K ev nm What s the de Broglie wavelength (in nm) for e - s accelerated through 540,000 V? (relativistic) ev pc mc mc 19
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